
Glass 


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Bonk 


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A 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL SUMMARY, 



EMBRACING 



/¥f 



A DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE, ITS GEOLOGY, SOILS, MINERALS 

AND CLIMATE; ITS ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS; 

MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES; 

RELIGIOTTS AND EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES; 

INTLLNAL IMPROVEMENTS, AND FORM 

OF GOVERNMENT. 



PREPAEED AND PUBLISHED 1 1 



UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE BOARD OF 'IMMIGRATION, 

AND BY AUTHORITY OF LAW. 




RICHMOND, VIRGINIA: 
R. F. WALKER, SUPERIFTE]SrDE]^rr OF PUBLIC PRINTING. 

1876. 



The work in its successive stages was submitted to the Board, and underwent 
their careful supervision and criticism. When it was completed they gave it their 
endorsement in the following language, embraced in their report to the Legislature : 
" The Board feel warranted in saying that the work will prove itself, upon exam- 
ination, to be of the very highest value and interest to the State; that it embodies 
and exhibits in accurate, lucid and comprehensive form complete information upon 
all the important topics treated ; and that it constitutes a repository of most valuable 
information not to be found in any existing publication. The statistical tables com- 
prise the results of laborious research through many scattered sources of inform- 
ation, and exhibit facts as to the actual production and the varied industrial capa- 
bilities of the State, which are instructive and gratifying. Maps accompany the 
work, prepared specially for its illustration ; and the section which treats of the 
geological and mineral characteristics of each grand division presents, in a carefully 
condensed form, the results of the geological survey made by Professor Wm. B. 
RoGEES, with the additional information obtained by Major Hotchkiss, through his 
investigation in the same field." 

This work is now submitted to the public in the following pages. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. | 
ij 

PART I.— GEOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY. 

CHAPTER I.— TOPOGRAPHICAL. PAGES, 

General DescriiJtion of Virgmia 3-19 

CHAPTER H.— GEOLOGICAL. 

The Formations 20-29 

The Soils 29-33 

The Minerals 33-47 

CHAPTER HI.— CLIMATIC. 
The Climate 48-64 

CHAPTER IV.— PRODUCTIONS. 

Animal Pi'oducts 65-76 

Vegetable Prodncts 76-91 . 

CHAPTER v.— MANUFACTURES. 

Results of Manufacturing 92-109 

Facilities for Manufacturing 109-120 

CHAPTER VI.— COMJklERCE. 

Commercial Results 121-152 

Commercial Advantages 153-161 

Cotton Trade 161-172 



PART II.— POLITICAL SUMMARY. 

CHAPTER VII. 
Population 175-194 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Religious Advantages 195-198 

CHAPTER IX. 
Provision for Education 199-217 

CHAPTER. X. 
Internal Improvements and Transportation 218-239 

CHAPTER XI. 
Form of Government and Laws 240-249 



APPENDIX A. 
Hailroads and Oknals 251-260 

APPENDIX B. 

Population, by Counties 261-272 



VIRGINIA. 



FAJZT I—aEOGRAFS:iCA.Li STIMMJ^RY'. 



CHAPTER I — General Description of the State. 

r Section 1. THE FORMATIONS. 
CHAPTER II— Geological. \ Section 2. THE SOILS. 

[Sections. THE MINERALS. 
CHAPTER III— The Climate. 

r Section 1. ANIMAL. 
CHAPTER IV— The Productions. \ 

(Section 2. VEGETABLE. 

(■ Section 1. RESULTS. 
CHAPTER V— Manufactures. ^ 

(.Section 2. FACILITIES. 

r Section 1. RESULTS. 
CHAPTER VI— Commerce. \ 

(section 2. ADVANTAGES. 



Hotchkiss' Virginia Plate. 4 




T ' *'■ .^ c %-■ > " ^o''^^\^o>/<^w>^--- 










Uotchkiss' Virginia Plate. 4 . 




/ - / / .; f ^7~T~7" ..l 



VIRGINIA. 



PART I— GEOGRAPHIOAL SUMMARY. 



CHAPTER I. 



A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP THE STATE. 

Location. — Virginia is one of the Middle xitlantic States* of the United States 
of America, lying midway between Maine on the north and Florida on the south. 
It is also in the belt of Central States, across the continent from east to west. Its 
latitude is from 36° 31' to 39° 27' K, corresponding to Southern Europe, Central 
Asia, Southern Japan, and California. Its longitude is from 75° 13' to 83° 37' west 
from Greenwich. It extends 2° 57' north and south, and 9° 24' east and west. 

Boundaries. — On the south it adjoins North Carolina for 326 miles, and Ten- 
nessee for 114 miles, making the line of the State from the Atlantic west 440 miles; 
on the west and northwest, Kentucky for 115 and ^¥est Virginia (by a very irregu- 
lar line) for 450 miles, form the boundary. Maryland is northeast and north, 
separated by the Potomac and Chesapeake bay for 205 miles from Virginia (to 
which these waters belong), and by a line of 25 miles across the Eastern Shore. 
East and southeast it is bordered by the Atlantic for 125 miles. The boundary 
lines of the State measure about 1,400 miles : on the northwest they are mostly 
m.ountain ranges ; on the northeast and east, water. 

Dimensions. — The longest line in the State, from the Atlantic southwest to Ken- 
tucky, is 476 miles ; the longest from N. to S. is 192 miles. The longest line in Eng- 
land (N. E. to S. W.) is 372 miles, and the longest from N. to S. is 360 miles. 

* Guyot classes ISTew York, New Jersej^, Pennsylvania, DelaAvare, Maryland, Virginia and 
West Virginia as Middle Atlantic States. Maury follovrs the same classification. 



4 



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j:: 




«v- 


^ 


? 


Cn 






O 1 




^ 


O 






o 




3 


O 


o 


o 


o 








Greenbrier r, 

^^,yv'HiTE Sulphur 



^^Warm Sp.Mt, 

IN FOROE 
JTURE 

Griffith's Knobs 
Mill Mt. 

Elliots Knob 
2= North Mt. 



Blue: Ridge: 



South West Mt» 
Gordonsville: 
Louisa C.H. 



Hanover JuNcrieS 

Richmond 



Williamsburg 
yorktown 

Newport's News 
Fort Monroe 

Chesa peake: Ba y 

I Cape Henry 
Atlantic Ocean 



Natural Divisions. — There are six great 
Natural Divisions of tlie territory of Vir- 
ginia; belts of country extending across 
the State from northeast to southwest, as 
a general direction, nearly parallel to each 
other, and corresponding to the trend of 
the Atlantic coast on the east, and of the 
ranges of the Appalachian system of moun- 
tains on the northwest. 

These Grand Divisions are, taken in the 
order of succession from the ocean north- 
west across the State : 

1st. The Tidewater Country, or Tide- 
water. 

2nd. The Middle Country, or Middle 
Virginia. 

3rd. The Piedmont Country, or Pied- 
mont. 

4th. The Blue Ridge Country, or The 
Blue Ridge. 

5th. The Great Valley of Virginia, or 
The Valley. 

6th. The Appalachian Countr37-, or Ap- 
pal achi a. 

These Divisions not only succeed each 
other geographically, as shown upon the 
map, but they occupy different levels above 
the sea, rimxg to the west like a grand stair- 
way, as shown by the section.* They differ 

geologically also ; therefore they have dif- 
ferences of climate, soil, productions, &c., 
and require a separate consideration, in 
every respect, in a description of the State. 



* Copied by permission from Scribner's Magazine — article on Virginia by Jed. Hotcliidss, 
December, 1872. 



GEOUPING OF COUNTIES IN ITATUEAL GEAND DIVISIONS OF VIKGmiA, 



GBAND DIVISIONS OF STATE. 



(1). Tidewater 



(3), The Piedmont Coun- 
try 



natural sub-divisions. 

The first peninsula^ or "The Northern 
Neck." 



The second^ or Middlesex Peninsula, 

The thirds or Gloucester Peninsula.. 

The fourth — the King William or Pa- 
MUNKEY Peninsula 

The fiftJi, or " The Peninsula" 

The sixth — Eichmond or Chick ahomi- 
NY Peninsula 

The seventh, or Southside Peninsula, - 

The eighth, or Norfolk Peninsula | 

The ninth peninsula — "The Eastern 
Shore" , 



r 



NoRTiisiDE Group. - 



2). The Middle Country. . 



James-Appo- 
mattox Basin. 

Appomattox 

Basin 

Nottoway Ba- 
Southside Group. \ sin 

Meherrin Ba- 



PoTOMAC Basin 

Pamunk:ey Ba- 
sin ., 



James Basin. 



SIN. 



EoANOKE Basin 



Potomac Waters. 



Eappahannock Waters- 



James Waters. 



Staunton Waters. 
Dan Waters 



counties. 
f King George. 

Westraorelancl. 

Richmond, 
i Northumberland. 
[ Lancaster 
/Essex. 
\ Middlesex. 

fKing & Queen. 
Mathews. 
Gloucester, 
f Caroline, 
t King- William. 

Hanover. 

New Kent. 

James City. 

York. 

Warwick. 

Elizabeth City, 
f Henrico. 
t Charles City, 
f Prince George. 

Surry. 

Sussex. 

Soutiiampton. 

Isle of Wight. 

Nansemond. 

Norfolk. 

Princess Anne. 

Accomac. 
\ Northampton. 
[■Fairfax. 
j Alexandi'ia. 
"1 Prince William. 
[Stafford. 
/ Spotsj'lvania. 
\ Louisa, 
j Fluvanna. 
\ Goochland, 
f Buckingham. 

Cumberland. 

Powhatan. 

Cliesterfield. 

Appomattox. 
/ Prince Edward. 
\ Amelia. 

Dinwiddle. 

Nottoway. 

Lunenburg. 

Brunswick. 

Greensville. 

Campbell. 

Charlotte. 

Pittsylvania. 

Halifax. 

Mecklenburg, 
f Loudoun . 
t Fauquier. 
' Culpeper. 

Rappahannock. 

Madison. 

Greene. 

Orange, 

Albemarle. 

Nelson. 

Amherst. 
/ Bedford. 
\ Franklin, 
r Henry. 
1 Patrick. 



rDi 

INc 



GRAND DIVISIONS OF STATE. 



NATURAL SUB-DIVISIONS. 



(4), The Blub Bidge. 



New Eiver Plateau. 



The Shenandoah Yalley. 



^"^- VfSrJ'^^'''' '''' ^''''"" -I 'J^HE JAMES RiVER VALLEY. 
GINIA , 



i'^ 



The Roanoke Valley. 



(6). Appalachia. 



The New River or Kanawha Val- 
ley 

The Holston or Tennessee Valley. 

Sources of Jasies 

New River Country..., 

Clinch River Country 



Sources of Sandy River, or Trans- 
Appalachia 



counties. 
Floyd. 
Carroll. 
.Grayson. 
' Frederick. 
Clarke. 
Warren. 
Shenandoah. 
Page. 

Rockingham. 
Augusta. 
/ Rockbridge. 
t Botetourt. 

< Roanoke. 

{Montgomery. 
Pnlaski. 
Wythe. 
/Smyth. 
\ Washington, 
f Highland. 
J Bath. 
I Alleghany. 
L Craig, 
f Giles. 
1 Bland, 
f Tazewell, 
j Russell. 
I Scott. 
[Lee. 

/ Buchanan. 
tWise. 



Areas and Population. — Before describing these Divisions, or even the State 
as a whole, it is best to present the facts of area and population, so that proper ideas 
may be formed of the relative size and present condition of each and of the whole; 
also comparative statistics concerning other well known countries. 

TABLE I— AREAS AND POPULATION. 





Combined Natural and Political Akeas, &c. 


Natural 
Areas. 










03 






S J 










. 






Ol 


'SB 


m 






















CO 




s 


O 


■^ 


32 


5°^ 


K 






a 


a 


fl 


CO 




^ 1 


•M 




g 


< 






<(H 










05 


CD 


eS 


S.; 


o 


s 


°o 


^ 




U 




3 


ss 


ri 


ci 


cS to 


^ 




r3 












QJ'S 










O 






o 








CO 


CO 


dn 


fLi 


Ti< 


tH 


< 


" 


Tidewater 


11,350 
12,4(0 
6,6S0 
1,230 
7,550 
5,720 


5,664,000 
7,980,800 
4,276,200 
787,200 
4,832,000 
3,660,800 


346,305 
363,932 
207,204 

28,558 
197,967 

81,197 


30.5 
29.2 
32.5 
23.2 
26.2 
14.2 


11 

12 
7 
1 
8 
6 


*.2£2 
.277 
.149 
.027 
.168 
.127 


11,350 
12,470 
6,000 
2,500 
5,000 
7,680 


.252 


Middle 


.277 


Piedmont 


.133 


Blue Eidge 


.056 


The Valley 


.111 


Appalachia 


.171 






Virginia 


45,000 


27,201,000 


1,225,163 


27.2 


45 


1.000 


45,000 


1.009 







The area of Tidewater includes 2,500 square miles of tidal waters; that of 
Piedmont all the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge ; in that of the Blue Ridge, only 
the southwestern expansion of this mountain range is included; that of the Valley 
embraces the western slope of the Blue Ridge, and a strip along the western side 



of the Valley from Appalachia; the latter does not include the strip just named; 
in short, the first column gives the area of each section, as nearly as may be, as the 
aggregate of its counties. In the last two columns an effort is made to give the 
areas of each according to natural bounds. The first is given because all the statis- 
tics are gathered for counties, and must be so used in comparisons. The fifth col- 
umn gives an approximation of relative areas, the Blue Ridge being the unit of 
comparison. The sixth column gives the actual proportion of the divisions as used 
in this summary. The sections, arranged by natural areas in 100-ths, would stand: 
1st. Blue Ridge, Q; 2nd. Valley, 11; 3rd. Piedmont, 13; 4th. Appalachia, 17; 
5th. Tidewater, 25; 6th. Middle, 28. So nearly one-fourth of the State is moun- 
tain region, and one-fourth is Tidewater, leaving one-fourth for the plains of the 
Middle Country, and one-fourth for the rolling regions of the Valley and Piedmont. 

As presented in this summary, one-fourth of the State is Tidewater, over one- 
fourth Middle, nearly one-seventh Piedmont, over one-thirty -third Blue Ridge; 
one-eighth is Appalachian, and one-sixth Valley country. Tidewater and Middle 
are each nearly twice the size of Appalachia or Piedmont. 

Comparisons. — The following table presents some of the same facts in regard 
to other states and countries : 

' TABLE II. 



STATE. 



England 

Scotland 

Belgium 

Holland 

New York...... 

Pennsylvania.. 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut.... 

Saxony 

Brunswick 

Wiirtemberg... 

Maryland 

Switzerland ... 



Square Miles. 



(=) 
50,922 

(2) 

38,720 

(^) 
11,372 

(i) 
12,GS0 

(3) 

47,000 

(3) 
46,000 

(3) 

7,800 
4,750 
5,779 
1,425 
7,532 
11,124 
15,722 



Population. 



22,704,108 

(^) 
3,358,013 

4,984,500 

3,552,700 

(3) 

4,382,759 
3,521,551 
1,457,351 

537,454 

(^) 
2,426,200 

{■) 
303,401 

(0 

1,778,500 

(3) 

780,894 
2,510,494 



Population 

to 
Square Mile. 



445.8 

86.7 

438.2 

280.2 

93.3 

76.6 

186.8 

113.2 

419.3 

212.9 

236.1 

70.2 

159.6 



(l)Guyot; (2) Reynolds; (3) U. S. Census 1870 ; (4) in 1871; (5)1865; (6)1866; (7)1867. 



Table II. shows that Tidewater and Belgium, Middle and Holland, Piedmont 
and Wtirtemberg, Blue Ridge and Brunswick, The Valley and Massachusetts^ Ap- 



8' 

palachia and Saxony do not differ miicli in area, although very materially in den- 
sity of population. If Virginia were peopled like England, it would have 19,600,000 
inhabitants, one-half the present (1870) population of the United States ; — it has a 
capacity for production equal to their support. 

SuKFACE. — (1). Tidewater Virginia is divided by the waters of Chesapeake 
bay and the large tidal rivers that flow into that great estuary, into nine principal 
and a large number of secondary peninsulas. This is mainly an alluvial country, 
a portion of the Tertiary, Atlantic tidewater plain, and its surface, composed of 
sands and clays, is thrown into low flat ridges forming the water-shed of the penin- 
sulas, succeeded by terraces and plains down to the water's edge, where they meet 
the swamps and salt marshes that always accompany well developed, land-locked, 
tidal waters. But little of this section is as much as 100 feet above the sea. This 
is the clay, marl and sand region. 

(2). The Middle Country is a wide, undulating plain, crossed by many rivers 
that have cut their channels to a considerable depth, and are bordered by alluvial 
bottom lands. Sandstones and granitic rocks abound. 

(3). Piedmont is a diversified region, with many broken ranges of hills and 
mountains, enclosing valleys of many forms, or with streams bordered by narrow 
bottom lands winding among them ; its hills are generally rounded in outline. In 
many places there are extensive plains. The crumbling greenstone and granite 
occur here. 

(4). The Blue Ridge is a many-branched mountain range, expanding into 
plateaus or rising into domes, extending across the whole length of the State and 
forming one of its most prominent features. This is ribbed with hard sandstones- 
and soft epidotic rocks. 

(5). The Valley is a portion of the Great Central Appalachian Valley that 
extends for hundreds of miles from Canada to Alabama — a broad belt of rolling 
country, enclosed between lofty mountain ranges, diversified by hills and valleys, 
with many winding streams of water. The Bine Ridge is on the east, and the 
Kitatinny, or "Endless Mountains," on the west. This is a region of limestone 
rocks, shales, slates and clays. 

(6). The Appalachian Country is made up of a number of parallel mountain 
chains, with trough-like valleys between them, the mountains often running for 
fifty or more miles as an unbroken, single, straight, lofty ridge, with an equally uni- 
form valley alongside : sometimes the mountains die out and the valleys widen. 
Some of the mountain ranges and valleys are of sandstone, some of slates and 
shales, others of limestone; so there is here great variety of surface. 

Some portions of the State are but little above the sea level; others are wide 
table lands, over 2,000 feet above the sea. No country can have more variety of 
surface. 

Inland Waters. — The State has tAvo systems of inland waters — (1) the Atlantic, 
and (2) the Ohio or Mississippi. 

(1). The waters of the State, from Tidewater, Middle, Piedmont, the eastern 
slope of the Blue Ridge and the central part of the Valley, flow southeast to Chesa- 
peake bay and Albemarle sound, following the inclination of the "Atlantic slope ; " 
those from the northern portions of the Valley and Appalachia follow the moun- 



9 

tain ranges northeast to the Potomac, which river follows the southeasterly course 
before mentioned. 

(2). The waters from the southwestern part of the Blue Ridge, the middle of 
the southwestern half of the Valley and Appalachia, flow northwest and north to 
the Ohio; those of the southwestern portions of the Valley and Appalachia flow 
southwest to the Tennessee. So the waters of the State flow in all directions. 

Principal Rivers and Branches. — The waters belonging to the Atlantic sys- 
tem drain six-sevenths of the State. The principal streams of this system are: the 
Potomac, with its large branches — the Shenandoah and the South Branch, and its 
prominent smaller ones — Potomac creek, Occoquan river, Broad Run, Goose, Kit- 
toctin and Opequon creeks — draining a large area of each of the sections of the 
State; the Rappahannock, with its Rapid Anne and numerous other branches flow- 
ing from the Blue Ridge across Piedmont, Middle and Tidewater, irrigating a large 
territory; the Pianketank, draining only a portion of Tidewater; the York, with its 
Pamunkey and Mattapony branches, and many tributaries flowing from a consid- 
erable area of Middle and Tidewater; the James, with the Chickahominy, Elizabeth, 
Nansemond, Appomattox, Rivanna, Willis', Slate, Rockfish, Tye, Pedlar, South, Cow- 
pasture, Jackson's, and many other inflowing rivers and streams of all kinds, gathers 
from a large territory in all the Divisions, draining more of the State than any other 
river. All tnese flow into Chesapeake bay. The Chowan, through its Blackwater, 
Nottoway and Meherrin branches and their affluents, waters portions of Middle and 
Tidewater. The Roanoke receives the Dan, Otter, Pig and many other streams, from 
the Valley, Piedmont and Middle Virginia, and then flows through North Carolina 
to Albemarle sound, joining the Chowan. The sources of the Yadkin are in the 
Blue Ridge. 

The waters of the Ohio, a part of the Mississippi system, drain the remaining 
seventh of the State ; but they reach the Ohio by three diverse ways. The rivers 
are : The Kanawha or New River, that rises in North Carolina, in the most elevated 
portion of the United States east of the Mississippi, flows through the plateau of 
the Blue Ridge, from which it receives Chestnut, Poplar Camp, Reed Island and 
other creeks, and Little river; across the Valley, where Cripple, Reed and Peak's 
creeks join it; across Appalachia, from which Walker's, Sinking, Big and Little 
Stony and Wolf creeks, and East and Bluestone rivers flow into it; and then 
through West Virginia into the Ohio, having cut through the whole Appalachian 
system of mountains except its eastern barrier, the Blue Ridge. The Holston, 
through its South, Middle and North Forks, Moccason creek, &c., drains the south- 
western portions of the Valley and Ajopalachia; and the Clinch, by its North and 
South Forks, Copper creek, Guest's and Powell's rivers, and many other tributaries, 
waters the extreme southwest of the Appalachian country. These flow into the 
Tennessee. A portion of the mountain country gives rise to the Louisa and Rus- 
sell's Forks of the Big Sandy river, and to some branches of the Tug Fork of the 
same river, the Tug forming the Virginia line for a space : these flow into the Ohio 
by the Big Sandy. 

These are but a few of the thousand or more named and valuable streams ol 
Virginia. They abound in all portions of the State, giving a vast quantity of water 
power, irrigating the country, furnishing waters suited to every species of fish, giv- 
2 



10 

ing channels for tide and inland navigation, and enlivening the landscapes. Springs 
are very numerous, many of them of large size. Nearly every portion of the State 
is well watered. 

THE NATURAL GRAND DIVISIONS. 

(1). Tidewater Vieginia is the eastern and southeastern part of the State 
that on the south borders North Carolina 104 miles ; on the east has an air-line 
border of 120 miles along the Atlantic; on the west is bounded by 150 miles of the 
irregular outline of the Middle countr}^, (this would be 164 miles if it took in the 
mere edge of Tidewater along the Potomac up to Georgetown). The shore line of 
the Potomac and Chesapeake bay for 140 miles, and a line of 25 miles across the 
Eastern Shore, sejDarate it from Maryland on the north. The whole forms an irre- 
gular quadrilateral, averaging 114 miles in length from north to south, and 90 in 
width from east to west, making an area of some 11,350* square miles, including 
some 2,500 square miles of valuable tidal waters. 

The latitude is from 36° 30' to 38° 54' north, corresponding to that of the coun- 
tries bordering on the northern shores of the Mediterranean in Europe; to Asia 
Minor, China and Japan in Asia; and to the central belt of States — Kentucky, 
Missouri, California, &c. — in the United States. The longitude is from 75° 13' to 
77° 30' west from Greenwich — that of Maryland, central Pennsylvania and New 
York in the United States, and Ontario in Canada on the north, and of North Caro- 
lina, the Bahamas, Cuba, &c., on the south. 

This is, emphatically, a Tidewater country, since every portion of it is penetrated 
by the tidal waters of Chesapeake bay and its tributary rivers, creeks, bays, inlets, 
&c., which cover some 2,500 square miles of surface, and give nearly 1,500 miles of 
tidal shore line. The united waters of nearly all this section, with those that drain 
40,000 more square miles of country, or the drainage of 50,000 square miles (an 
area equal to that of England), flow out through the channel, 12 miles wide, be- 
tween capes Charles and Henry — the " Virginia Capes " — into the Virginian Sea of 
Captain John Smith, aloi^g the eastern border of which, 50 or 60 miles from the 
land, runs the ever-flowing Gulf Stream, that great highway of the Atlantic, bearing 
the waters and inviting the commerce of Virginia to the British Isles and Western 
Europe. 

The size of Tidewater Virginia is about the same as the State of Maryland or 
the Kingdom of Belgium; it would make 15 counties of the dimensions of Surrey 
in England. Belgium has a population of five millions, while this section has one- 
third of one. There were 30 people to a square mile in Tidewater in 1870, or over 
31 acres for each : in Great Britain and Ireland in 1867 it was 250 to the square 
mile, and in Belgium in 1865 it was 438. 

Tidewater is naturally divided into nine imncipal 'peninsulas, and these are sub- 
divided into a great number of smaller ones, giving a wealth of outline not even 
surpassed by the famous Morea of Greece— in truth, there are here dozens of Mo- 
reas. These peninsulas are, •politically, each divided into counties (thirty in all) — 
most of them laid out and named Avhen this, the first settled portion of English- 

* In the absence of actual surveys the areas can only be approximated. 



11 

speaking America, was a British colony — and the names given them were those of 
the counties' or worthies of England, the "Mother Country," at the time. 

The first peninsula — taking them from the north to the south — is The North- 
ern Neck, 75 miles long and from 6 to 20 wide, extending southeast, from the 
Middle Country to the bay, between the Potomac and Rappahannock. Its counties 
^re King George, Westmoreland, Richmond, Northumberland and Lancaster. This 
peninsula is almost surrounded by navigable waters. 

The second, or Middlesex Peninsula, extends southeast for 60 miles, with a 
breadth of from 3 to 10, between the Rappahannock and the Pianketank rivers, 
including Essex and Middlesex counties. The Rappahannock is navigable all 
along one side and the Pianketank nearly half of the other. This is one of the 
short peninsulas succeeding a long one. 

The third, or Gloucester Peninsula, reaches southeast from the Middle Coun- 
try, between the Pianketank and the York and its extension, the Mattapony, some 
70 miles to the Bay, where it is "forked " by the Mobjack bay. Its width is from 6 
to 18 miles. It includes King & Q.iieen, Mathews and Gloucester counties. 

The fourth, the King William or Pamunkey Peninsula, a short one, extends 60 
miles southeast, between the Mattapony and the Pamunkey (the streams that form 
the York). This is from 3 to 14 miles wide, and includes the counties of Caroline 
and King William, although the former extends across the neck of the thi7^d penin- 
sula to the Rappahannock. 

The fifth, a long one, is known as "The Peninsula," by way of eminence, as it 
was the first settled, and Williamsburg, its chief town, was the Colonial capital of 
Virginia. This stretches 100 miles to the southeast, with a width of from 5 to 15 
miles, between the Pamunkey and its extension the York on the north and the 
Chickahominy and the continuing James on the south. This large peninsula ex- 
tends from the Middle Country to the Bay, and looks out between " The Capes." 
Its counties are Hanover, New Kent, James City, York, Warwick and Elizabeth 
City. 

The sixth, the short, Richmond or Chickahominy Peninsula, between the Chick- 
ahominy and the James, is 50 miles long and from 5 to 15 wide, divided into Hen- 
rico and Charles City counties — the former contains Richmond, the capital of Vir- 
ginia, a flourishing commercial and manufacturing city. 

The seventh, or Southside Peninsula, embraces all the country south of the 
James and between it and the Nansemond river and the North Carolina line. This 
is the last peninsula trending to the Southeast, which it does for 64 miles, with a 
width of from 35 to 40. Its counties are Prince George, Surry, Sussex, Southampton, 
Isle of Wight and Nansemond. 

The eighth is the Norfolk Peninsula, including the counties of Norfolk and 
Princess Anne, the territory between the Nansemond river, Hampton Roads, Chesa- 
peake bay and the Atlantic, some 30 by 35 miles in extent, protruding northward. 

The ninth. The Eastern Shore, is the peninsula extending to the south be- 
tween Chesapeake bay and the Atlantic, divided between the large counties of 
Accomac and Northampton. 

The last two are the Upper Tertiary Plain, raised but from twenty to thirty 
feet above the sea level, composed of north and south-lying belts of smaller penin- 



12 

sulas and islands, with tlie " pocoson " ends of the other peninsulas, forming the 
first step of the ascending stairway, or terraces of Virginia, to the westward. The 
shifting sands of its ocean shore are often elevated into dunes more than a hundred 
feet high. 

The seven other peninsulas, with all their masses extended southeast and 
northwest, rise up as the second and third steps. The second step, corresponding 
in the main to the Middle Tertiary Formation, attains an elevation of from 80 to 120 
feet above the sea. This is the widest tidewater terrace, gashed and broken by the 
broad estuaries that flow through it. The third step has its eastern edge just west 
of the meridian of 77°, and attains an elevation of from 90 to 150 feet above the 
sea, occupying the belt of Lower Tertiary country. Beyond this rises the fourth stepy 
the border of granite and sandstone elevated from 150 to 200 feet above the sea,. 
forming the rocky barrier over which the waters of the Middle or " upper country " 
fall, and up to which the tides of the "foiy country''^ come, making the "head of 
tide" for the Atlantic slope, and furnishing sites for manufacturing and commercial 
cities, where water power for manufacturing and tide power for commerce are found 
side by side. Here, half in Tidewater and lialf in Middle, on the fourth step and 
on the level of the first, on the hills and below them, are Petersburg, Richmond,. 
Fredericksburg and Alexandria. 

The Tidewater Plain, then, has an average width of nearly 100 miles, and 
rises in three successive terraces to an elevation of about 150 feet. An inspection 
of the map will give a better idea of the many-shaped, lobed, gashed, notched and 
sea-penetrated character of this plain than words can convey. It is a fine, rollings 
low country, with a surface diversified by salt water marshes and meadows, river 
bottoms, plains, upland, slopes and ridges, with a moderate proportion of " pocoson" 
or swamp country. 

(2). The Middle Country extends westward from the "head of tide" to the 
foot of the low, broken ranges that, under the names of Kittoctin, Bull Run, Yew, 
Clark's, Southwest, Carter's, Green, Findlay's, Buffalo, Chandler's, Smith's, &c., moun- 
tains and hills, extend across the State southwest, from the Potomac, near the 
northern corner of Fairfax county, to the North Carolina line, near the southwest 
corner of Pittsylvania, forming the eastern outliers of the Appalachian System,. 
and that may, Avith propriety, be called the Atlantic Coast Range. 

The general form of this section is that of a large right-angled triangle, its base 
resting on the North Carolina line for 120 miles ; its perpendicular, a line 174 miles 
long, extending from the Carolina line to the Potomac, just east of and parallel to 
the meridian of 77° 30' west, is the right line along the waving l order of Tide- 
water which lies east; the hypothenuse is the 216 miles along the Coast Range, 
before mentioned, the border of Piedmont, on the northwest — the area of the whole, 
including the irregular outline, being some 12,470 square miles, or about the same 
as the Kingdom of Holland. Holland had in 1866 over three and a half million 
people ; Middle Virginia in 1870 a little over one-third of a million— not 30 to the 
square mile in Middle Virginia, but 280 in Holland. 

The latitude of this section is from 36° 30' to 39° ; the longitude 70° to 79° 40' 
west. So its general situation and relations are nearly similar to those of Tide- 
water. 



i 



13 

The Middle Country is a great, moderately undulating plain, from 25 to 100 
miles wide, rising to the northwest from an elevation of 150 to 200 feet above tide, 
at the rocky rim of its eastern margin, to from 300 to 500 along its northwestern. 
In general appearance this is more like a plain than any other portion of the State. 
The principal streams, as a rule, cross it at right angles ; so it is a succession of 
ridges and valleys running southeast and northwest, the valleys often narrow and 
deep, but the ridges generally not very prominent. The appearance of much of this 
■country is somewhat monotonous, having many dark evergreen trees in its forests. 
It needs a denser population to enliven it. To many portions of the Middle Coun- 
try the mountain ranges to the west, of the deepest blue, form an agreeable and 
distant boundary to the otherwise sober landscape. There are a few prominences 
like Willis', Slate River and White Oak mountains farther east, only prominent 
because in a champaign countr}^ 

There can be but little natural grouping of the political divisions of the Middle 
Country, since there are but few great natural landmarks, unless James river, which 
crosses this section at right angles nearly midway, be considered as one, and the 25 
counties of Middle Virginia be grouped as Northside and Southside ones. Many of 
these counties were laid out, named and settled in Colonial times also, and some of 
the oldest settled portions of the State are here. 

The Northside counties are Fairfax, Alexandria, Prince William and Stafford, 
bordering on the Potomac; Spotsylvania between the Rappahannock and the North 
Anna, Louisa on the south of the North Anna (portions of Caroline, Hanover and 
Henrico properly belong here), Fluvanna and Goochland on the James — making 8 
northside counties. 

The 17 Southside counties are Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhatan and Ches- 
terfield, between the James and Appomattox rivers; Appomattox on the James, 
Prince Edward, Amelia and Dinwiddle south of the Appomattox, and the two latter 
between it and the Nottoway — Nottoway is north of the river of that name; Camp- 
bell between the James and Staunton (or Roanoke) rivers, Charlotte north of the 
Roanoke, Lunenburg between the Nottoway and Meherrin, Brunswick and Greens- 
ville extending from the Nottoway (see Map) across the Meherrin to the North Caro- 
lina line — a portion of the latter county is in Tidewater; Pittsylvania and Halifax 
reach from Staunton across the Banister and the Dan to the North Carolina line, 
and Mecklenburg extends from the Meherrin across the Roanoke to the same 
boundar3^ 

Portions of Fairfax, Prince William, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Caroline, Fauquier, 
Culpeper, Hanover, Henrico, Goochland, Powhatan, Chesterfield, Buckingham, 
Cumberland, Prince Edward, Campbell and Pittsylvania, which are on the Triassic, 
or New Red Sandstone formation, differ considerably in appearance from the rest of 
the Middle Country which is on the Eozoic, or granite, gneiss, &c., rocks. 

This section is essentially the same as the rest of the Eozoic belt that extends 
from the Alabama river to the St. Lawrence, embracing large portions of the best 
sections of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsyl- 
vania, New York and all the New England States. The cities of Atlanta, Raleigh, 
Petersburg, Richmond, Fredericksburg, Alexandria, Washington, Baltimore, Phila- 
delphia, New York, New Haven, &c., are situated, in whole or in part, on these rocks. 



14 

(3). Piedmont Vieginia is the long belt of country stretching for 244 miles frorn 
the banks of the Potomac and the Maryland line southwest, along the eastern base 
of the Blue Pidge mountains, and between them and the Coast Range, to the'banks 
of the Dan at the North Carolina line ; it varies in width from 20 to 30 miles, ave- 
raging about 25 ; its approximate area is 6,680 square miles. 

Its latitude corresponds with that of the State 36° 30' to 39° 27' north ; its lon- 
gitude is from 77° 20' to 80° 50' west. 

This Piedmont country is the fifth step of the great stairway ascending to the- 
west ; its eastern edge, along Middle Virginia, is from 300 to 500 feet above the sea ; 
then come the broken ranges of the Coast Mountains, rising as detached or con- 
nected knobs, in lines or groups, from 100 to 600 feet higher. These are succeeded 
by the numberless valleys, of all imaginable forms, some long, straight and wide^ 
others narrow and widening, others again oval and almost enclosed, locally known 
as "Coves," that extend across to and far into the Blue Ridge, the spurs of which 
often reach out southwardly for miles, ramifying in all directions. Portions of 
Piedmont form widely extended plains. The land west of the Coast ranges is gene- 
rally from 300 to 500 feet above the sea, and rises to the west, until at the foot of the 
Blue Ridge it attains an elevation of from 600 to 1,200 feet. The Blue Ridge rises 
to from 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea; at one point near the Tennessee line, it 
reaches a height of 5,530* feet: its general elevation is about 2,500, but its outline is 
very irregular. 

Numerous streams have their origin in the heads of the gorges of the Blue 
Ridge, and most of them then flow across Piedmont to the southeast until near its 
eastern border, where they unite and form one that runs for a considerable distance 
along and parallel to the Coast mountains, and takes the name of some of the well 
known rivers that cross Middle and even Tidewater Virginia, like the Roanoke or 
Staunton, and the James. Some of these rivers break through the Blue Ridge from 
the Valley, making water gaps in that formidable mountain barrier, as the Potomac, 
the James and the Roanoke ; but they all follow the rule above given in their way 
across this section. 

This is a genuine " Piedmont" country — one in which the mountains present 
themselves in their grand as well as in their diminutive forms— gradually sinking 
down into the plains, giving great diversity and picturesqueness to the landscape, 
with its wealth of forms of relief as varied as those of outline in Tidewater. Few 
countries surpass this in beauty of scenery and choice of prospect, so it has always 
been a favorite section with men of refinement in which to fix their homes. Its 
population is 31 to the square mile, giving some 21 acres for each. 

The 'political divisions of Piedmont are fourteen. Some of its counties have 
long been settled, and are highly improved. There are no natural groupings pos- 
sible for these counties ; they all, with three exceptions, run from the summit of the- 
Blue Ridge across this belt of country. Taking them fromjhe Potomac, the counties 
are : Loudoun, watered mostly by Goose and Kittoctin creeks and the Potomac ; 
Fauquier, drained by the Rappahannock waters, to which river it extends ; Rappa- 
hannock and Culpeper, on the southwest side of the same stream, Culpeper reach- 

* Guyot's measurements. 



15 

ing to the Rapid Anne, as does also Madison ; Greene and Orange, southwest of the 
Rapid Anne; Albemarle, drained by the Rivanna and Hardware branches of 
James, and reaching to the James ; Nelson and Amherst, bounded by the Blue 
Ridge and the James, Amherst by that river, both southeast and southwest ; Bed- 
ford and Franklin, southwest of the James, and drained chiefly by waters of the 
Roanoke or Staunton; Patrick and Henry, next the North Carolina line, furnishing 
many branches to the Dan. An inspection of the map will show that every por- 
tion of this section is penetrated by water courses. Every portion of it is well sup- 
plied with unfailing, bright, pure water, from springs and mountain rivulets. 

(4). The Blue Ridge, for two-thirds of its length of 310 miles, is embraced in 
the Valley and Piedmont counties that have their common lines upon its water- . 
shed; it is only the southwestern portion of it, where it expands into a plateau, 
with an area of some 1,230 square miles, that forms a separate political division : 
still the whole range and its numerous spurs, parallel ridges, detached knobs and 
foot hills, varying in width from 3 to 20 miles, embracing nearly 2,500 square miles 
of territory, is a distinct region, not only in appearance but in all essential particu- 
lars. The river, in the gorge where the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge, 
is 242 feet above tide. The Blue Ridge there attains an elevation of 1,460 feet. 
Mt. Marshall, near and south of Front Royal, is 3,369* feet high : the notch. Rock- 
fish Gap, at the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, is 1,996 feet, and James river, 
where it passes through the Ridge, is 706 feet above tide, or more than twice as high 
as the Potomac at its passage. The Peaks of Otter, in Bedford county, are 3,993t 
feet, and the Balsam mountain, in Grayson, is 5,700^ feet, and in North Carolina 
this range is nearly 7,000 feet above the sea level. These figures show that this 
range increases in elevation as we go southwest, and every portion of the country 
near rises in the same manner. At a little distance this range is generally of a 
deep blue color. The Vv^hole mountain range may be characterized as a series of 
swelling domes, connected by long ridges meeting between the high points in gaps 
or notches, and sending out long spurs in all directions from the general range, but 
more especially on the eastern side, these in turn sending out other spurs, giving a 
great development of surface and variety of exjoosure. 

The political divisions upon the plateau of the Blue Ridge are the counties of 
Floyd, Carroll and Grayson, all watered by the Kanawha, or New river, and its 
branches, a tributary of the Ohio, except the little valley in the southwest corner 
of Grayson, which sends its water to the Tennessee. The population of this ro- 
mantic section is 23 to the square mile. 

(5). The Great Valley of Virginia is the belt of limestone land west of the 
Blue Ridge, and between it and the numerous interrupted ranges of mountains, 
with various local names, that run parallel to it on the west at an average distance 
of some 20 miles, that collectively are called the Kitatinny or North Mountains. 
This valley extends in West Virginia and Virginia for more than 330 miles from the 
Potomac to the Tennessee line, and 305 miles of this splendid country are within 
the limits of Virginia. The county lines generally extend from the top of the Blue 
Ridge to the top of the second or third mountain range beyond the Valley proper, 



•=11. S. Coast Survey measurements. fGuyot's measurements. 



w 



16 



so that tlie political Valley is somewhat larger than the natural one, which has 
an area of about 6,000 square miles, while the former has 7,550, and a population 
of 26 to the square mile. The latitude of the Valley is from 36° 35' N. to 39° '26'; 
its longitude is from 77° 50' to 80° 16' W. 




136 


miles 


50 


a 


38 


u 


54 


a 


52 


a 


330 


miles 



PROFILE OF THE VALLEY (iF yiRGlM ALONG ITS LENGTH. 



While this is one continuous valley, clearly defined by its bounding moun- 
tains, it is not the valley of one river, or of one system of rivers, but of five; so 
that it has four water-sheds and four river troughs in its length, as shown in the 
above profile, along the Valley from the Potomac to the Tennessee line. These val- 
leys and their length in the Great Valley are, from the northeast — 

1st. The Shenandoah Valley, ----- 
2nd. The James River Valley, ----- 

3rd. The Roanoke River Valley, - - - - - 
4th. The Kanawha or New River Valley, - - - 
5th. The Valley of the Holston or Tennessee, 



This profile shows that as a whole the Valley rises to the southwest, being 242 
feet above the tide Avhere the Shenandoah enters the Potomac and the united rivers 
break through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry, and 1,678 feet where the waters of 
the Holston leave the State and pass into Tennessee. The entire Valley appears 
then as a series of ascending and descending planes, sloping to the northeast or the 
southwest. That of the Shenandoah rises from 242 to 1,863 feet along the line of 
its main stream, in 136 miles, looking northeast; those of the James slope both 
ways, from the Shenandoah summit to the southwest, and from the Roanoke sum- 
mit to the northeast, and so on, as shown in the profile. This arrangement gives 
this seventh great step a variety of elevations above the sea from 242 to 2,594 feet, or 
even to 3,000, in a great enclosed valley, sub-divided into very many minor valleys, 
giving " facings " in all directions ; for the whole Valley has a very decided south- 
eastern inclination, to be considered in this connection, its western side being from 
500 to 1,000 feet in surface elevation above its eastern, presenting its mass to the 
sun, giving its streams a tendency to flow across it toward the east, as the result of 
its combined slopes, and making the main drainage way hug the western base of 
the Blue Ridge. A moment's reflection and an inspection of the map will show 
that this is a well watered country, having a wealth of water power and drainage 
and irrigation resources almost beyond estimate. 



17 

The aspect of this region is exceedingly pleasant. The great width of the Val- 
ley; the singular coloring and wavy but bold outHne of the Blue Ridge; the long, 
uniform lines of the Kitatinny mountains, and the high knobs that rise up behind 
them in the distance; the detached ranges that often extend for many miles in the 
midst of the Valley, like huge lines of fortifications — all these for the outline, filled 
up with park-like forests, well cultivated farms, well built towns, and threaded by 
bright and abounding rivers, make this a charming and inviting region. 

The fifteen counties of the Valley— its political divisions— are naturally grouped 
by the river basins, to which their lines generally conform. 

The noted Shenandoah Valley has, in Virginia, in the northeast Frederick 
and Clarke counties, reaching from the North Mountains to the Blue Ridge across 
the Valley, watered by the Opequon creek and the Shenandoah river and branches ; 
Shenandoah county, extending from the mountains west to the Massanutton range, 
that for 50 miles divides the Valley into two, one watered by the North and the 
other by the South Fork of the Shenandoah ; Warren, that lies at the confluence 
of these forks and between the Massanutton and the Blue Ridge, and Page county, 
between the same mountains and intersected by the South Fork; Rockingham, a 
large and note'd county, reaching across the whole Valley, and holding the sources 
of the North Fork ; and Augusta, the largest county, also occupying the width of 
the Valley, and containing the head springs of the Shenandoah. These seven coun- 
ties occupy the whole of this well-known, fertile and wealthy valley. 

In the valley of the James are Rockbridge and Botetourt, two fine counties in 
the heart of the valley, both extending across it, the former watered by the North 
and South rivers of the James, and that river and other tributaries, and the latter 
by the much-developed James river and Catawba, Craig's and other creeks. The 
mountain scenery of Rockbridge is especially noted. 

In the valley of the Roanoke is the small but rich county of the same name : 
portions of Botetourt and Montgomery are drained by that river also. 

The Kanawha or New River valley has Montgomery, Pulaski and Wythe coun- 
ties, famous ones for grazing and stock, that reach from mountain to mountain. 
This is the most elevated portion of the Great Valley, and many people foolishly 
continue to call the water-shed between the Roanoke and New river, where that 
" divide " crosses the Valley, the Alleghany Mountain— saying that Christiansburg 
is on the top of the Alleghany — when there is no mountain there, only a " water di- 
vide " in the continuous limestone valley — because, before anything was known of 
the country or its peculiarities, it was supposed that the Alleghany Mountain 
wound its way everywhere, over and under mountains and valleys, to keep the 
waters of the Mississippi from those of the Atlantic. The Alleghany Mountain, as 
every well informed person knows, is a single, well-defined range, that begins just 
south of the White Sulphur Springs and runs northeast to and beyond the Potomac. 

In the valley of the Holston or Tennessee are the two fine counties of Smyth and 
Washington, with soils of rare fatness. 

(6): Appalachian Virginia, or Appalachia, succeeds the Valley on the west. 
It is a mountain country, traversed its whole length by the Appalachian or Alle- 
ghany System of mountains. It may be considered as a series of comparatively 
narrow, long, parallel valleys, running northeast and southwest, separated from 
3 



\ 



\ 



18 

each other by mountain ranges that are, generally, equally narrow, long and par- 
allel, and quite elevated. In crossing this section to the northwest, at right angles 
to its mountains and valleys, in 50 miles one will cross from 6 to 10 of these moun- 
tain ranges, and as many valleys. As before stated, a strip of this region is em- 
braced in the Valley counties, as they include the two or three front ranges that 
have drainage into the Valley ; so that some 900 square miles of Appalachia are 
politically classed with the Valley, leaving 5,720 square miles to be treated of here. 
This, in Virginia, is an irregular belt of country 260 miles long, varying in width 
from 10 to 50 miles. Its waters, generally, flow northeast and southwest, but it 
has basins that drain north and northwest, and south and southeast. The 
heads of the valleys are generally from 2,000 to 2,800 feet above tide, and the 
waters often flow from each way to a central depression — that is, from 600 to 1,200 
feet above sea level — before they unite and break through the enclosing ranges. 
The map shows this arrangement, as in the case of Potts' creek and the Cow-pasture 
river. Potts' creek heads in Giles county, at 2,698 feet of altitude, flows northeast 
42 miles, a portion of the way as Jackson's river, to 1,036 feet of elevation at Clifton 
Forge, where the river turns southeast : the Cow-pasture has its sources in Highland 
county, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet, and flows southwest 48 miles to near 
the same point, where it unites with Jackson's river and forms the James. The 
remarks made concerning the slopes of the Great Valley apply also to this section, 
except- that the Appalachian valleys are straighter. 

The twelve counties of this section group very well as follows : 

1st. The James River Group, the waters from which flow into that river, in- 
cluding Highland, on the water-shed of the James and Potomac, the South Branch 
of the latter having several of its sources there, with the Cow-pasture and Jackson's 
river branches of the former; Bath, crossed by the same branches of the James; 
Alleghany, through a portion of which the same rivers flow, and in Avhich they 
unite, meeting the waters of Dunht^^'s and Potts' creeks from the southwest; and 
Craig, drained by Johns', Craig's and Barber's creeks, flowing from the southwest. 
Sinking creek of New river flows southwest from this county. All these waters but 
the last run into the James before it crosses the Valley. 

2nd. The Kanawfia or New River Group includes Giles, which is intersected 
by New river, into which flow from the northeast Sinking and Big and Little Stony 
creeks, and from the southwest Walker's and Wolf creeks ; Bland, on the head 
waters of Walker's and Wolf creeks, just mentioned, and having also some of the 
springs of the Holston, that flows southwest. 

3rd. The Tennessee River Group, on the waters of that river, embraces Taze- 
well, on the divide of New and Tennessee, (the lowest gaps of which are 2,116 feet 
above tide) ; Wolf creek, Bluestone and East rivers run from this county northeast 
into New river, while the North and the Maiden Spring Forks of Clinch flow south- 
west : Russell is southwest of Tazewell, and the Clinch and its Copper and Moccason 
creek branches run through it to the southwest : Scott is next, on the southwest, 
and the same streams pass through it from Russell, and the North Fork of the 
Holston besides, all running southwest: Lee is southwest of Scott, Powell's river 
and its numerous branches flowing southwest from it to the Clinch. All these 



19 

waters unite in the State of Tennessee, and form the river of that name. The I 
of the counties of this group is exceedingly fertile, large portions of it being li) 
stone, and its exposure to the southwest, and the situation and elevation of Its & 
rounding mountains, secure to it a very mild climate. 

4th. The Sandy River Group includes Buchanan county, drained by the Ti 
Louisa and Russell's Forks of the Big Sandy, flowing northwest; and Wise count 
drained by Russell's and Pound Forks of the same river, and a portion by tl 
Guest's river branch of the Clinch, and some head springs of Powell's river. Thet 
two counties really belong to the Trans-Appalachian country, the great plain thj 
slopes from the parallel ranges of mountains to the northwest, from which th 
waters have eroded their deep channels. They cover Virginia's part of the Grea 
Carboniferous formation, and give her a most valuable coal field. 

Appalachia is noted as a grazing country, its elevation giving it a cool, moisi 
atmosphere, admirably adapted, with its fertile soil, to the growth of grass and ihi 
rearing of stock of all kinds. 



20 



•«*r 



CHAPTER II. 
THE GEOLOGY OF VIRGINIA. 

Section I. — The Geological Formations. 

The Geology of Virginia was determined by Professor William B. Rogers, the 
iistinguished Geologist of the State, in a survey conducted for that purpose from 
L835 to 1840, and much of the brief outline here given is condensed from his re- 
ports. The accompanying geological map of the Virginias was most kindly colored 
by Professor Rogers especially for this work. 

The geological formations found in Virginia, like its geographical divisions, 

succeed each other in belts, either complete or broken, nearly parallel to the coast 

)f the Atlantic. In fact the geographical divisions of the State that have already 

Deen given correspond in the main to the different geological formations, and have 

been suggested by them ; hence those divisions are natural. 

The formations developed in Virginia, taken in the order in which they succeed 
each other and cover the surface, or form the rocks found with the surface, from 

the Atlantic at the Virginia Capes to the northwest across the State, are as follows : 

GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER OP FORMATIONS. i 

( 1. Quaternary. - \ 

\^ 4. Lower Tertiary. 
Mtddt t^ ^ ^" Ti'i^'Ssic and Jurassic. 

I 6. Azoic and Granitic. W^ 

Piedmont. \ 7. Azoic, Epidotic, &c. 
Blue Ridge. \ 8. Azoic and Cambrian. 



ri^, V-^" " " '~'a nx'nrian and Silurian. 



ferous and Devonian. 
1 Sub-Carboni^^ 



21 



The Geological Order of these Formations, arranged according to the recog- 
nized age of the rocks, from tlie newest to the oldest, is this : 



Cenozoic, or 

Tertiary. 

Mesozoic, or 

Secondary. 

Paleozoic, or 
Transition. 



Eozoic, or 
Primary. 



Tidewater. 



1. Quaternary (and Alluvium?) 

2. Upper Tertiary. 

3. Middle Tertiary. 

4. Lower Tertiary. 

5. Triassic and Jurassic (and Ore- 1 ivr-firjip 
taceous?) j * 

6. Great Carboniferous Series. 

7. Sub-Carboniferous. \ Appalachia. 
-i 8. Devonian. 

9. Silurian and Cambrian. 
10. Azoic, Granitic, &c. 



Valley and Appalachia. 
\ Middle, Piedmont and Blue 



Ridge. 



The chief Geological Sub-Divisions shown on the accompanying map,* are : 

(1). The Upper Tertiary, passing into Quaternary. 

(2). The Middle and Lower Tertiary. 

(3). The Triassic and Jurassic Beds. 

(4). The Great Carboniferous, down to the base of the Serai Conglomerate. 

(5). The •Sub-Carboniferous, including Umbral limestones, shales and slates, 
and at the base Vespertine sandstone, having coal in some places. 

(6). The Devonian sandstones, slates and shales, from top of Meridian to top 
of Ponent. 

(7). The Cambrian and Silurian — Primal to top of Meridian. 

(8). The Azoic and Granitic Group — Syenite; Mica, Talc and Hornblende 
Slates, Argillaceous Slates, Auriferous Quartz, &c. 

Professor William B. Rogers, in his Reports on the Geology of Virginia, de- 
scribed the formations of the State as folio wsf : 



(1). 

(2). 
(3). 

.(4). 
(5). 
(6). 
(7). 
(8). 
(9). 
(10). 

(11). 
(12). 
(13). 
(14). 
(15). 
(16). 
(17). 
(18). 



m ,• f Miocene=iThe Middle Tertiary). 

lertiary. j Eocene=:(TA6 Xo-ujer Teriiary). 

Middle and Upper Secondary=(rAe Triassic and Jurassic). 

Primary and Metamorphic Rocks (including beds of limestone)=(rAe' 

Azoic and Granitic Group). 



Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 
Formation No. 



I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VL 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XL 

XIL 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 



>{The Ckmbrian and Silurian). 



{The Devonian). 



(The 8uh-0arhoniferous). 

— Coarse Sandstones. 

— Lower Coal Group. 

— Lower Shale and Sandstone Group. 

— Upper Coal Group. 



{The Great 
Carbonife- 
rous). 



* As named and colored by Professor William B. Rogers. 

t The equivalents of the map are given in italics in parentheses. 



22 

The various geological formations have received different names, and been dif- 
ferently classified in various states and countries, and as it is desirable, for many 
reasons, to know the equivalent names, those of the more important systems are 
here given. 

SYSTEMS OF GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION COMPARED. 



Early- 
Writers 


Eras. 


Ages. 


Periods. 


New York System. 


Pennsylvania 

and Virginia Names— 

H. 1). & W. B. 

Rogers. 


Names used 

in Virginia Reports — 

W. B. Rogers. 




o 
o 
o 
o 

>>I 

Ph 


01! 

a 

P4 

a 



•a 

a 



? 
be 

<i 
02 

s 

"S 

bB 

<1 


i 


a? 
bfi 

< 

a 

^a 

CD 

1 

K 

"S 
a> 
be 
<5 


Quaternary. 








<0 

1 

o 
o 

o 
d 

0) 

O 


Tertiary. 






Pliocene. 
Miocene. 
Eocene. 


' 1 
§ 

a> 


6 
B 

o 
o 


Cretaceous. 








Jurassic. 






Middle and Upper 
Secondary. 


Trlasslc or New Red 
Sandstone. 


a 

i 


EH 

o 

IS) 

o 
a> 


Age of Coal 
Plants, Amphi- 
bians & Acro- 
gens. 


Permian. 








Carbonlferlous. 


Lower Carbonife- 
rous. 


Serai. 

Umbral. 

Vespertine. 


Formations No. 
XV. to No. X. In- 
clusive. 


CO 


DeTonlan or Old Red 
Sandstone. 


CatBklll. 
Chemung. 
Hamilton. 
Cornlferous. 


Ponent. 
Vergent. 
Cadent. 
Post-Meridian. 


Formations No. IX. 
and No. VIII. 


1 

1 _ 

so 

M 

<1 


SUurlan. 
Cambrian. 




Oriskany. 

Helderberg. 

Salina. 

Niagara | 


Meridian. 

Pre-Meridian. 

Scalent. 

Surgent. 

Levant. 

Matinal. 
Auroral. 
Primal. 


Formations No. vn. 
to No. I. inclusive. 


^ 

Qi 
^ 
3 


Hudson. 
Trenton. 
Potsdam. 


33 


a -2 

S o 

EH § 


MetamorpMo. 


Taconic or H u r - 

nian. 
Laurentian. 


Crystalline Schists. 
Azoic. 


Metamorphlc. 
Primary. 



23 

The first " dry land " of the State that appeared was the country between the 
western base of the Blue Ridge and the eastern side of the Middle country at the 
head of tide; its borders were the shores of the ocean east and west. So Middle, 
Piedmont and Blue Ridge Virginia are the oldest portions of the State ; they are 
based on Granite, Gneiss and Syenite ; Mica, Talc and Hornblende Slates, Argilla- 
ceous Slates, Auriferous Quartz, &c. ; the region is Eozoic or Primary. 

The second formed land was the Great Valley, a broad belt of seacoast along the 
shore of a subsiding ocean, where corals were abundant, making it a limestone 
region — the Cambrian and Lower and Upper Silurian — a country with sandstones 
and limestones of many varieties, together with slates and shales : a part of the 
Transition or Paleozoic period. So the Valley is the second oldest country in the 
State. These are followed by the Devonian rocks as third, and these in turn by the 
Sub-Carboniferous and Carboniferous as fourth and fifth, all in Appalachia. The 
sixth, the Triassic or New Red Sandstone, is only found as detached masses, deposits 
in depressions of the Primary, in the Middle country. The seventh, the last formed 
portion of the State, is the Tertiary, the entire Tidewater region, if we except the 
alluvium now forming on the shores. 

TiDEWATEK. — This is what the geologists call a Tertiary or lately formed region, 
one where the remains of plants and animals found in the rocks and soils do not 
differ greatly from the plants and animals now living — they belong to the .same 
families. The beds of mineral substances here found are rarely converted into 
real rocks, but lie as beds of sand, gravel, clay, &c., much the same as when they 
were deposited in shallow waters by the ocean and inflowing rivers. 

1st. The Quaternary or Post- Tertiary"^' formation is the sandy shore, the mere 
margin, of the Atlantic and the Bay ; it is like the shore land of Lincolnshire and 
other eastern counties of England. 

2d. The Upper Tertiary or Pliocene^ is the first step or terrace of the State above 
the ocean; it is the low plain of the Eastern Shore and Norfolk peninsulas, where 
the surface is composed of " light-colored sands and clays, generally of a fine texture, 
and never enclosing pebbles of large dimensions."t This is, geologically, a similar 
country to most of Suffolk in England, to the hills of Rome in Italy, and the terri- 
tory around Antwerp in Belgium. Underneath this are found the other formations, 
in order, and their valuable marls can be reached, at no great depth, by going 
through this. The immense piles of shells found along the shores, and the refuse 
fish, furnish fertilizers adapted to the soils of this section. 

3d. The Middle Tertiary, % or Miocence, is the surface of the second step of country, 
extending from the western border of the last described formation, where this passes 
under that, to a line running southward from Mathias Point, on the Potomac, to 
Coggin's Point on the James — a line just west of the meridian of 77°; from the 

* These are together called Alluvium, in the recently published Statistical Atlas of the 
United States, by Professors Hitchcock and Blalie. 

t Rogers. 

I The Middle and Lower Tertiary are togetlier called Tertiary in the United States Statis- 
tical Atlas. 



2i 

James south it inclines tq the west. This formation, generally, descending from 
the surface, consists of the following materials : 

1. Beds of coarse sand and gravel just under the soil, sloping in position. 

2. Horizontal beds of sand and clay. 

3. Yellow marl, underlaid by a conglomerate of fragments, with shells nearly 
entire but water- worn. 

4. Yellow marl with friable shells and tenacious clay. 

5. Upper blue marl — a clay, bluish, of fine texture, rich in shells. 

6. Lower blue marl — -clay with more sandy materials, more shells and more 
varieties. 

7. A thin band of pebbles, with ferruginous matter : the bottom of the formation. 

In some parts of Tidewater some of these strata harden into a sort of lime- 
stone, or into sandstones, very good for building purposes. Of course the Lower 
Tertiary underlies this as this underlies the Upper, and is overlapped by it. This 
formation covers a large portion of the Atlantic plain and of the lower Mississippi 
valley of the United States ; it is the formation of the valley of the Columbia in 
Oregon and of the valleys of California ; in Europe it forms the Gironde and Landes 
of France and the basin of Vienna; in England it is the New Forest region of 
Hampshire and Dorset, the country around Portsmouth and Southampton. 

4th. The Lotver Tertiary or Eocene. This formation underlies both the others 
and forms the surface of the remainder of Tidewater west of the line already de- 
scribed as forming the western boundary of the Middle Tertiary : it is a strijD ot 
country some 15 miles wide along the "head of tide." The fossils found in this, 
are more unlike the forms now existing. This gr eensand' maxl formation on the east- 
pushes its headlands into the Middle Tertiary, and on the west fills up the ravines 
between the headlands of sandstone, granite, &c., that protrude into it from the 
Middle country. 

The following section,* from the banks of the Potomac, below Aquia creek^ 
will give an insight into the composition of this group of "rocks": 

(1). The soil. 

(2). 20 feet of yellow clay, impregnated with suliDhates. 

(3). 5 feet of sulphur-colored clay, containing shells. 

(4). 3 feet of rock, resembling marl in color and composition. 

(5). 12 feet of yellowish gray marl, specked with greensand and abounding in shells. 

40 feet, the level of the Potomac. 

In some places the marl of this Eocene contains so much carbonate of lime 
from the shells distributed through it, it has become a limestone. Here are also 
beds of blue marl, shell-roch, gypseous and acid clays, dark bluish clay and sand con- 
taining sulphates of iron and lime. There are also beds of sand and gravel, coarse 
and often cemented by iron. In all of these there is great variety of color and 
composition. The strata are slightly inclined, generally to the southeast. This is 
the formation on which the most of Essex, Middlesex, Kent, &c., (founties around 
London in England, are situated — the region of the noted London clay. (The same 



* As before stated, the data here used are from Professor Eogers' Eeports. 



25 

material abounds in Virginia.) The Isle of Wight, Dorset, Wilts, Hants, Suffolk, 
Norfolk Cambridge and Lincoln counties, the most productive in England, are in 
the Lower Tertiary ; the cities of Liverpool and Paris are also on it. 

5th. The Triassic or New Red Sandstone is sometimes found as transported frag- 
ments from that formation, (which forms a part of the western boundary of this 
section,) scattered over the surface of some of the peninsulas southeast from where 
this rock is found in place. 

6th. The Azoic or Primary Rocks, which underlie all the others and also form 
part of this western border, are sometimes found as headlands thrust into the Ter- ■ 
tiary or as islands in its surface. 

Middle Country. — The larger portion of this region is Azoic,* or Primary. 
The rocks contain no organic remains; they are crysttilline in their character, 
generally stratified, dip at a high angle either to the southeast or the northwest, or 
are nearly vertical, rarely horizontal, and their exposed edges, or "strike," run 
northeast and southwest. The strata vary in thickness from the fraction of an inch 
to many feet. 

The rocks of this formation are: Gneiss, (a name given to any crystalline, 
stratified rock composed of quartz and felspar, mixed with smaller quantities of 
hornblende, mica, or other simple minerals,) the most abundant, which along the 
east side of- the Middle country is a gray rock, consisting of quartz, felspar and black 
mica, with some spangles of white, and grains of hornblende — this is the fine 
Eichmond granite. In some of the layers. of this rock the felspar predominates, 
and the rock crumbles on exposure. The finer grained gneiss is generally called 
granite, the coarser Syenite, or Syenitic granite; the former are quartzose, the latter 
felspathic. Next, going westward, are other varieties of gneiss more slaty in struc- 
ture, containing more felspar and hornblende, (quartz is the flint rock, felspar is 
softer and duller in color, hornblende is dark green or black,) and are more decayed, 
sometimes into beds of porcelain clay or kaolin. These are succeeded, on the 
western border of this section, by a broad belt of micaceous, talcose and argillaceous 
slates, according to the ingredient predominant in the rock, whether mica, talc or 
soapstone, or alumina. The rocks on the east side of this slaty belt are most mica- 
ceous on the west talcose. In these belts are some beds or small tracts of chloritic 
gneiss, slate, steatite, serpentine, &c., making spots noted for fertility like the Green 
Spring country in Louisa county. In the more argillaceous part of this belt, the 
western side next to Piedmont, some of the slates become so sandy they pass as 
sandstones or conglomerates, (gneissoid sandstones,) and among these are found 
roofing slates and a fragmentary belt of limestone. Through the centre of this 
region runs the "gold belt," where gold is found in quartz veins, interstratified with 
the other rocks ; here are also veins of various kinds of iron and copper ores. This 
formation covers large areas of valuable country in all parts of the world. 

In this Middle section, as before stated, laid over the other rocks, (the granitic 
ones,) or filling depressions in them, are a number of patches of the Triassicf and 
Jurassic, or New Red sandstone rocks, sometimes called the Middle Secondary, and 

* Called Eozoic in the U, S. Statistical Atlas of 1874. 
t Classed with the Cretaceous as Mesozoic in U. S. Statistical Atlas. 
4 



26 

generally known as ^^ brown stoned The localities of this are: (a) the "Richmond 
coal-field," a large oval area in Chesterfield, Powhatan, Goochland and Henrico 
counties, inside Middle Virginia; (h) a small oval territory bordering Tidewater 
between Ashland and Milford stations on the Richmond and Fredericksburg rail- 
road, and nearly divided by it; (c) a long, narrow strip, bordering Tidewater from 
several miles south of Fredericksburg, on, along the west bank of the Potomac, to 
near Mount Vernon; (cZ) a large wedge, nearly 600 square miles, resting for some 
twenty miles on the Potomac and extending southwest, between tlie Middle and 
Piedmont sections, to its apex on the Rapid Anne near Orange Courthouse, with 
a small outlying portion near that place, and extending beyond it towards Gor- 
dons ville; (e) a curved portion of land extending from Hampden Sidney College 
north through Farm ville to Willis' river, and northeast along that river to near Cum- 
])erland Courthouse; (/) a narrow belt along James river from Scottsville, some 15 
miles to the southwest; (g) a band of country some 60 miles long, extending from 
a point southeast of Campbell Courthouse southwest to the North Carolina line 
near Danville. 

These roclis are of the kind known as sedimentary — composed of particles of 
sand and earth, and of pebbles derived from other rocks, and deposited by water 
where they now are. They are in strata, some of coarse conglomerate, with very 
large pebbles ; others of finer material, making sandstones, slates and shales, gen- 
erally dark brown or red in color, but sometimes gray, brownish gray or yellow, and 
greenish gray. They generally dip but little, being nearly horizontal. The "brec- 
ciatcd marble " of the Potomac is from this formation, as is also the " brown stone " 
from Manassas. In this formation are found remains of plants, as lignite or coaly 
matter, and of fishes; and in the Richmond, Danville and Farmville portions are 
valuable beds of rich bituminous coal. 

Piedmont is in the same region of Primary'', Azoic or Transition rocks as Mid- 
dle, but they differ much in their characteristics. 

The gneiss of Piedmont, from the Blue Ridge to the Southwest Mountain, is 
usually of a darker color and coarser texture than that of Middle Virginia, and it 
lias much more variety in its structure and composition. Generally it contains 
more or less talce, or chlorite, not much mica, and very often hornblende and iron 
pyrites, the latter a powerful agent in decomposing rocks, and with hornblende 
giving a red tinge to the soil; so that this is often called the "Red-land" district. 
Near the base of the Blue Bidge are belts of granitic gneiss: also belts of mi- 
caceous, chloritic, argillaceous and talcose slates, generally narrow, with bands 
and patches of limestone. The epidotic^ or greenstone rocks, form the chief mass of 
the broken Southwest Mountain, or Coast Range Chain, the eastern border of Pied- 
mont. These rocks are of a greenish hue, with crystals of epidote and quartz. 
They weather into a yellowish soil that changes into orange and red, and is always 
fertile. Bands of iron ores of various kinds, slates, soapstone, &c., are found 
throughout this section. 

The Blue Ridge is the border land between the Azoic, Primary or Transition 
rocks, and the fossiliferous ones. Generally its eastern flank and summit, and 
sometimes a good portion of the western slope, are composed of the epidotic rocks 



27 

before mentioned, more highly epidotic than even those of Piedmont; and so it 
acquires peculiar geological characteristics. The epidote is found there compact, 
with quartz imbedded, as amygdaloid, &c. Here are also beds of epidotic granite, 
of whitish granite and of Syenite, with sandstones and slates of various kinds; but 
epidote is here more abundant than elsewhere, and this by decomposing makes the 
wonderful soil of this mountain range. 

The western flank of the Blue Ridge is composed of the rocks of the Cambrian, 
Potsdam Sandstone, Primal, or Formation I. of Professor Rogers ; for by all these 
names is known the " close-grained white or light gray sandstone," with beds of 
coarse conglomerate, brown sandstones and brownish olive-colored shales here found, 
that once made the eastern shore of a great ocean. In this formation are bands of 
specular iron ore and beds of hematite. 

The Valley is the region of Cambrian and Lower Silurian rocks — Form- 
ations I., II. and III., of Rogers, or from Potsdam to Hudson River formations, 
of New York, inclusive — a country mainly of limestone, slate and shale rocks, with 
a fertile soil and undulating surface. The section across the Valley through Staun- 
ton gives some 30 alternating bands of slates and limestones of various kinds, some 
magnesian, others silicious, or rich carbonates ; some compact, others flaggy or slaty, 
&c. Among these are beds of chert, iron ore, umber, lead, zinc, &c. This formation 
extends northward, and forms the rich Cumberland, Lebanon, and other valleys of 
Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the Hudson and Mohawk valleys of New 
York, and the Champlain valley of Vermont. Southwest it becomes the valley of 
East Tennessee, and extends into Alabama, making a great Central Valley, some 
1,500 miles in length, of unsurpassed fertility and productiveness. This formation 
underlies a large portion of Scotland, especially the southern and central parts; 
much of the area of Wales, and large districts in the west, southwest and northwest 
of England. It covers an extensive tract in Russia ; is found in Spain, &c. The 
most fertile portions of New York, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Wisconsin and Missouri 
are also underlaid by this rock. 

Belonging to the Valley counties (the lines of which extend to the summit of the 
Blue Ridge, and cross, often, several ranges of the mountains west), of course we 
have the half of the summit and all the western slope of the Blue Ridge, already 
described. To it also, politically, will belong parts of the Upper Silurian and De- 
vonian Systems, that are more especially referred to in the account of the Appal- 
achian Country. These form long ridges that rise up and run for great distances in 
the Valley, like the Massanutton and other mountain ranges — making barriers that 
divide the Valley lengthways into two parallel valleys. The rocks of the Valley 
generally dip to the southeast at a high angle. In some places there runs an axis 
through the Valley from which the rocks dip both ways, to the southeast and to the 
northwest, making an anticlinal. The upturned edges of the rocks strike, or run, 
northeast and southwest with the Valley. 

Fragments of the Sub-Carboniferous formation are found along the western 
margin of the Valley, sometimes containing valuable beds of semi-anthracite coal, 



28 • . 

as in Montgomery, Augusta and other counties. This formation consists of con- 
glomerates, shales, sandstones, &g 

The Appalachian Country, beginning with the mountains on the west side of 
the Great Valley, is occupied chiefly by the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks 
from IV. to IX. inclusive. It also shows narrow outcrops of Lower Silurian and 
important areas of Carboniferous rocks, comprising sandstones, slates, limestones, 
coal seams, &c. The sandstones hold up the high, parallel ridges or chains of 
mountains that run unbroken for such long distances ; the slates and limestones 
form the rich valleys between. In these rocks are great continuous bands of 
hematite and fossil iron ores, among the most abundant and valuable in the world. 

The Devonian Rocks (or Old Red Sandstone — Rogers' VIII. and IX.; the Corn- 
iferous, Hamilton, Chemung and Catskill groups of New York) are found among 
those that have already been described, the convulsions of nature having exposed 
in successive ridges and valleys the different formations. Formation VIII. is com- 
posed of slates and slaty sandstones that often appear as low serrated ridges ; the 
slates are black, olive, green and reddish, sometimes with calcareous bands; some 
of the shales contain copperas, alum and iron ore. Formation IX. is known by its 
red slates and sandstones alternating with green, yellow, brown and dark gray shales 
and slaty sandstones, with some iron ore. 

The Sub-Carboniferious Rocks in Virginia, formations X. and XI., mce con- 
fined to narrow belts made up of conglomerates, slates, shales and limestones^ 
running along the southeast flanks of the North mountains. It is in Formation X. 
(Vespertine) that Rogers locates the coal of Augusta, Botetourt, Montgomery, &c. 
Formation XI. is very calcareous, and is the repository of the Gypsum and Rock- 
salt of Southwest Virginia (Rogers). This is the equivalent of the Carboniferous 
limestone of England. Great down-throws and upheavals of the rocks have brought 
the Carboniferous and Silurian formations in the southwestern portion of Appalachia 
side by side, and all the intervening formations are often wanting. Iron ore of good 
quality is found in the shales of this group. 

The Carboniferous or true coal-bearing rocks, Rogers' XII. to XV., cover but a 
moderate area in Virginia, when compared with that occupied by the other form- 
ations; still the State has nearly a thousand square miles of territory that belongs 
to the great Carboniferous, in the Southwest, in that portion of it lying north of the 
Clinch river and drained by its western branches, and in the Virginia territory 
drained by the Sandy river, with some small adjacent areas. This formation is a 
group of sandstones, slates, bands of limestone and seams of coal that together 
make the great Appalachian coal field — one of the most remarkable in the world 
for the number, thickness, quality and variety of its seams of bituminous coal, and 
for their accessibility above water level. 

The formations of Appalachia are the same as those that cover large portions of 
the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Iowa. In 
Europe this formation occupies the Lowland region of Scotland, the country of 



29 

Edinburg and Glasgow, also the Cromarty and Caithness region; in England it 
underlies large areas in the northwest and southwest and in Wales. 



Section II. — The Soils of Virginia. 

The Character of the Soils of Virginia, as of other countries, is dependent 
on its geology : that understood, this becomes easy of comprehension. 

Tidewater is a Tertiary region; its soils are the alluvial deposits, the sands 
and clays peculiar to that formation. The soil of the low, flat, sandy shores and 
islands is, naturally, thin, light and soft: at the same time it is warm, and under 
the influences of a mild climate, a near ocean and bay, and the dense crops of wild 
bent-grass, magothy bay -beans, &c., that grow and decay upon it, it becomes very 
productive and " quick.'''' The salt-marshes of this region are rich in the elements 
■of fertility, as is evidenced by the crops of grass they j)roduce. The soil of the 
Eastern Shore j)eninsula is like that already described, only it rests upon a stiff 
clay, and so retains fertilizers applied to it and is easily improved. The soils of 
"the Norfolk peninsula also belong to this class ; they are light, warm, easily tilled, 
•and respond quickly to the influence of fertilizers — all these may be characterized 
as garden soils, adapted to the hoe. In all this Upper Tertiary country there is 
much salt marsh and swamp land that, when properly drained, becomes exceed- 
ingly j3roductive. 

In every portion of Tidewater along the streams are "^rs^" or alluvial bottoms, 
•composed of mixed materials, the sediment of the waters — these, where above tide, 
■or where protected by embankments, have a perpetual fertility. 

The second bottoms, or second terrace above the waters, are called the " rich 
lands" of the country — they "are composed of -loams of various qualities, but all 
highly valuable, and the best soils are scarcely to be surpassed in their original fer- 
tility and durability under severe tillage."* The subsoil is a dark red or yellow 
■clay — the yellow becoming of a chocolate color on exposure — lying not very deep. 
These soils are drier and stiffer than those of the first bottom ; sometimes they are 
■sandy, but all are susceptible of improvement. 

In some places there are spots of " shelly " soil, where the remains of oysters, 
aaussels, &c., have decomposed and mingled with the loam and sand. These are 
permanently fertile, bringing forth abundantly. "Shelly" soils could be made 
anywhere in this region, for Providence has bountifully supplied the means by 
which this "hint" may be taken advantage of 

The first and second bottoms are not far above the water level, and form a com- 
paratively small portion of the country. They are succeeded by the "slope," the 
Incline that reaches back to the ridge or water-shed of the peninsulas. The soil of 
these slopes — compared with that on the flat ridges — " is of a higher grade of fer- 
tility, though still far from valuable," * * " generally more sandy than the poorer 
ridge land,"* and, when exhausted by injudicious cultivation, inclined to wash 

* Edmund Kuffin's Calcareous Manures. 



30 

during rains. " The washing away of three or four inches in depth exposes a sterile 
sub-soil." Sometimes these soils are productive, but as a rule, do not wear. That 
they are not wanting in some of the elements of fertility, is well shown by the 
dense growth of pine trees that speedily covers them when abandoned by severe 
cultivation. Though thin, sandy and poor, and considered as almost valueless, 
these lands have been made fertile by using the marls and shells that are near by. 
The same can be done again. There is a large area of this land. 

" The ridge lands are always level, and very poor, sometimes clayey, more gen- 
erally sandy, but stiffer than would be inferred from the proportion of silicious 
earth they contain, which is caused by the fineness of its particles."* These evils 
"vary between sandy loam and clayey loam." Numerous shallow basins are found 
in these soils, which are filled with rain water in winter, and are dry in summer. 
The quantity of land in all the Tidewater country that pertains to the "slopes" and 
"ridges" is very large, but Mr. Ruffin has shown, by his cultivation and experi- 
ments, using the marls of the country as fertilizers, that they can be readily made 
productive. 

Captain John Smith observes of the soil of Tidewater, which he knew when in 
a state of nature, in 1607 : " The vesture of the earth in most places doth manifestly 
prove the nature of the soyle to be lusty and very rich." * * "Generally for the 
most part it is a blacke sandy mould, in some places a fat shiney clay, and in other 
places a very barren gravell." 

The soils of the Middle Country vary of course as the rocks do which they 
overlie. In the recently published Geology of New Jersey, speaking of a similar 
region in that State (page 68), it says: "Hitherto the country in which theyf are 
found, has been considered poor and little capable of improvement. But gradually 
the farmer has been encroaching upon them, and turning these unpromising hills 
into fruitful fields. It is observed that the rocks are in many places subject to rapid 
decay, and that in such localities the soil is susceptible of high cultivation.^' This re- 
port then gives an analysis of three varieties of felspar, common in the composition 
of the rocks there, and also in Middle Virginia, with the following results : 



Silica 

Alumina. 

Soda 

Potash ... 
Lime 



Soda 
Felspar. 


Potash 
Felspar. 


Soda and Lime 
Felspar. 


68.6 


64.6 - 


62.1 


19.6 


18.5 


23.7 


11.8 


16.9 


14.2 



100. 100.0 100.0 



It has been found that the soda, and the soda and lime felspars, are more easily 
decomposed than the potash ones. It will readily appear that a soil containing the 
ingredients shown in the table must have the elements of fertility, and since there 
are numerous and wide belts of these in this section, we find here, upon these, fertile 
and productive soils. Along the streams, also, the transported materials of these 
easily decomposed rocks have been deposited, giving everywhere rich soils in the 
"bottom" lands. Where the beds of gray or light brown slate occur, the soil is not 

*Euffin. fThe Azoic rocks. 



31 

productive, but it has been found that lime renders the soil from these fertile. 
Wherever the rocks contain epidote, they decompose into a very fertile soil of a 
deep red hue. Sometimes these rocks cover considerable areas, and we find these 
noted for their fertility, like portions of Louisa, Buckingham, and the other coun- 
ties of this section. There are also calcareous soils found in various portions of the 
Middle Country, where the patches of limestone before mentioned occur. Theso 
are always fertile. Some of the red soils of this section are derived from gneiss 
rocks containing sulphuret of iron, hut not epidote. Such soils are as noted for 
sterility as the epidotic ones are for fertility. 

The soils of the Triassic or New Red Sandstone belts are generally fertile, and 
easily worked. The composition of these rocks in New Jersey shows what they 
furnish to make a good soil. The Red Shale of the Triassic at Brunswick, N. J., 
gave, by analysis,* the following results : 

Silicic acid and quartz 73.00 

Peroxide of iron 10.00 

Alumina 3.20 

Lime ; 4.93 

Magnesia 0.90 

Potash 0.73 

Soda 0.97 

Sulphuric acid a trace 

Water 1.00 

Other analyses of other rocks from this formation indicate the presence of a 
considerable percentage of lime, potash, soda, sulphuric acid, alumina, silica, &c., &c., 
all valuable ingredients of fertile soils. As a rule, the soils on the areas of this 
formation are among the best in this section. 

The soils of Piedmont, and of its Southwest Mountain border, as remarked in 
Section I., are much more epidotic in their character, and therefore naturally more 
fertile than most of those farther east. 

The red or chocolate colored soils of this section, formed from the decomposed, 
dark, greenish-blue sandstone here found, is generally considered the most fertile. 
This sandstone contains several per cent, of carbonate of lime. The other soils of 
this region are grayish or yellowish. These are by no means as fertile as the darker 
soils; but there are red soils here, as in Middle Virginia, that are also poor ones, 
and for the same reasons. The epidote rocks, from which the best soils of this 
region are formed, often contain, says Rogers, 24 per cent, of lime. Hornblende, in 
decomposing, forms a red soil also that is very fertile, but it contains magnesia, and 
less lime and alumina. 

The soils of Piedmont are, many of them, undoubtedly among the most fertile 
known, and can be made to produce a great variety and abundance of crops. They 
are loose and easily worked, but care must be exercised in their management, since 
they are easily washed away by heavy rains. If neglected, they are soon covered 
by a growth of underbrush. 

The Blue Ridge is composed of much the same materials as Piedmont, only 

* State Report. 



32 

they are richer in their abundance of greenstone rocks, which impart to the soils of 
this much expanded mountain range a wonderful fertility, and adapt them to the 
growth of rich grasses, vines, orchards and all the usual crops of the country 
wherever the character of the surface admits of cultivation. 

The soils in the sandstone belt of the western slope of this range are sandy 
and poor. 

Tiie soils of the Great Valley are quite numerous ; they are generally called 
limestone soils, as, this is '^ limestone region. The prevailing soil is a stiff, clayey 
loam, a durable and fertile soil well adapted to the growth of grass and grain. In 
the slaty belts tl^e admixture of the decomposed aluminous rocks makes a lighter 
and warmer soil. There are also belts of sandy or gravelly soil that are cold and 
require cultivation and fertilizers to make them productive, but once redeemed they 
yield very well. Much the larger portion of the Valley has, naturally, a good soil, 
rich in the elements of fertility. The soil, like the rocks, runs in belts, with the 
Valley, and the lean ones are the smaller number. The streams, as in all limestone 
regions, are very winding, so there is here a considerable area of bottom lands. 
Washington''' said of this section that "in soil, climate and productions, and in my 
opinion will be considered, if it is not considered so already, as the Garden of 
America." 

The soils of the Appalachian region are very marked in their character; the 
sandstone ridges and mountains are very poor, while those made up of limestones 
and some of the shales are very rich ; some of the slate valleys have a thin and 
poor soil, others on limestone or certain red sandstones are very rich : indeed, the 
natural exuberant fertility of some of these broad ridges and narrow valleys is 
something wonderful. Some of the little valleys are appropriately called " gardens." 
This region is so penetrated by streams that it has everywhere alluvial lands. 

Thus it appears that there are soils of every variety, in Virginia, suited to all 
kinds of productions. 

In Tidewater : peat-bottom, or swamp and savanna lands, for cranberry culture ; 
salt marshes and meadows for grass and cheap grazing; river marshes that reclaimed 
are fine hemp lands; plains with soft and warm soil for great market gardens and 
the rearing of delicate fruits ; river bottoms, marly alluvial lands, excellent for cotton, 
corn, wheat, oats or meadows;' thin, sandy uplands, for great sheep pastures and for 
forest planting. 

' In Middle: day soils that produce the finest of wheat; mixed sand and clay well 
suited to general agriculture; thin lands, where fruit-growing would be remunerative; 
river low-grounds, where great crops of Indian corn and rank tobacco grow from year 
to year without exhausting their fertility ; light soils, where the finer kinds of tobacco 
are produced; lands for Swedes, Mangolds, &c., and improved sheep husbandry. 

In Piedmont : rich upland loams, unsurpassed as wheat or tobacco lands, and 
producing heavy crops of cultivated grasses; low grounds, where the corn crop is 
always good, and where heavy shipping tobacco comes to perfection ; lighter soils, 
where the vine and the apj)le produce abundantly; the best of lands for dairies 
and for sheep and cattle rearing. 

* Letter to Sir John Sinclair, 1796. 



33 

In the Blue Ridge, where the natural grasses invite to sheep and cattle grazing, 
and the rich, warm soil and sunny exposures are adapted to fruit culture on lands 
that elsewhere would be too valuable for the plow. 

In the Valley : the natural blue grass lands, the home of the stock-raiser and 
dairyman ; the heavy clay lands, fat in fertilizing ingredients, always repaying the 
labor spent on them in crops of corn or wheat; the lighter slaty lands, famous for 
wheat crops; the poorer ridge lands, where sheep rearing should be followed. 

In the Mountain Region are great cattle ranges — lands where grass grows 
naturally as soon as the trees are cleared away and !"^e sunlight admitted; rich 
meadow lands in the valleys well suited to dairying ; fat corn or tobacco lands along 
the. streams ; lands for root crops along the slopes and on tJie plateaus. 



Section III. — The Minerals of Virginia. 

The Mineral Resources of Virginia are very great, though as yet mostly un- 
■developed. They comprise gold, iron, copper, lead and zinc; semi-bituminous and 
bituminous coals ; granite, limestone, marble, freestone, greenstone and brownstone ; 
brick and fire-clays, glass sand, plumbago, manganese, gypsum, salt, &c., &c. 

The Tidewater Country can hardly be called a mineral region, and yet it 
abounds in agricultural minerals, which to it, a country so well adapted to agricul- 
ture, are invaluable. The use of these can make this region everywhere fertile. 

Among the Agricultural Minerals, the greensand marl is first in importance. 
This mineral, so rich in carbonate and sulphate of lime, alumina, potash, &c., is 
found in extensive deposits in the Lower' Tertiary formation, very accessible and 
convenient to navigation and railway transportation. The use of marls in the State 
of New Jersey has revolutionized its agriculture. More than a million tons of it 
were there applied in 1868. 

The blue marl is hardly less valuable, containing often 40 per cent, of carbonate 
of lime; it is full of decomposed shells. This abounds everywhere in the Middle 
Tertiary, its beds being found near the level of the rivers. White, chalky-looking 
marl is abundant in portions of the Middle Tertiary. This is rich in calcareous 
matter, sometimes containing 75 to 95 per cent, of carbonate of lime. Yellow marls 
are also common. These are valuable for some soils. The iron in these often ce- 
ments them into a kind of limestone. The noted "phosphate beds." of South Caro- 
lina are in a formation similar to that on the shores of Virginia, and such may yet 
be found here. Peat, valuable as a fuel and fertilizer, exists in the swampy plains. 

The Architectural Minerals of Tidewater are : the best of clay for brick 
making, like the London clay, found in all sections ; shell marl, often in beds hard 
enough for building purposes, and that can be easily rought; TertiEir y limestones 
are frequent, and furnish a very good building material; the ferruginous sandstones 
are sometimes used. The materials for concrete, sand and pebbles, and shells for 
lime, are in all parts. The gray granites, at the head of tide, are among the best 
known. The brownstone is also on the border. These can be shipped directly from 
tlie qiiarries to all parts of this water-penetrated region. 
5 



34 

Some bands of iron ore are found among the strata of the marls, &c., in various 
parts of Tidewater, some of them a foot thick. A specimen from Surry county 
yielded Professor Rogers 72.4 per cent, of peroxide. 

The architectural minerals of the Middle Country are the fine gray granite^ 
found in its eastern border at the head of tide, at . Richmond, Petersburg, Frede- 
ricksburg and elsewhere. This is of an even texture, easily wrought to a smooth 
surface, can be obtained in large slabs or blocks, is strong and durable, and has a 
pleasant tint. The trade in this fine building stone is increasing. It is being used 
in the construction of public buildings at Washington and elsewhere. The brown- 
stone of the Triassic is an esteemed building material, and is extensively used locally. 
Where that formation is crossed by the Midland railroad near Manassas, this rock 
is quarried and shipped to market. The Potomac oy brecciated marble, found not far 
from Leesburg, is used for inside columns and ornamental work. A modified va- 
riety of this is found in Fauquier and other counties. Gh^eenish and bluish slates, 
compact and separating into slabs suitable for building, are also found in this Tri- 
assic in Culpeper and elsewhere. In numerous localities, interstratified with the 
gneiss, are beds of soapstone, as in Amelia, valuable for hearths, furnaces, &c. Clays 
for brick are found in very many localities, and kaolin for fire bricks is often met 
with, as in Prince Edward, Cumberland, &c. Granite, stratified and unstratified, 
exists throughout the region. Gneiss, of a granitic character, laminated so that it 
is easily split into slabs, is found, as at the valuable quarries at Columbia on the 
James. A wide belt of this runs through the country. A syenite, found in Camp- 
bell county, is used for mill-stones, cut out in a single piece. Asbestus, used in 
making a fire-proof roofing, is found in Pittsylvania and elsewhere. Roofing slate, 
of the very best quality, is found in great abundance in Buckingham and other 
counties. Several companies are engaged in quarrying it. In the western border 
of this section, in Albemarle, &c., is a fine slate for mantels, hearth-stones, &c., being 
soft and easily cut. 3Iica is obtained in Hanover, Goochland, Louisa, &c., of a 
quality suitable for stove windows. A great variety and abundance of building 
materials are found everywhere. 

The agricultural minerals of the Middle Country are the beds of limestone, dis- 
posed in lenticular masses along its western border, and the epidotic rocks, that ex- 
tend through its whole territory. Both of these can be used to great advantage on 
the lands here. 

The ores and metals of Middle Virginia are : gold, which is found in a belt some 
15 or 25 miles in widtb, that runs for 200 miles through this section from Wash- 
ington city to Halifax Courthouse. This is known as the "Gold Belt" of Virginia. 
It is composed of a series of granitic, syenitic. steatitic, chloritic and other rocks 
peculiar to this section, striking northeast and southwest with the belt, and dipping 
at high angles, or standing nearly vertical. Stratified with these are numerous veins 
of gold-bearing quartz, seams of magnetic, specular, hematite and other ores of 
iron, trap dykes, &c. The gold found in these materials varies in value from $1.30 
to $1,000 to the ton; an average 100 tons, from the surface downward, is estimated as 
worth $939.32.* Assays of samples from the Franldin mine, in Fauquier county, made 



* Keport of Kiclimond Chamber of Commerce for 1871. Article on "Gold Belt." 



35 

by R. D. Irving, of New York, in 1870, gave for 200 pounds of materials from the veins, 
as an average value, in one sample, $46.40 of gold and $1.48 of silver; in another, 
$72.55 of gold and $0.41 of silver, while another gave but $2.32 of gold. The mean 
value of the assays of 10 samples was $24.44 to the ton of 2,000 pounds. Large num- 
bers of mines have been opened along the " belt," notably in Fauquier, Culpeper, 
Spotsylvania, Orange, Fluvanna and Buckingham counties, and from these and gath- 
erings from the surface and soils, $1,662,627 worth of gold had reached the U. S. Mint 
up to June 30th, 1871.* If the same skill and capital were employed here as in 
California, these mines, in the opinion of practical miners, would yield as well as 
those of that noted gold-producing State. Silver is associated with some of the gold- 
bearing rocks above nanied, especially the chloritic slate. Cop-per pyrites are abun- 
dant in all the "gold belt;" carbonate of copper is also found. The excellent 
character of the sulphurets of copper of this region is becoming known, and large 
quantities of this ore are now shipped from Tolersville in Louisa county. An 
analysis of a sample of the Tolersville pyrites, by Pattinson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
England, gave — . 

Sulphur 43.00 per cent. 

Copper 5.89 " 

Silicious Matter 8.73 " 

Moisture 0.38 " 

Another analysis, by Gibb, of Jarrow, gave — ■ 

Sulphur..., , 48.25 per cent. 

Copper 0.60 " 

Silica 5.60 •' 

Plumbago, of good quality, occurs in Halifax, Amelia and other counties. Iron 
ores are found in great plenty, and the first successful furnaces in America were on. 
the hematite beds of this section. In the "gold belt" are seams of specular iron 
ore, from 10 to 15 feet in thickness, extending with the belt. Sulphuret of iron is very 
plentiful in the same range, and extensive deposits of brown hematite ores are well 
known, both in the belt and along its eastern border. Magnetic iron ores are found 
in thick veins in many localities, as in Buckingham, Spotsylvania, &c. It may be 
stated as a general fact, that any section across the 200 miles of the length of Mid- 
dle Virginia will embrace a dozen valuable seams of iron ore — including Umonites or 
hydrous peroxides, magnetites, chromates, sulphurets, micaceous, specular, &c., where the 
ores are abundant and can be easily mined. The introduction of cheap coal, now 
inaugurated, will bring these into use. Prof. Rogers gives the following analyses of 
ores here found : 



LOCALITY. 


COUNTY. 




Composition in 100 Parts. 




4^' "^ 


Peroxide 
of Iron. 


Alumina. 


Silica, &c. 


Water. 


Loss. 


^^2 


1. Ross Furnace 


Campbell 


81.11 
76.00 
84.00 
84.20 
72.00 
85.15 


0.28 
0.50 
0.85 
0.56 
1.33 
4.00 


6.54 
13.00 

7.60 

4.50 
16.47 

4.20 


11.10 
10.00 

7.10 
10.00 
10.04 

6.50 


0.97 
0.50 
0.45 
0.74 


56 77 


2. stonewall Creek 




53 20 


S. Elk Creek 




58 80 


4. Falling River 


Campbell 


58 94 


5. Neiv Canton 




50 40 


6. Chesterfield County 







Mej'chants and Bankers Almanac, 1872. 



Bituminous coal and natural coke are found in extensive beds in the Triassic or 
New Eed Sandstone — especially in the " Richmond coal field " portion, where the 
coal-bearing rocks cover 150 square miles of surface. Over a million* tons were 
taken from this field in the 20 years, from 1822 to 1842. It has been longer known 
and Avorked than any other field in America, but never to the extent that the value 
of its coals would seem to justify. 

t " In the part of this field upon the north side of James river five seams of 
€oal have been opened, varying in thickness from two and a half to eight feet, giv- 
ing an aggregate of more than 20 feet, as at Carbon Hill. On the south side of the 
river, at Midlothian, three seams have been opened, varying in thickness from 4 feet 
■to 40, making from 50 to 60 feet of coal. One of the seams on the north side, from 
two and a half to six feet thick, is a natural coke (the coal having been coked by 
the intrusion of a trap dyke), known as carbonite ; the other seams are coking coals, 
highly bituminous, as they should be, for they are young coals, and therefore fat, as 
the adage says, and admirably adapted to gas making. For this purpose the mines 
are extensively worked. 

"Professor Hull, in the last edition of his work on the 'Coal-Fields of Great 
Britain,' says: 'The Richmond coal-field contains several beds of valuable coal, one 
of which is from thirty to forty feet in thickness, highly bituminous, and equal to 
the best coal of Newcastle.' 

"These mines are admirably located for commercial purposes, and the coals are 
highly commended by all that have used them." 

The analyses of these coals, bj^ Prof Rogers, give from 55.20 to 70.80 per cent, 
of carbon, from 22.83 to 38.60 of volatile matter, with from 2 to 22.60 per cent, of 
ash (most of the samples contain a small percentage of ash). A recent analysis J 
(1873) made in Glasgow, Scotland, gives the following results from seven analyses 
of samples from diff'erent seams and localities : 

Volatile matter, 14.26 to 34.57 per cent. 

(Fixed Carbon, 56.23 to 81.61 per cent. 
ColiC \ Sulpbnr, 0.04 to 1.10 per cent, 

L Ash, 2.24 to 8.88 per cent. 

Water (at 212= Fahr.), 0.82 to 1.80 per cent. 

Dry Coke, per ton of Coal, 12 cwt. 3 qrs. 13 lbs. to 16 cwt. 3 qrs. 10 lbs. 

Coke, per cent., 64,33 to 84.18, 

Sulphur ill volatile matter, 1,14 to 0,78, or in all 0.18 to 1.83. 

Heating power calculated, 8.35 to 11.04. 

Specific gravity, 1.219 to 1.321. 

Weight of a cubic foot, 77.6 to 82.3 pounds. 

Weight per inch per acre, 123 to 133 tons. 

The most important element in coals is the fixed carbon, and Dr. Wallace says: 
"In this respect the whole of the coals are of excellent quality, and are considerably 
superior to the average of the Newcastle coal, which, in many respects, they resem- 
ble." The Carbonite, or natural coke, the same authority says, "is a material admi- 

* E, C, Taylor— Statistics of Coal, 

I Address of Maj, Jed. Hotchldss before Society of Arts, London, 1873, 

t Dr. William Wallace's. 



37 

raWy adapted for stoves,* having a high heating power, and containing very little 
ash or sulphur." The census of 1870 reports 61,803 tons mined. Danaf says: 
" The coal is of good quality, and resembles the bituminous coal of the Carboniferous 
era ;" and MacfarlaneJ — " This oldest of our coal fields is yet to- see its best daj^s." 
And why should it not, when it has a capacity for an annual production of millions 
of tons, is but a few miles from .tidewater, and can be water-borne to all the Atlantic 
cities. The Triassic coal has been partially opened in the field near Farmville; 
also, in the one near the North Carolina line. It is not likely that it is worth 
mining to any extent in the other Triassic beds — they are too shallow. 

Piedmont has, for architectural purposes, an abundance, in all portions of it, of 
the best of hrich clay ; good roofing and heavier slates are found in Amherst and other 
localities; soapstone is found in Madison and elsewhere; variegated r)iarhle in Fau- 
quier, and kaolin in numerous localities. The various gneissoid rocks, greenstone, &c., 
afford excellent and beautiful building stones. 

For agricultural purposes this, like Middle Virginia, has the epidote rocks, the 
decay of which constantly renews its fertility. 

The ores of Piedmont are very valuable ; its beds of magnetic iron ore are nume- 
rous throughout its extent, notably in Nelson, Amherst, Albemarle, &c. 

The quantity of magnetic ore, of the best quality, in this section, is very large, 
and now that coal is accessible, these most valuable ores must come into use, espe- 
cially for mixing with other ores of iron. Prof Kogers mentions the S. W. Moun- 
tain and Buffalo Ridge, its prolongation S. W., as containing deposits of this, with 
micaceous iron ore. 

Recent§ operations in Amherst and Nelson counties, along James river and 
between it and Buffalo Ridge, have exposed some 25 parallel veins of iron ore, vary- 
ing in width from 5 to 60 feet. The ores are the specular, magnetic, brown 'hema- 
tite, micaceous and manganiferous. The following analyses of these ores indicate 
fully their character : 



Analysis of Magnetic and Specular Ores from Virginia, made ly Prof. F. A. Gently Bee, 1874. 



* Meaning those of blast furnaces. 
X Coal Eegions of America — 1873. 



f Manual of Geology— 1871. 
§ Keport of Iron Company. 





ii 

o 
32 


d 


d 
• fco 

O a3 

B 


o 
ft 


No. 10 J^. 
Magnetic. 




. d 

fe CD 


No. 18. 
Specular. 


d 

s 


Silicic Acid (Quartz) 


30.86 
0.20 
0.3T 

55.04 
0.17 

10.24 
0.88 
0.9T 
1.2T 


4.10 
0.15 
0.02 
90.74 
0.11 
4.43 
0.12 
0.29 
0.04 


14.67 
0.22 
0.08 

82.38 
0.32 
1.96 
0.06 
0.23 
0.18 


3.04 
0.10 
0.11 
91.39 
0.17 
4.20 
0.15 
0.20 
0.64 


16.60 
0.18 
0.54 

75.69 
0.29 
3.76 
0.25 
1.29 
1.40 


11.32 
0.22 
0.70 

81.86 
0.20 
3.06 
0.18 
1.38 
1.08 


3.29 
Trace 
0.08 
95.24 
0.09 
0.53 
0.07 
0.04 
0.66 


25.08 
0.43 
0.55 

64.40 
0.27 
7.07 
0.45 
0.71 
1.04 


24 03 


Titanic Acid 




Phosphoric Acid 


93 


Ferric Oxide ; . 


62.29 


Manganic Oxide 


19 


Alumina 


3.03 


Magnesia 


10 


Lime 


0.20 


Water 


9.24 








100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


lOO.OO 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


Metallic Iron 


38.53 
0.16 


65.71 
0.009 


57.68 
0.035 


63.97 

0.048 


52.98 
0.237 


57.30 
0.307 


66.32 
0.035 


45.08 
0.24 


43 60 


Phosphorus 


41 







38 

The manganiferous ore here found was also analyzed by Prof. Genth, with the 
following results : 

Silicic Acid 2.74 

Phosphoric Acid 0.76 

Binoxide of Manganese ; 66.91 

Binoxide of Cobalt 0.79 

Ferric Oxide , 18.34 

Alumina , 1.50 

Magnesia , 0.40 

Lime 0.93 

Water 5.00 

Baryta 2.63 

100.00 

Manganese 42.34 

Phosphorus 0.33 

A comparison of these analyses with those of the ores of Lake Superior and 
other portions of the United States, and with those of Europe, is very favorable to 
these ores, and shows that some of them, from their freedom from impurities, are 
especially adapted to the manufacture of Bessemer steel and the most valuable 
grades of iron. The best Lake Superior ores contain from 50.40 to 65.94 per cent, of 
metallic iron, 0.03 to 0.22 per cent, of phosphorus, and from 0.01 to 0.35 per cent, of 
sulphur. The magnetic ores of New York contain from 58.31 to 64.31 per cent, of 
metallic iron, from 0.022 to 0.723 per cent, of phosphorus, and from 0.002 to 1.502 
per cent, of sulphur. 

A test of the strength of pig iron recently made by the United States showed 
that the iron from No. 11 of above table resisted a pressure of 20,600 pounds to 
the square inch, while that of the Thomas Iron Company, of Pennsylvania, stood 
but 18,000, and that of the Cold Spring Furnace, of Hudson, New York, 17,000 
pounds. 

The President of the Virginia Midland Railway, Col. J. S. Barbour, in his re- 
port* to the State in 1874, mentions the opening of deposits of magnetic ore, for 
30 miles along his railway, in Albemarle and Nelson 'counties. Some ore from 
Albemarle is "regarded as suitable for the manufacture of Bessemer pig iron." 
Deposits of ore have also been opened in Orange county, and a vein of specular 
ore, that has been traced for 30 miles through Culpeper, Orange and Albemarle, has 
been found to contain over " 60 per cent, of metallic iron, and to be free from sul- 
phur and phosphorus." This ore is of an excellent quality for making steel, and is 
so situated that it can be cheaply mined and transported to Pennsylvania and other 
Atlantic States, where it is needed to mix with local ores to produce the best 
results. 

In Franklin county, Prof Rogers mentions a bed of magnetic oxide from 4 to 
6 feet thick, and another in Patrick from 3 to 6 feet wide — "a fine-grained, generally 
black ore." These ores yield from 70 to 72.4 per cent, of metallic iron, noted for 
purity and tenacity. Specular, magnetic and hematite and other iron ores exist in gx- 

* Report of Virginia Board of Public Works for 1874, page 31. 



39 

tensive beds throughout Piedmont. Green carbonate of copper is found in small 
quantities in several counties, but little is known concerning it. Lead has been 
mined in Nelson county, the ore yielding some 52 per cent, of metallic lead and 
forty-five dollars worth of silver to the ton; lead is also found in Franklin and 
other counties. Brown oxide of titanium is known near Lynchburg. Manganese is 
extensively mined in Nelson county, and evidences of its existence in otlwr locali- 
ties are numerous. 

The Blue Ridge has beautiful greenstones and some granitic rocks that answer 
for building stones, though, as a rule, these rocks are too soft or decay too readily, 
making good soil but poor walls ; the reliance for the latter must be on the harder 
sandstones of the western slope. V/here the greenstones are hard, nothing is pret- 
tier, or more agreeable in color for building purposes. 

Mention has been made several times of the valuable properties of the ejndote 
of this mountain range for enriching the soil. Prof T. Sterry Hunt (formerly of the 
Geological Survey of Canada), in a recent article,* speaking of the southwestern por- 
tion of the Blue Ridge, says: "The traveler from New England, who expects ledges 
of rock, beds of sand and gravel, and huge boulders scattered over the "land, the 
marks of what is called glacial action, is surprised to find nothing of all this here. 
The hills to their very summits are covered not only ivith dense forests, hut with a deep and 
strong soil, which is, however, very unlike the layers of clay and loam with which 
he is familiar. The rocks themselves, although of gneiss and mica slate, like that 
which prevails over so great a part of New England, have undergone a process of decay 
which has rendered them so soft that they may be readily cut by a spade or pick, 
although retaining all the veins and layers which marked their original stratifica- 
tion. Without having been broken or ground up, these hard rocks have moldered into 
a soft clayey mass, forming a soil 20 feet, and often much more, in depth, which from its 
peculiar structure has a natural drainage, and possesses, moreover, great fertility." 
These observations could be made in regard to nearly all the 300 miles of the length 
of this most fertile region. 

The ores of the Blue Ridge are: copper, more or less, the whole length of the 
range, as carbonates, sulphurets, &c., chiefly in the latter form. In Floj^d, Carroll and 
Grayson, a dozen mines were once opened and several thousand tons of ore, yield- 
from 6 to 30 per cent, of metal, were sent to market. Prof T. S. Hunt, at the 1872 
meeting of the American Science Congress, called attention to these Blue Ridge 
mines as sources from which abundant supplies of copper and sulphur could be 
obtained. . Stating that England imports from Spain sulphurets of iron for sulphuric 
acid with which to treat the South Carolina phosphates, and we bring native sulphur 
from Sicily for the same purpose, "while the mountains of the Blue Ridge contain 
deposits of sulphur ore as abundant as those of Spain." England draws annually 
a half million tons of sulphurets from Spain, and 5 to 6,000 tons of Sicily sulphur 
are yearly used at Charleston, S. C 

In a letter to the Eng. anJ ..lining Journal, of N. Y., Aug. 12th, 1873, Prof. 
Hunt states that he traced a belt of copper in Carroll county 7 miles N. E. and S. 
W.; it was from 20 to 200 feet wide— adding, "The supply of sulphur ores which 



*In New York Tribune. 



40 

the region could be made to supply is enormous— only 17 miles, by good road, to 
near Meadows* Station." Some of the ore yields 26 to 29 per cent, of copper. 

The manufacture of alkalies, soda-ash, &c. — one of the most important of indus- 
tries, but not found in the whole United States — is dependent upon such sulphurets. 
The salt, the coal, and the copper ores of Southwest Virginia, offer the finest field in 
the world for this industry. More than half the copper furnished to the world 
comes from the 6 to 8 per cent, ores of Chili. Space forbids more on this important 
subject. 

Iron ores of great value are found in these same Blue Ridge counties. Prof- 
Rogers says of some. iron ore in Grayson county, that it often yields, "by the usual 
smelting process, a metal having all the qualities of steel." Limonite the yellow,, 
hematite the red, and magnetite the hlach iron ores, are found in this region, though it 
has been poorly explored. Pleavy strata of specular iron ore, many feet thick, are 
often found on the western flanks of this range, near the dividing line of the Azoic 
and Potsdam formations — it gives from 30 to 40 per cent, of iron, and is valuable for 
mixing with the richer ores near by. 

The following analysis of specular ore from this range, in Augusta county, is. 
by Prof. Mallett, of the University of Virginia : 

Peroxide of iron , 2.G4 

Sesquioxide of iron 51 .33 

Alumina = 1.73 

Maocnesia 1.93 

Silicic acid, as fine quartz 42.69 

Trace of magnetite. 

Metallic ii'on 37.98 

Among the foot-hills at the western base of the Blue Ridge, in the red shales of 

the Potsdam, or Formation I., often adjacent to the Valley limestone itself, is the 

remarkable deposit of broivn hematite or hydrated peroxide of iron, that for nearly 30Q 

miles offers its great beds, of the best quality, of this valuable ore to the manufacturer. 

This ore is often found in beds from 10 to 100 feet thick, and these, especially to the 

southwest, often extend unbroken for miles. The quantity and quality of this ore 

is a constant theme of remark in Prof. Rogers' Reports. These ores often yield, as 

the "run of the furnace," some 60 per cent, of i:;:xetallic iron, noted for its general 

excellence. The following analysis, by Booth and Garrett, in 1868, of ore from the 

Fox Mountain bank, of Hon. Wm. Milnes, Page county, shows the character of 

these ores: 

Peroxide of iron 79.77 

Oxide of manganese Trace. 

Silica , . 6.75 

Alumina 80 

Magnesia 05 

Lime , 

Sulphur 

Phosphoric acid 

Water - ~ 

Metallic iron 55. ft* 

Phosphorus 06 

*Max Meadows, Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Kailroad, Wythe county. 



41 

The analysts state that this ore is noteworthy — (1), for its percentage of iron; 
(2), for the small amount of silex, with ample alumina to slag it off; (^3), for the 
small percentage of sulphur and phosphorus; (4), for containing one-eighth water, 
making it more reducible in the bosh of the furnace ; and from the proportion the 
small amount of sulphur and phosphorus bear to each other, they should neutralize 
the respective cold and hot short properties they impart to iron. They consider 
this adapted to making Bessemer steel. The furnace that used this ore, a common 
cold-blast^ charcoal one, from June 18 to Dec. 19, 1866, made 799 tons (2,240 lbs.) 
of pig iron, from 3,300,194 lbs. of ore, 367,500 lbs. of limestone, and 104,125 bushels 
of charcoal — a yield of over 54 per cent, of metallic iron. Fine beds of manganese 
are found in the Blue Ridge also. 

The Gkeat Valley has many varieties of limestone — magnesian, silicious, 
flaggy, coralline, &c., for building purposes, and it is difficult to find better, all 
things considered ; the best of lime, both common and hydraulic, is burned from 
them; there are also excellent /reestowes. Clay, for brick making, of good quality, 
abounds; and beds of kaolin are common near the foot of the Blue Ridge. Several 
varieties of marble, most of them dark or mottled, are often found. 

The limestone gives a choice for almost any quality of lime for agricultural pur- 
poses; calcareous marls are plentiful in the beds of the smaller streams; the caves, 
which are numerous, are rich in nitrous earth. 

Iron ores, brown hematites, are found in " pockets " in all portions of the Val- 
ley. These can supply large quantities of fine ores. Umber exists in many places. 
In the mountain ranges that rise up in the Valley are very extensive beds of several 
varieties of iron ore. The Valley limestones make an excellent /mx for iron; they 
are carried east for that purpose. Lead/^ is found in many parts of this region. The 
mines in Wythe county have been worked since 1763, and some 25,000,000 pounds 
have been taken from them. The crude ore, sulphuret and carbonate generally, is 
found in veins in the limestone, and gives an average yield of 5 per cent, of metal, 
though some ores produce from 12 to 15 per cent. This metal could be mined hero 
very extensively. 2^mc, sillicate and carbonate mostly, and sulphuret, abounds in 
the same locality in Wythe courty. The ores are shipped to other States for smelt- 
ing at present. Zinc is found co-extensive with the lead. Fine sand is abundant 
along the eastern side of the Valley. The large deposit of pure kaolin in Augusta, 
has been used in the manufacture of " stone china " and " Rockingham " wares, and 
is now made into terra-cotta pipes and tiles, fire bricks, &c. Barytes are mined ex- 
tensively in Smyth. 

Beds of semi-anthracite or semi-bituminous coal are found all along the western 
side of the Valley throughout its whole extent. These are detached and broken 
fragments of what some call the proto-carboniferous, and others the false coal-measures 
(overlying the old red sandstone it is said), brought into these topographical rela- 
tions by a great downthrow c-*" ]\/." gher formations. These fragments are gene- 
rally of small extent, yet they furnish two or more seams of good semi-anthra- 
cite coal, but so disturbed and crushed as to be of little value. In the New 
river basin is found, on the contrary, a very well developed coal-field of this era, 

*Most of the lead is now (1875) made into shot at the mines. 



42 

containing, among others, two very accessible seams of good coal, varying in thick- 
ness from two to three and a half, and from six to nine feet. The better part of the 
field is thought to be the thirty miles of the length of it lying north of New river 
in Montgomery county; hence the whole is often spoken of as the Montgomery 
coal field, but very good openings have been made through 100 miles in length of a 
somewhat narrow belt along the west side of the Valley. These coals have only 
been used for domestic purposes, but the proximity of the great hematite iron de- 
posits must soon lead to their trial for manufacturing purposes. The profitable area 
of this field may be roughly estimated at 100 square miles. Professor Refers gives 
this analysis of the Montgomery county coal: 

Carbon 80.20 

Bitumen, &c 13.60 

Ash 6.20 

And adds : The combustible value or calorific power of 100 parts of this coal is 
equivalent to that of 92.5 parts of carbon. 
A sample from Botetourt county gave : 

Carbon 78.50 

Bitumen 16.50 

Ash 5.00 

Calorific power 89.04 

The Dora mines are in these measures in Augusta county. 

The Appalachian region has a great variety and abundance of excellent build- 
ing stones in the numerous seams of limestone, sandstone, freestone, &c., extending 
through it. The beautiful variegated broivn marbles, known as "Tennessee," are 
found in Scott county. In other localities encrinal marbles, having a great variety 
of colors, are found. The limestones are, many of them, easily wrought, and have 
a pleasant tint. The heavy, fine-grained sandstones are highly esteemed for the 
construction of furnaces. Brick clay is found in all the limestone valleys, and fire 
day in connection with the extensive ranges of iron ore deposits. 

The limestones of this region are of the best character for burning into agri- 
cultural lime. Marls are found along the streams of the numerous limestone valleys ; 
and in the caves and fissures of the limestone ridges nitrous earths are abundant. 

This Appalachian Country includes the great "iron beW' of Virginia, in which 
ure found vast quantities of the red and brown iron ores, limonites, hematites, and 
■sorne that resemble magnetites, spoken of as red or broivn hematites, fossil ore, red shale 
ore, dyestone ore, &c. Professor Rogers says: "Of the twelve rocks, each marked by 
certain distinctive characters, composiag the mountains and valleys of this region, 
it has been determined that at least eight are accompanied by beds of iron ore. Each 
ore has distinctive marks by which it may be recognized, and peculiarities of com- 
position, fitting it for certain uses to which others would be less happily adapted. 
Thus, in the quantity and variety of this material in all its valuable forms, our 
State is now proved to have no rival."* * * Again, speaking of smelting iron 
with raw coals, (now, 1873, being done) — "Should these improvements be brought 
into extensive operation, as in process of time they most assuredly will, the pros- 
perity of this vast and almost forgotten portion of the State will outstrip anything 
that the imagination of its present inhabitants can conceive."* Speakingf of For- 

*Eeportof 1836. fEeport of 1837, 



43 

mation No. VII. : " Indeed this part of it, throughout a large portion of the Appa- 
lachian region, is the repository of continuous beds of iron ore of imviense extent, which 
often replace the sandstone for a great depth." In the first ranges of the mountains 
west of the Valley, called by various names. Little North Mountain, &c., but as a 
range known as the Kitatinny, on their eastern and western slopes are found solid 
masses of hroion hematite iron ore, presenting the appearance of a thick stratum be- 
tween the sandstone and limestone rocks that form the mountains and dip, generally, 
at a considerable angle. These ores extend to unknown depths between these rocks, and 
often stand out as huge bluffs, along the sides of the ridges, frovfi 10 to 50 feet high. As 
the same formation is repeated in a number of successive ranges of mountains, so, 
also, is the deposit of this ore. The following analyses, by 0. J. Heinrich, of two 
samples from the largest bluff deposits, at Elizabeth Furnace, in Augusta county, 
show the general character of these ores : 

Water 10.33 14.656 

Peroxide of iron , 73.33 83.310 

Oxide of alumina 2.00 .500 

Oxide of lime 1.00 

Oxide of magnesia 30 .066 

Silicic acid 12.20 1.466 

Carbonic acid ■ .83 

Loss 01 .002 

100.00 100.000 

Metallic iron 51.33 58.32 

Analyses by Britton, of hematite ores from Callie Furnace, near Clifton Forge, 
Alleghany county, give a yield of 58.60 per cent, of metallic iron. 

The manganese found in some of these ores gives them a special value for use 
in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. 

In the same ranges of mountains the poorer, but, for many purposes, not less 
valuable, red shale ores are found ; their seams are not as thick, but they are veiy 
abundant. 

The Fossil-ore of Formation V. — the Clinton ore of New York and the Paint or 
Dyestone ore of Tennessee — is notably developed in the southwestern portion of this 
region, where it runs for a hundred miles or more in persistent strata, some of them 
from two to five feet in thickness; these ores are generally found in low ridges. At 
Cumberland Gap the Dyestone seam, in Poor Valley Ridge, a low range in Virginia, 
parallel to the Cumberland Mountain, is from 24 to 30* inches thick, regularly 
stratified and quarried in blocks. Prof Rogers gives this analysisf of the ore at 
Cumberland Gap : 

Peroxide of iron 76.60 

Alumina 7.60 

Carbonate of lime 1.00 

Water 3.00 

Silica and insoluble matter 11.30 

Loss 0.60 

100.00 

Metallic iron 53.55 per cent. 

It also contained traces of oxide of manganese and of magnesia. 



* Saflford — Geology of Tennessee. ] Eeport of 1840. 



44 

This"^ ore, when 'pure, can yield 70 per cent, of metallic iron. As the formation 
in which this ore is found is repeated in many parallel ridges, so, in like manner, 
the beds of ore are multipled. This ore, in the southwest of Appalachia, has the 
advantage of being within 8 or 10 miles, sometimes nearer, of the eastern edge of 
the great Appalachian coal field, as in Lee, Scott, Russell and Tazewell counties. 

It is difficult to find another belt of country, 300 miles long and averaging 15 
miles in tvidth, that is as well supplied with immense deposits of numerous kinds of 
the ores of this most valuable metal as this Appalachian iron belt of Virginia. 

Gypsum, or plaster (sulphate of lime), is found in beds that have been opened 
for more than twenty miles along the North Fork of Holston river, in Washington 
and Smyth counties. In some places shafts have been sunk in the plaster for 500 
feet without going through it. The width of the deposit is unknown — often over 
50 yards — giving a quantity of this most valuable specific manure almost beyond 
calculation. An analysis of two specimens, made at the Virginia Military Institute, 
gave 78.86 and 76.81 per cent, of sulphate of lime in this plaster; pitre sulphate 
would contain 79.07, showing the excellent quality of the Holston plaster. This 
plaster is sold at the mines at $2.50t per ton; it reaches market by the railroad from 
Saltville. " Itsf virtues are well known and highly prized. It doubles the grass crop 
and grain, and greatly improves corn. One bushel of 100 pounds is sown to the 
acre." 

Salt is found in the same region with the plaster, at Saltville, on the North 
Fork of Holston; brine is drawn from Artesian wells about 200 feet deep, the water 
rising to within 40 feet of the surface. This brine comes from a solid bed of rock salt, 200 
feet below the level of the Holston, and borings have been made into it 176 feet without 
passing through it. The supply of brine is not affected by any operations yet car- 
ried on, and at one time, during the Confederate war, 10,000 bushels of salt were 
made there each day for some six months. The present yield is about 360,000 J 
bushels a year, using wood for fuel. When improvements contemplated bring the 
coal, that is but 40 miles off, to these works, there will be a very large amount of 
salt made here, as it has the advantage by being so far inland. The copper ores of 
Floyd, before mentioned, make it possible to here locate, successfully, alkali works-. 

Professor Lesley, in the report before referred to, mentions the fact that a salt 
well has been bored in Tazewell county, and adds : "It must be borne in mind that 
the salt wells of Eastern Kentucky get their water from the conglomerate at the 
base of the Coal Measures. There must, therefore, be a salt water bearing forma- 
tion several hundred feet below the coal bed at the bottom of this well." 

Salt has been made at works in the southeastern part of Lee county, on the 
waters of Clinch river. There is, no doubt, an abundance of brine throughout this 
region in the formation above named. 

* SaflforcT — Geology of Tennessee 

t Prof. Lesley — 1871 — Report on this Eegion to Am. Phil. Soc. 

I Lesley— 1871. 



45 



The following table, from the Report of the Superintendent of the New York 
Salt Works, at Syracuse, for 1854, gives the character of the Saltville salt, compared 
with that from other localities : 





Chloride of 

Sodium, 


Sulphate of 

Lime. 


<v be 

III 

p 


g" 
el's 

t-l 


O 


o 
o 

O 






' Saltville 


98.39 


1.22 


0.39 






Trace. 






Syracuse, X. Y 


95.86 


2.54 




0.90 


0.69 


0.004 




J3RINE. i 




















Kanawha^ W. Va 


79.45 






1.52 


0.85 


Trace. 






Cheshire, Eng; 


98.07 


1.57 




0.13 


0.23 








r Saltville 


91.18 
97.95 


0.27 
0.04 


0.05 


0.04 


0.03 




0.40 




Syracuse 


1.94 


Manufactuked 


















J 


Kanawha 


91.31 






1.26 


0.43 


j 


7.00 


Salt. 




















Cheshire 


98.53 


1.26 




Trace. 


0.01 




0.20 




, Turk's Island. 


9G.76 


1.56 


0.64 




0.14 




0.90 



Barytes, lead and some other minerals are found in a number of localities. 

Bituminous coal is found in the counties of Tazewell, Russell, Scott, Lee, 
Buchanan and Wise, in the southwest, where a portion of the Great Appalachian coal 
field of the United States crosses Virginia territory, giving it nearly 1,000 square miles 
of this remarkable deposit of fossil fuel. Nowhere else in the Union do we find the 
same condition of things as that existing here, where "the limestones of the Lower 
Silurian, holding the brown hematite ores, directly abut against the coal beds of the 
carboniferous and sub-carboniferous era"* — the result of great upheavals and down- 
throws, that have brought the richest farming and grazing lands and the most valu- 
able ores of iron alongside the coals, unthout an intervening mountain barrier. The 
line of the fissure, where these formations meet, is in the valley of the Clinch river, 
so that the branches of that stream from the west flow from the coal measures *" for 
about 70 miles along the valley of the Clinch ; any railroad descending the Clinch, 
from Jefferson ville to the mouth of Guest's river, in Wise county, may have as many 
collieries alongside of it as it pleases. Short streams, from five to eight miles long, 
flow into the Clinch from tlie north, cutting the coal beds at water level. There are 
thirteen or fourteen of these streams on Avhich to establish collieries, and up which 
to turn in branch coal roads, from half a mile to three miles long, with ascending gra- 
dients of twenty to thirty feet in the mile. In one case a six and a half foot coal bed 
underlies the river bottom flats at a depth of 300 feet. The coal beds thus open * * 
are the lower coals of the carboniferous system, occup3nng the position of the coal beds 
at Cresson on the Pennsylvania railroad, at Blossburg and Towanda in northern 
Pennsylvania, and at Kittaning and Brady's Bend on the Alleghany river. They 

* Lesley — ^Eeport on Region, Prof. L. is high authority on coal and iron. 



46 

yield a liighly bituminous coal, deposited in benches of different constitution and 
value, some of which furnish a fuel pure enough to be cokecl and used for smelting 
iron ore." Prof Lesley also says : " On Crab Orchard creek is a fine six-foot bed of 
rather handsome flaming coal, solid enough to wagon over rough roads, and not 
making much ashes or clinker in the grate. It is at least equal to the general run 
of the Lower Coal Measure coals in the Bituminous Coal Basins of the Susquehanna 
West Branch and the Conemaugh." Again of the 6-foot seam in Wise county : "At 
one place, where the bed has been dug a little into, it yields the best kind of bitu- 
minous coal, fat and caking, but friable, with no appearance of sulphur and making 
no clinker. It is good blacksmith coal, and no doubt will make good coke. A piece 
of ill-made coke from what is, perhaps, the same bed, near Gladesville, shows that 
the best coke can be got from it." There are four or five good seams of coal, well 
known in the Lower Measures — these are all accessible along the east border of this 
field. Going northwestwardly, through Buchanan and Wise, the section would 
cross the Lowei^ Coal Measures and enter the Middle series, which is so well developed 
where cut through by New river and its continuation^the Great Kanawha in West 
Virginia. This series, with its 30 to 50 feet of workable thickness of gas, shop, splint^ 
cannel, and other varieties of coal, will, no doubt, be found as complete in Virginia 
territory as it has been in the adjacent portions of Kentucky and West Virginia. 
So Virginia has a most valuable bituminous coal field, favorably situated, and that 
can yield her millions of tons of the best of these coals.' 

The mineral resources of the State may be summed up as consisting — 

In Tidewater — of several kinds of marls, greensand, &c., highly esteemed as 
fertilizers ; of choice clays, sands and shell-limestones, for building purposes. 

In Middle — of fine granites, gneiss, brownstone, sandstone, brick-clays, fire- 
clays, soapstones, marble, slates, &c., for building materials; epidote in various forms 
and limestone for fertilizing uses; gold, silver, copper; specular, magnetic, hematite 
and other ores of iron in abundance ; bituminous coal, &c. 

In Piedmont — granitic building stones, marbles, sandstones, brick and fire clays ; 
epidotic rocks and limestone, for improving the soil; magnetic, hematite and other 
ores of iron; barytes, lead, manganese, &c. 

In the Blue Ridge — various and abundant ores of copper; immense deposits 
of specular and brown hematite and other iron ores ; greenstone rocks, rich in all 
the elements of fertility; sandstones and freestones; glass sand and manganese; 
brick and fire-clays. 

In the Valley — ^limestones of all kinds, for building and agricultural uses; 
marbles, slates, freestones and sandstones; brick and fire-clays, kaolin, barytes; 
hematite iron ores, lead and zinc in abundance; semi-anthracite coal, travertine 
marls, &c. 

In Appalachia — limestones, marbles, sand and freestones; slates, calcareous 
marls, brick clays, &c. ; various deposits of red, brown and other ores of iron, plaster, 
salt, &c., and a large area of all varieties of bituminous coal. 

In conclusion, it may truthfully be stated, that in the abundance and variety 
of building stones and mineral building materials; of fertilizing minerals; of the 
ores of the most useful metals and of mineral fuel, Virginia occupies the front rank. 

Virginia is so situated in respect to the Great Appalachian Coal Field that fronts 



47 

her entire western border, in West Virginia, as to command all the advantages 
of cheap fuel of excellent quality, offered by that vast deposit of bituminous coal ; 
her railways and canals can place it beside her ores at prices that will enable the 
manufacturer to defy competition in the production of iron. The geological map 
presents this fact very forcibly. 



48 



CHAPTER III. 
The Climate of Virginia. 

Man is so dependent, in all the essentials of his existence, upon the climatic 
conditions o f the country he inhabits, a knowledge of the phenomena of climate is 
of the utmost importance. The length and safety of a voyage to or from any 
country; the cultivation of crops, not only in the questions of seed-time and har- 
vest, but also the selection of kinds; the returns that may be looked for in the agri- 
cultural operations of a series of years; the conditions of health; the precautions 
necessary to guard against sickness and the destruction of the fruits of industry — • 
all these, and many other things that affect human comfort and happiness, depend 
on the character of the meteorology of the region inhabited. 

Virginia, as a whole, lies in the region of " middle latitudes," between 36° 30' 
and 39° 30' north, giving it a climate of ^^means^^ between the extremes of heat and 
cold incident to States south and north of it. . 

If Virginia were a plain, the general character of the climate of the whole State 
would be much the same; but the '"relief ^^ of its surface varies from that of some 
of its large peninsulas not more than 10 or 15 feet above the sea-level, to that of large 
valleys more than 2,000 feet above that level. Long ranges of mountains, from 
3,000 to 4,000 feet in height, run entirely across the State, and the waters flow to all 
points of the compass. So diversified are the features of the surface of the State, 
within its borders may be found all possible exposures to the sun and general atmos- 
pheric movements. It follows, from these circumstances, that here must be found 
great variety of temperature, winds, moisture, rain and snow-fall, beginning and 
ending of seasons, and all the periodical phenomena of vegetable and animal life 
depending on "the weather." 

The loinds are the great agents nature employs to equalize and distribute tem- 
perature, moisture, &c. Virginia lies on the eastern side of the American Continent, 
and on the western shore of the Atlantic ocean ; it extends to and embraces many 
of the ranges of the Appalachian system of mountains that run parallel to that 
ocean shore; therefore it is subject not only to the general movement of winds, storms, 
&c.,from loest to east, peculiar to the region of the United States, but to modifications 
of that movement by the great mountain ranges ; it is also subject to the great atmos- 
pheric movements from the Atlantic that, with a rotary motion, come up from the 
tropics and move along the coast, extending their influence over the Tidewater and 
Middle regions of the State, sometimes across Piedmont to the foot of the Blue Ridge, 



49 

but rarely ever over or beyond that range; it. has also surface loinds, usually from the 
southwest, that follow the trend of the mountains, and bring to them and their en- 
closed parallel valleys the warmth and moisture of the Gulf that clothes them all 
with an abundant vegetation. 

The same causes that produced the magnificent forests of the Carboniferous 
Era, and furnished the materials for the vast 'deposits of coal in the 60,000 square 
miles of the great Appalachian Coal Field that flanks Virginia on the west, still 
operate and clothe the surface of the same region with an abundant vegetation. 
The laws of the winds make one region fertile and another barren. America owes 
its distinction as the Forest Continent* to the situation of its land masses in refer- 
ence to the prevailing winds. 

Temperatuee is the fundamental phenomenon of climate. f'The distribution 
of heat is the controlling influence of all climates." " The knowledge of the extremes 
of heat and cold at any one point, in any one year, is of the greatest importance. 
An extremely hot week, or even a hot day, has a very marked effect on human life ; 
an extremely cold day or week is equally destructive." 

In the State of New JerseyJ it has been noted that the difference of 3 or 4 
degrees of mean spring temperature found between the northern and southern por- 
tions of that State, makes a difference of from 10 to 14 days in the ripening of 
strawberries; and a similar difference of mean summer temperature enables the 
farmer, in the southern part of the same State, to grow profitably and successfully 
sweet potatoes, melons and other sub-tropical products that will not ripen in the 
northern part. 

§ The following table presents the maximum, the minimum, and the mean, for 
each month of two years, from the Spring of 1869 inclusive, to that of 1871, for ten 
stations, in different divisions of the State, grouped in seasons, with the means for the 
seasons and the years. The stations are selected so that, as far as possible, they may 
be representative ones for each section of the State. No observations are recorded 
from the Blue Ridge or from Appalachia, consequently we have no stations there. 
These highest and loioest indications of the thermometer (Fahrenheit's), show the ex- 
tremes of the temperature, but the means of the seasons furnish the data for arriving 
at conclusions as to the adaptability of the climate for different productions, &c. 
The observations were made at 7 A, M., 2 and 9 P. M. of each day. 

* Guyot. 

t Statistical Atlas of the United States. 

1 Geology of New Jersey, 1868. 

§ The meteorological tables of the Smithsonian Institution are the authority in preparing 
this article. The world is largely indebted to Prof. Henry for contributions to the meteorological 
science of the country; his labors have made possible the valuable "Probabilities" of the 
weather of the United States Signal Service, the "certainties" of which are so highly valued 
by all. 



50 



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52 

The Tidewater stations are, probably, none of them as much as 100* feet above 
the sea. Johnsontown is in Northampton county, on the " Eastern Shore " penin- 
sula, and gives the conditions for that almost insular region, where the influence of 
the ocean is most felt in preserving a mean temperature and equalizing the seasons. 

The extremes and average temperature are decidedly less than at the other stations 

even much less than at Hampton, on the opposite side of the Bay, but more inland. 
Hampton, in Elizabeth City county, is open to the sea on one side only; it gives the 
type of climate for the interior or bay-coast line ; its extremes and means are greater 
than those of Johnsontown. Bacon's Castle in Surry and Zuni in Isle of Wifht 
county, stations not far apart, give the representative climate for the midland of 
Tidewater, especially for the Southside peninsula, where the season temperatures 
are greater than in any other portions of the State, making this the cotton belt. 
CoMORN, in King George county, is still farther from the sea; it represents the 
western portion of the Tidewater plain, as Hampton does the eastern: and, of 
course, has greater extremes and lower ineans. Taking the averages for the year 
1869-70 at these Tidewater stations; that is — 

Johnsontown •. 56°.4 

Hampton 58 .] 

Bacon's Castle, &c 59 .5 

Comorn 5(3 .3 

Average J 57^.6 

We have 57°.6 as the mean temperature of that year. Vienna, in Fairfax county, 
compared with Comorn, shows how small the differences of temperature are between 
western Tidewater and eastern Middle Virginia; Vienna is probably some 350 to 400 
feet higher than Comorn above the sea, and, by the rule that each 333 feet of difference 
in elevation diminishes the temperature one degree for the higher place, we find that 
Vienna has, generally, this element lower than Comorn. Lynchburg, in Campbell 
county, though grouped in Piedmont, is the representative of the higher western por- 
tion of the Middle country, as it is 575 feet above tide ; it is far inland, and its means are 
higher than those of Vienna. Piedmont Station, in Fauquier county, some 650 or 
700 feet above the sea, shows the temperature of northeastern Piedmont; its lower 
season means indicate the more elevated country and the proximity of the moun- 
tains. Staunton is 1,400 feet above the sea, in a valley bounded on each side by 
high mountain ranges, the western the higher, and the means and extremes of its 
temperature are those peculiar to the central portions of the Great Valley; the 
spring and summer means approximate, remarkably, those of Johnsontown by the 
seashore; those of autumn differ more, but they are more alike again in winter. 
Lexington is not as elevated as Staunton ; it represents the depressed portion of the 
Valley near the " troughs " of the rivers and the water-gaps of the Blue Ridge ; its 
means are greater than those of Staunton, but it offers the same resemblances. 
V/ytheville is 2,300 feet above the sea, and fairly typifies the elevated southwest 
of the Valley and Appalachia; its summer temperature is lower than that of the 
other meteorological stations, so are also its yearly means — results due not only to 

* The elevations given are those of the stations of observations, as near as can be ascer- 
tained. 



53 



its elevation, but also to its interior location and the lofty character of the enclosing 
mountain ranges. 

In the following table the Season Means of Table I. are brought together: 

TABLE 11. — Mean Temperatures of Virginia for Two Years, by Seasons. 





Tidewater, 


Mid. 


IMiD. & Pied. 


Valeet. 




o 
-+^ 

o 

w 

Pi 
,^ 
O 


o 

i 


CO 
C« 

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o 


■>-l 
O 

o 
O 


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m 

a 
o 

g 


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Hi 


(-1 


1869-'70.— Spring 

Summer 

Autumn 

"Winter 


51.4 
75.3 
55.9 
42.9 


54.6 
78.1 
56.4 
43.3 


57.1 
81.2 
55.3 
44.6 


53.8 
76.7 
54.8 
39.8 


54.1 

38.5 


54.3 

76.1 
54.5 
42.1 




34.2 


51.0 
74.3 
50.8 
38.3 


54.8 
77.1 
53.5 
40.7 


51.7 
71.5 
48.3 
35.3 


Yearly Means 


56.4 


58.1 


59.5 


56.3 




56.7 




53.6 


56.5 


51.7 






1870-'71.— Spring 


53.4 

77.3 
61.0 
39.6 


54.8 
79.0 
61.3 

40.5 


56.0 
81.2 
61.9 


54.3 

78.0 
60.7 
36.5 


54.2 

75.4 
57.8 
36.5 


55.8 
76.1 
59.8 
40.5 


51.7 
74.7 
54.9 
33.6 


51.5 
73.1 
54.7 
35.7 


55.0 
77.1 
54.3 


50.4 


Summer 

Autumn 

Winter 


71.-1 
53.5 
35.9 


Yearly Means 


57. S 


58.9 




57.4 


55.9 


58.0 


53.7 


53.7 




55 8 







The mean temperature of the State, deduced from the above, was 56°. 1 in 
1869-'70, and 56° in 1870-71. 

The years 1869-70 were selected for these tables, because they include the j^ear 
for which and that in which the census of 1870 was taken, and the results of that 
census are used for various purposes in these pages. The census was taken June 
1st, 1870 — therefore its "crop" returns must be for the season of 1869. 

Guyot, in the " Map Showing the Distribution of the Temperature of the Air and 
tiie Course of the Annual Isothermal Lines," in his recently issued Physical Geogra- 
phy, locates Virginia between the curves of 50° and 60° of mean annual temperature 
(the result reached by the tables already given), the belt that includes Cincinnati, 
St. Louis and San Francisco in the United States; the south of England and Ireland, 
the whole of France, the most of Portugal, Spain and Italy, the valley of the Danube, 
including Vienna, Constantinople and most of Turkey, in Europe; Pekin and the 
Hoangho Valley in China, and the island of Yeddo in Japan, in Asia. 

The Statistical Atlas of the United States, published by the authority of Con- 
gress, has a Temperature Chart, Plate VII., "Showing the distribution by Isother- 
mal Lines of the Mean Temperature for the year," constructed under the direction 



54 

of Professor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the ablest living 
meteorologists. 

This chart shows that the isotherm, or mean annual temperature line of 60°, runs 
through Eastville on the Eastern Shore, and then southwest by Hicksford to Mont- 
gomery in Alabama. All the region to the southeast of this line in Virginia has a 
mean annual temperature between 60° and 64°. This is the cotton producing zone; 
it includes nearly half of North and South Carolina, much of Georgia, &c. 

The line of 56° enters the United States through the mouth of Delaware bay, 
runs by a south curving line west to and through Washington, then southwest between 
Middle and Piedmont Virginia, passing west of Danville, on to Atlanta in Georgia. 
All the country between this line of 56° and that of 60°, before described, is the belt 
of 56° to 60° of mean annual temperature. In this zone tobacco is a prominent 
staple. 

The isothermal curve of 52° enters the United States about midway of New 
Jersey, south of the latitude of New York, then runs west by Trenton to the Cum- 
berland Valley of Pennsylvania, then curving southward through Cumberland in 
Maryland and Staunton in the Shenandoah Valle}^, crossing the Blue Ridge in 
Augusta county, it passes along the eastern foot of the Blue Ridge into Georgia, 
where it curves to the northwest, and returns and runs along the eastern side of the 
Great Central Valley in Tennessee; continuing northeast, its course is along the 
western side of the Great Valley of Virginia to the vicinity of the James, where it bears 
raore to the west and runs north to the Potomac near New Creek in Maryland, whence 
hy boldly Cul" ved- lirx^S -i:t8stends westward through the central portions of Ohio, 
•Indiana, Illinois, &c. So the zone of mean temperature of from 52° to 56° em-brpces 
all of Piedmont, the less elevated portions of the Valley and much of Appalachia — 
especially the southwestern portion of it. It includes much of the grass and sixiall 
grain country. 

A narrow belt of the elevated portions of the State is in the zone of 48° to 52° — 
the one that includes East Massachusetts, all of Rhode Island and Connecticut, much 
of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, &c. It is the grazing region especially. 

The scale of this map is so small, its delineations can only be accepted for gen- 
eral results ; these would locate — 

Tidewater in the zones of 60° to 64° and 56° to 60° ; 

Middle in the zones of 56° to 60° and 52° to 56° ; 

Piedmont in the zone of 52° to 56° ; 

The Valley in the zones of 52° to 56° and 48° to 52° ; and 

Appalachia in the zones of 48° to 52° and 52 to 56°. 
All these facts present the temperature of Virginia in a most favorable light, and 
show its perfect adaptedness to the growth of the productions of both the cool and 
the warm-temperate climates of the earth— it has the medium means. 

The average temperatures of January and July— the representative months of 
winter and summer— are often taken as guides for determining the character of the 
temperature of any given locality. The following table gives these averages for a 
number of places in all parts of the historic world, compared with those of the 
selected stations in Virginia, furnishing the data for selecting a situation for any 
specified mean of this most important climatic element: 



55 






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56 

The averages of Virginia are from Smithsonian observations; the others from 
Guyot's Physical Geography. 

It is not a perfectly fair comparison to take the means of one year and compare 
them with the average of a number of years ; still the results are approximate, and 
are the best that can now be had. 

These tables of temperature suggest the possibilities of production in Virginia, 
and show that it has a wide range of annual temperatures from which selections 
may be made. 

The United States Signal Service contributed to the atlas before mentioned a 
chart "showing the mean temperature at 4.35 P. M. of the hottest week of 1872, 
and at 7.35 A. M. of the coldest week of 1872 and 1873," compiled from the abun- 
dant data of that most important office. On this chart the mean of 90° occupies 
the same position as the isotherm of 60° just described, passing from the Eastern 
Shore southwest across North and South Carolina, and around, south of the Appa- 
lachian system of mountains, and back northeast nearly through Ohio, and on to 
the Avest and northwest. A small portion of country near Washington and the 
Potomac is also in an area of 90°, but some 95 per cent, of the State is between 85° 
and 90° in the hottest week. The curve of mean cold for the coldest week was 20°, 
which passed southwest across Tidewater, and through North Carolina, Tennessee, 
Alabama, Mississippi, &c. The 10° of cold passed through New York city west, by 
Wheeling, Cincinnati, into Arkansas. The 0°, or zero, ran through New York, 
Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, &c. These facts also show the medium char- 
acter of the Virginia climate. 

The Rain-fall is next in importance to the temperature in the climate of a 
country, for heat find moisture are the two great requisites for abundant production 
when a fertile soil is present. 

* Guyot, a standard authority, says : " North America has in the eastern half a 
greater amount of rain than either of the other northern continents in similar lati- 
tudes." * * "The great sub-tropical basin of the Gulf of Mexico sends up into 
the air its wealth of vapors to replace those lost by the winds in crossing the high 
mountain chains. Hence the eastern portions — the great basins of the Mississippi 
and the St. Lawrence and the Appalachian region — which, without this source of 
moisture, would be doomed to drought and barrenness, are the most abundantly 
watered, and the most productive portions of the continenf" "In the eastern half of the 
United States the southwesterly winds which prevail in the summer spread over the 
interior and the Atlantic plains an abundant supply of vapors from the warm waters 
of the Gulf Frequent, copious showers refresh the soil during the months of 
greatest heat, which show a maximum of rain. Thus the dry summers of the warm- 
temperate region disappear^ and with them the periodical character of the rains so 
well marked elsewhere in this belt." 

These quotations show the advantages Virginia has, in this respect, over the 
warm-temperate regions of Europe and elsewhere. 

The "Rain Chart" accompanying the census of 1870, and forming Plate V. of 
the Statistical Atlas (also by Professor Henry), shows the mean precipitation in rain 

* Physical Geography. 



67 

and melted snow for the year in the United States — the mean average of numerous' 
observations, by isohyetal lines — that is, lines connecting places that have the same 
average annual rain-fall. Virginia lies mostly in the belt of country where the 
annual amount of precipitation is from 32 to 44 inches. One curve of 40 inches 
runs through Washington city, then nearly west to Warrenton and Woodstock, and 
on to Charleston, West Virginia ; another passes eastward from the mouth of the 
Greenbrier river to Richmond, where, by a bold curve, it turns southwest through 
Hicksford and on to Greensboro', North Carolina. Parallel to and west of the last 
named is a curve of 36 inches of fall ; another curve, that of 44 inches, lying north- 
east of the latter and parallel to it, includes a belt of country reaching across the 
State from Rockingham county to Norfolk. To sum up the results of this chart — 

Tidewater is in the belt of 32 to 44 inches of fall^ except the Southside, Richmond, 
Williamsburg, Pamunkey and Gloucester peninsulas, which are in that of 44 to 56 
inches — a strip northwest from the opening of Chesapeake bay. 

Middle is in the belt of 32 to 44, except the part between the Rappahannock 
and the Pamunkey, or North Anna, which is in the 44 to 56 inch belt — the extension 
of the same from Tidewater. 

Piedmont^ Blue Ridge and the Valley are all put down in the region of 32 to 44, 
except that a portion of the belt of 44 to 56, just mentioned, continues across north- 
west, including Rockingham and part of Augusta counties, to the west side of the 
Valley. 

Appalachia is entirely in the district of 32 to 44 inches of deposition — the one 
in which most of the great Central States of the Union, east of the Mississippi, are 
situated. 

The following table gives the inches of rain and melted snow that fell in Vir- 
ginia, for the seasons of the period embraced in the temperature table and for the 
same stations : 





SEASONS, &C. 


Tidewater. 


Mid. 


Pied. 


Valley. 




o 

a 

o 


d 
ft 

a 

OS 

w 


'3 
a 


g 
o 

a 

o 


03 

a 
a 

> 


d 
5q 

^^ 
O 

a 

E 


a 

o 

a 
3q 


d 
o 

U) 

a 
Vi 

IV 


<v 
> 
1 




f Spring 


8.60 
7.85 
7.90 
8.25 


9.20 

12.60 

6.10 

9.95 


i6!6i 

10.84 


7.59 

6.10 

12.08 

6.12 


ioisi 

12.10 


i2.'25 


10.84 
8.75 
8.04 

10.83 


12.14 
5.15 
9.99 

12.33 

39.53 


8.46 






6.20 


i8b9- 


' • 1 Autumn 


8.50 




i Winter 


9.45- 




Year 






32.60 


37.85 




31.89 







.33.46 


32.61 






12.78 
T.05 
5.60 
8.34 


.3.50 

12.60 

7.50 

8. 85 


14.81 
8.80 
6.97 


8.03 
8.53 
5.28 
4.82 


13.90 

13.90 

8.50 

10.30 


15.90 
10.85 
13 .'65 
7.70 


13. 4T 

13.80 

14.93 

8.81 


13.41 
11.31 
20.52 

• . . . . 


9.40 




,_ J Summer 


15.90 


18(0- 




5.65 




I. Winter , 


6.60 




Year 


, 




33.7T 


42.45 




26.66 


46.60 


48.10 


50.51 


37.55 


Irregular Tear 







3T.42 















The table on next page presents the monthly precipitation, the totals of v/hich 
are embraced in the preceding table. 



58 





Tidewater. 


Mid. 


Pied. 


Valley. 


SEASONS, &C. 


o 

g 
a 


a 
o 

ft 


a 

3 


e 

o 

i 


a 

> 


O 

a 


a 
S 
a 
p 

03 
02 


a 
S 
a 




(March 1869 


2.80 
1.10 
4.T0 


3.00 
1.50 
4.70 


.... 


1.95 
2.20 
3.44 






6.06 
1.71 
4.07 


3.78 
3.42 
4.94 


3.15 




1.29 




4.02 








8.60 


9.20 




7.59 






10.84 ■ 


12.14 


8.46 




3.80 
3.85 
0.20 


2.80 
6.30 
3.50 




3.05 
2.44 
0.61 




.... 


1.40 
1.70 
0.65 


2.60 
1.02 
1.53 


2.88 




1.38 




1.94 








r.85 


12.60 




6.10 






3.75 


6.15 


6.20 




2.20 
3.45 
2.25 


1.10 
3.80 
1.20 


3.68 
4.97 
1.42 


3.29 
6.98 
1.81 


8.71 
5.30 
1.50 


i.'so 


3 84 
3.14 
1.06 


4.73 

3.88 
1.38 


4.20 




S.70 


(.November 


1.60 








7.90 


6.10 


10.07 


12.08 


10.51 




8.04 


9.99 


8.50 


/■December 


2.55 
2.60 
3.10 


3.55 
3.30 
3.10 


4.53 
3.04 
3.27 


2.90 
1.71 
1.51 


7.10 
2.90 
2.10 


6.40 
3.30 
2.55 


5.13 
3.40 
2.30 


6.47 
4.65 

2.21 


4.10 




2.35 


(^February 


3.00 








8.25 


9.95 


10.84 


6.12 


12.10 


12.25 


10.83 


12.33 


9.45 




4.08 
3.00 
5.70 


2.70 
5.50 
5.30 

13.50 


3.61 
3.61 
7.59 


1.78 
2.10 
4.15 


3.70 
5.50 
4.70 


5.35 
5.25 
5.30 


3.66 
3.92 
5.89 


3.50 
4.51 
5.40 


4 30 




2.80 


May 


2.30 








12.78 


14.81 


8.03 


13.90 


15.90 


13.47 


13.41 


9.40 




3.20 
3.40 
0.45 


7.70 
2.55 
2.35 


5.02 

1.T8 
2.00 


4.76 
2.97 
0.81 


4.70 
7.70 
1.50 


7.70 
0.80 
2.35 


6.73 
4.33 
2.74 


3.60 
4.56 
3.15 


5.80 




2.50 




7.60 








7.05 


12.60 


8.80 


8.53 


13.90 


10.86 


13.80 


11.31 


15.90 




1.05 
2.55 
2.00 


3.70 
2.25 
1.55 


1.68 
2.75 
2.54 


1.25 
3.09 
0.94 


2.20 
6.00 
1.30 


9.55 
2.10 
2.00 


11.24 
2.13 
1.56 


15.88 
2.87 
1.77 


1.30 




2.80 




1.55 








5.60 


7.50 


6.97 


5.28 


8.50 


13.65 


14.93 


20.52 


5.65 




2.15 

2.19 
4.00 


2.50 
2.60 
3.75 


3.80 


0.99 

1.49 
2.34 


3.40 
3.70 
3.20 


2.30 
3.00 
2.40 


2.05 
2.81 
3.45 


2.04 
4;i8 


1.40 




2.35 




2.85 








8.34 


8.85 




4.82 


10.30 


7.70 


8.31 




6.60 



These tables show that the precipitation is well distributed among the seasons 
and throughout tlie State, confirming the statement of Professor Guyot, just quoted, 
in regard to the rains of this portion of the United States. 

The amount of rain-fall at Piedmont, Staunton and Lexington in September, 
1870, is very many times more than the normal quantity. It was the result of an 
unprecedented storm that poured out its waters in a flood over a limited area at the 
sources of the Shenandoah and the James. It will be noted that the spring and 
winter rains are more abundant than those of fall and summer. Generally the 
xain-fall is moderate in April and early May, the planting and sowing time ; in late 
May and early June more abundant, the growing season ; less in late June and in 
July for the harvest time; still less in August and September, for thoroughly drying 
the already cut wheat, and giving it the character so highly prized in the markets, 
and for maturing Indian corn. The autumn seeding is done in September and 
October, and the later rains then follow. 

Guyot's tables give the mean annual rain-fall of a number of places as follows, 



59 

in English inches and hundredths, viz : In the United States — Richmond, 38.29 
Fortress Monroe, 47.04; Washington city, 41.05 ; Cincinnati, 44.87 ; Memphis, 45.46 
New York, 44.59. In Europe— Edinburg, 19; London, 19; Paris, 23; Vienna, 18 
Berlin, 23; Naples, 31. In Australia— Sydne}^ 83, and Auckland (N. Z.) 48. 

The " comments "* on the weather, &c., at the stations selected in Virginia often 
give a better idea of the actual condition of things than the "means" of tables. 
Extracts from these will be given for the months taken in the order of the tables: 

March, 1869. — At Johnsontown strawberries bloomed the 17th, peaches the 
23th ; at Hampton, hyacinths 15th, peaches 22d, wild plum 24th ; at Bacon's Cas- 
tle, daisy 8tli, plum and peach 23d, Indian corn planted 25th, martins appeared 
27th; at Zuni, cloudy but favorable to farmers; at Comorn, colder than January 
or February, but no thick ice; at Lexington peas planted 4th, potatoes 12th, and 
oats sown 18th ; at Wy theville, cold and wet. Elsewhere in the United States : in 
Maine sleighing the whole month, temperature below zero on 6 days ; in Vermont 
snow 4 or 5 feet deep, and ice on Connecticut river 2 feet thick on 31st; in New 
York good sleighing at Buffalo until 22d; in Tennessee snow at Memphis 11th, and 
rain froze in gauge 15th; in Ohio 5 inches of snow at Kelley's Island 22d; and in 
Minnesota sleighing at St. Paul until the 23d. 

April. — There were hard frosts in Virginia 11th and 15th; at Johnsontown 
cherry and plum in bloom 6th ; at Comorn apple in blossom the 24th ; corn-planting at 
Lexington 25th. Elsewhere : snow left Amherst, Massachusetts, 20th ; ice still in Buf- 
fcxlo harbor, New York, 30th, and six snows there during the month ; at Toledo, Ohio, 
four snows, and peaches blossomed the 30th; at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, frost 25th; 
in Nebraska " grasshoppers by millions " the 7th, and peaches in bloom 28th. Frost 
in all the Southern States, and snow and ice in the Northern. 

May. — At Johnsontown a frost on 9th killed tender vegetables, locust bloomed 
13th and rye 15th; at Bacon's Castle peamcts were planted Ath to lAth, slight frost and 
hail 3d, cherries were ripe 2Qth; at Comorn locust in bloom 18th, strawberries ripe 2Aih; 
at Lexington ffost 8th and 18th, and at Wytheville several times, but locust bloomed 
29th. Elsewhere: Buffalo, New York, ice in harbor 16th, apple in bloom 29th — 35 
days later than at Comorn; mean temperature of spring at Memphis, Tennessee, 58°.05 
and rain-fall 16.90 inches; frosts in North Carolina 7th, 8th and 20th; at Kelley's 
Island, Ohio, peaches bloomed 10th (41 days after those at Johnsontown), and apples 
24th; at Winnebago, Illinois, cherry flowered 12th (36 days later than at Johnson- 
town) ; at Dubuque, Iowa, cherry in bloom 9th ; at Nebraska city frost 17th ; storms 
and frosts all the month at Milwaukee. 

June. — At Bacon's Castle haying began 16th, blackberries were ripe 27th; wheat 
harvest began at Comorn 21st, Lexington 28th, and Wytheville 23d ; clover hay cut 
at Lexington 21st and strawberries ripe 1st. Elsewhere : no harvesting was done in 
any of the Northern or Western States, except in Missouri 17th, and some barley 
in southern Pennsylvania 24th, and southern Indiana 30th ; no haying done but in 
New Jersey 16th, southern Indiana 18th, and Pennsylvania 28th; strawberries were 
ripe at Buffalo, New York, the 21st (28 days later than at Comorn and 20 later than at 
Lexington) ; frosts in Kansas and Nebraska 5th. 

*In Smitlisonian Eeports, published by U. S. Department of Agi'icultm-e. 



60 

July. — The hottest at Hampton in 22 years, and vegetation suffered some, but 
rains revived it; same remarks apply to Zuni and Bacon's Castle; very dry at 
Lynchburg, Lexington and Wytheville. Elsewhere : cold and dry in Northern and 
Northeastern States; wheat harvest began in southern Pennsylvania 2d (11 days 
later than at Comorn), and in New Jersey 5th; oat harvest began in Pennsylvania 
22d; Texas had continuous rains and floods; heavy, cold rains in the West and 
some frosts ; haying in Wisconsin 23d (37 days later than at Bacon's Castle) ; harvest 
began in Iowa 19th (27 days later than at Wytheville). 

August was hot and dry in Virginia until the last of the naonth, when rains 
came; there was a frost that did no damage, at Lexington, on the 8th, and Wythe- 
ville 9th — the same killed corn in Maine, buckwheat in Pennsj^lvania, and formed 
ice in Wisconsin, where wheat harvest began 6th {only 46 days after Comorn) ; heavy 
rains and high waters throughout the West. 

September was very dry in Virginia until 25th, with slight frosts 28th and 29th 
at Jolmsontown, Zuni, Bacon's Castle, Comorn and Lexington, and heavy at Wythe- 
ville; also slight one at Lexington 3d and at Wytheville 2d, 3d and 4th. The frost of 
the 28th extended over the whole United States north of the latitude of Central 
Alabama; it froze the ground and formed ice in many parts of the North and West, 
damaging the corn. At Johnsontown it was 143 days between frosts, and at Monti- 
cello, Iowa, 111. 

October brought killing frosts at Johnsontown 17th, Hampton 18th, Zuni 16th, 
Bacon's Castle 14, Comorn and Vienna 25th, Lexington and Lynchburg 14th. At 
Bacon's Castle it was 188 days between frosts ; the first ice formed 27th at Johnson- 
town, Zuni, Lynchburg and Vienna, and at Bacon's Castle 14th ; the first slight snow 
was 30th in Tidewater, 28th at Vienna and 20th at Wytheville. Elsewhere : eight 
inches of snow at Buffalo, New York, 25th, killing frost in Mississippi 16th, skating 
in Michigan 26th and twenty-three inches of snow. Generally reported as the 
coldest October ever known in the West. Floods numerous, with ice and snow, in 
the North. 

November v/as calm and cold, but pleasant in Tidewater; the month was unu- 
sually cold, with severe snow-storms and loss of life in the Northwest; the farmers 
in many parts of the North and West did not succeed in getting their potatoes dug, 
the snow having covered the ground so early. 

December did not give a flake of snow at Hampton, and roses were in bloom 
out of doors at Zuni on New Year's day. The mean temperature at Zuni for 1869 
was 58°.54, and the rain-fall 37.78 inches; at Piedmont snow lay on the ground from 
18th to 26th; it was cold at Wytheville. Elsewhere it was damp and cloudy, but 
not very cold. The mean temperature of 1869 at Hillsboro', Central Ohio, was 
50°. 24 and the rain-fall 38 inches; at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, it was 44°.44 and 37.81 
inches, and in December it was 26°.37 and 2.79 inches; at Leavenworth, Kansas, for 
1869, the temperature was 50°.35 and the rain 43.35 inches. 

January, 1870. — At Johnsontown peaches in flower 31st; at Hampton weeping 
willow in leaf 31st; at Zuni red maple in bloom 26th; at Bacon's Castle gangs of 
robins 9th, daisy blooms 21st and alder 24th ; at Comorn plowing was done all the 
month; at Piedmont birds began to sing 12th and plowing commenced 22d; at 
Lynchburg peas were sown 14th and were up 24th, when potatoes were planted. 



61 

A great gale on tlie 2d, and storm of wind, rain and snow on 16tli and 17th, extended 
over the west — the one of the 2d reached Wytheville as a deep snow; teams crossed 
the Mississippi on the ice, in Illinois, on the 18th ; snow was two feet deep in Minne- 
sota 31st; ice on rivers in Nebraska, fifteen inches thick, 23d; at Leavenworth, 
Kansas, 16th it was 50° degrees at noon and — 1° at 8 P, M., killing peach buds. 

February. — At Johnsontown violets in bloom and frogs croaking 17th, and 
some enow 23d; at Hampton hyacinths in flower 10th, ground froze 9th, frosts 21st 
and 22d, plowing began again 25th ; at Bacon's Castle elms and filberts in blossom 
5th; at Comorn plowing done the whole month; at Vienna light snow 8th and 28th ,^ 
blue birds 3d, wild geese 8th ; at Piedmont ground frozen 24th ; at liynchburg snow 
7th and 8th, ice 22d, robins 13th, and frogs 26th ; at Wytheville wheat looking well, 
people making maple sugar. Many and deep snows, ice and cold weather in all 
the Northern and Western States ; at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, ice five inches thick on 
river last of month; frost and ice even in Florida and Texas 21st, and in New Orleans 
18th to 20th. The mean of January at Belvidere, Illinois, 22°.98 and of the winter 
22°.66; at Nebraska city ground frozen twenty inches deep on the 18th. 

The same comments for the next year, 1870-71, would show nearly the same 
condition of things. Corn- planting began in Tidewater April 13th, and on the 17th 
the temperature in Kansas and Nebraska was below freezing all day. Rye " headed " 
at Johnsontown May 1st and wheat at Piedmont 22d. May was so dry in Texas 
that water sold for a dollar a barrel at Lavacca, and the drouth extended over all 
the Northwest. Harvest began at Piedmont June 24th. In Illinois the temperature 
in some places, in June, was over 100° for a week. Peaches were ripe at Surry court- 
house July 13th. The average rain-fall for July, for twenty-one years, at Comorn, 
was 3.88 inches. The mean temperature for July, for sixteen years, at Cleveland, 
Ohio, 72°.61 and 3.26 inches of rain — this year 10.15 of rain. At Iowa city the mean 
temperature was 84.68 from 13th to 27th of July. At Lawrence, Kansas, it was above 
90°'on twenty-two days of July, and at Holton, in same State, over 100° on nine 
days ; at Chico, California, every day above 90° and twenty-one over 100°, and much 
the same, at Visalia. The mean for the summer was, at New York 76°. 43, Winne- 
bago, Illinois, 72°.56. At Deer Lodge City, Montana, the squirrels went into winter 
quarters August 10th, and snow came 18th. At Lawrence, Kansas, there was a heated 
term of fifty daj^s, the heat above 90° on forty-six. The first frost in Virginia was at 
Vienna September 12th, when a killing one was general in the North ; there was 
none atWytheville until the 21st, and none in Tidewater. 

The renowned Captain John Smith, one of the first royal governors of Virginia, 
sums* up the climate of Tidewater Virginia, the only part he knew, by saying : 
" The temperature of this country doth agree well with English constitutions, being 
once seasoned to the country." "The summer is hot as in Spain; the winter cold 
as in France or England. The heat of summer is in June, July and August, but 
commonly the cool breezes assuage the vehemency of the heat. The chief of 
winter is half December, January, February and half March. The cold is extreme 
sharp, but here the proverb is true, that 'no extreme long continuethJ From the 
southwest came the greatest gusts, with thunder and heat. The northwest wind is 

* History of Virginia, vol. 1, p. 113. 



62 

commonly cool and bringeth fair weather with it. From the north is the greatest 
cold, and from the east and southeast, as from the Bermudas, fogs and rains." 

Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, whose residence was on Mon- 
ticello, in the Southwest Mountain range, the barrier between Middle and Piedmont 
Virginia, made the following observations* after giving this table of the winds : 



■Williamsburg 
Monticello 



N". E. 


S. E. 


S. W. 


IS". W. 


127 


. 61 


132 


101 


32 


91 


126 


172 



Total. 

421 
421 



"By this it may be seen that the southwest wind prevails equally at both places, 
that the northeast is, next to this, the principal wind towards the sea coast, and 
the northwest is the predominant wind at the mountains. The difference between 
these two winds to sensation, and in fact, is very great. The northeast is loaded 
with vapor, insomuch that the salt makers have found that their crystals would 
not shoot while that blows ; it brings a distressing chill, is heavy and oppressive to 
the spirits : the northwest is dry, cooling, elastic and animating. The eastern and 
southeastern breezes come on generally in the afternoon." The more extended 
observations that have been quoted can be studied to advantage aided by these 
comments. 

The direction from which the windsf at Staunton blew for a year, from October, 
1868, were as follows : 



Wind — feom 



ISTorth 

I^orthwest 

East , 

Southeast., 

South 

Southwest 

West 

ITorthwest 



7 A. M. 


2 P.M. 


9 P. M. 


10 


19 


19 


21 


31 


23 


8 


14 


15 


128 


76 


77 


32 


28 


22 


63 


92 


83 


11 


24 


21 


102 


79 


90 



Total. 

48 
75 

37 
281 

82 
238 

56 
271 



This table shows that the prevailing winds are from the ^'^ south quadrants.'''' It 
is more than likely, from the location of the place of observation, that southwest 
winds were often changed to southeast by the near highr hills. 



* Notes on Yirginia. 



"■ MS. records of D. D. & B. Inst. 



63 

The direction of the winds* for the year 1857, at a number of places in Vir- 
ginia, was as follows, viz : 





Tidewater. 


IVIlDDLE. 


Pied. 


Val. 


Ap. 




+3 
o 

a ■ 

+^ 

O 




3 
M 

o 

CO 

o 




^ o 

*S-| 

O 


■4-S 

o 
o 


6^ 


d 


From North 


131 

192 

5G 

95 

81 

228 

100 

207 

1 


101 

118 

95 

62 

184 

160 

112 

112 




89 
134 

54 
77 
84 

182 
66 
76 

158 


113 

169 
33 
71 

235 

99 

72 
271 

2 


251 

55 

34 

29 

163 

325 

117 

77 

20 


84 

44 

80 

14 

267 

118 

223 

70 

45 


86 

88 

56 

101 

130 

169 

195 

205 

33 


13 


From between North and East 


42 


From East 


2 


From between East and South 


98 


From South 


25. 


From between South and West 


375 


From West 


9 


From between W^est and North 


260. 


Calm or Variable 


202 






TOTAIjS.... 


1,091 


944 


920 


1,065 


1,071 


945 


1,063 


1,026 







Portsmouth is in Norfolk, Smithfield in Isle of Wight, and Rose Hill in Essex 
counties. Tidewater; Alexandria is in Alexandria, and Crichton's Store in Bruns- 
wick counties. Middle Virginia ; Rougemont, in Albemarle, is in Piedmont ; Berry- 
yille, in Clarke county, is in the Valley, and Wirt courthouse, in West Virginia, 
stands for Trans- Appalachia, and shows " how the wind blows " there. A com- 
parison of the numbers of the table will give the prevailing winds of each section^ 
and show how they differ. The Signal Service chart,t showing the annual means 
of the barometer for 1872-3, shows that the mean barometer 30.05 crossed the State 
near the parallel of 37° 30'. The same chart gives the results of the winds — or 
total movement of the air for the same year — by diagrams, which show that the 
prevailing winds of the State are from the west and northwest — and that they are 
moderate in velocity. There are but few " high winds " in Virginia. 

At Staunton, Augusta county, in the Valley, the following observations^ were 
made for the year beginning October, 1868 : At 7 A. M. the sky was without clouds 
91 times, entirely overcast 61 times, partly cloudy 204 times; at 2 P. M. it was 
entirely clear 60, entirely cloudy 63, and partially cloudy 243 times ; at 9 P. M. it 
was clear 167, cloudy 51, and partially cloudy 148 times. There were 42 days 
Avithout a cloud. These results show that most of the time the weather is what 
would be called "clear" — and this is rendered more apparent by the record of 
the rain and snow fall for the same period, during which 32.1 inches of rain and 

* Smithsonian results. f Plate X. of Statistical Atlas. 

J By Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute, from the manuscripts. 



64 

melted snow fell at 61 different times, or on that many different days, 51 being 
rain and 10 snow. The whole depth of snow fall for the year was 38.5 inches. 

In 1858*, for the year, at Portsmouth, Norfolk county, the mean cloudiness was 
3.60 — that is, 360 times out of 1,000 the sky was overcast; at Smithfield, Isle of 
"Wight county, it was 5.28 ; at Crichton's Store, Brunswick county, 5.07 ; at Rouge- 
mont, Albemarle county, 5.48. These figures will give a good general idea of the 
state of " the face of the sky " in Virginia. 

The Signal Service office furnished the data for a chart of the United States, 
showing the Frequency of Storm Centres — published as Plate VI. of the Statistical 
Atlas. This chart shows the number of storm centres, of areas of low barometer 
that passed over any given district from March, 1871, to February, 1873, inclusive. 
It is said in the Statistical Atlas : " This chart is of interest in connection with all 
statistics bearing on the security of navigation, and on the habitability of a country, 
and the diseases that originate in the sudden changes of weather that attend 
storms." Tidewater, except that part of it north of a line from Richmond city to 
Point Lookout, is in the belt of country over which from 5 to 10 storms passed — 
the same belt extends for 150 miles or more out to sea along the Virginia coast — it 
is the belt which embraces much of the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 
Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri, &c., and all of Ohio. All the remainder of Virginia, 
Middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachia, are in the belt of the fewest 
number of storms — only from 1 to 5 — a result that might have been expected by 
any one familiar with the State. Most of the New England States, large portions 
of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, &c., are in the belt of from 10 
to 15 — and large areas of New England and of the States near the Great Lakes, 
including Canada, &c., are crossed by the belts of 15 to 20; 20 to 22.5 and of over 
22.5. The effects of tliese storms are evident in the " disease " and " death rate " 
maps and statistics of the country. 

The advantages of the climate of Virginia may be summarized thus : 

1st. It is a dry climate, that is, while it has an abundance of moisture, it is 
nowhere damp. 

2nd. It is a mild climate, for, while it is sometimes very cold or very warm, 
neither of these last long — the general temperature is a medium one. 

Srd. It is a climate favorable to agricultural operations ; the length of its growing 
season; the distribution of its rain throughout the year; the shortness and mildness of 
the winter ; the long periods adapted to seeding and harvesting, &c., are all well attested 
facts. 

4.th. It is a very healthy climate : — in no part of the world is there a more general 
state of health or a more long-lived and vigorous people, as proven by the statis- 
tics — and in no country in the temperate zone do the inhabitants, from choice, stay 
more in the open air and open their houses to the "weather." 

5th. It has a great variety of climate from, that of the low sea coast plains, through 
all gradations, up to that of great valleys and table lands thousands of feet above 
the sea: — this provides localities for a widely varied production and for the choice 
of a habitation. 

* Smithsonian results. 



65 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE PRODUCTIONS OF VIRGINIA. 

Section I. — Animal Products. 

Tlie climate of Virginia is favorable for the growth and the products of its soil 
for the sustenance of animal life, consequently it has an abundant and vigorous 
native fauna on its land and in its waters. All the varieties of domestic animals 
reared in temperate climates have here found a congenial habitation, and excellent 
breeds of horses, mules, milch cows, working oxen, beef cattle, sheep, swine, goats, 
and poultr}'-, abound in all sections of this State. 

Before presenting the facts of production in Virginia, most of winch are drawn*' 
from the census of 1860, it may be of interest to present, from the same census, the- 
statements in regard to the "Lands" of the State, the Value of the same, and of the- 
farming implements and machinery in use : 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater 

Middle 

Piedmont 

Blue Eidge 

The Valley 

Appalachia — 

Totals 



Acres of Land. 



Improved. 



2,034,399 
2,882,525 
1,951,427 

1G2,5G7 
1,520,873 

539,913 



9,091,694 



Woodland. 



2,21G,990 
3,148,376 
1,840,149 
413,944 
1,810,512 
1,708,987 



11,128,958 



Total. 



4,139,389 
6,030,901 
3,791,576 
576,501 
3,331,385 
2,248,900 



20,417,752 



Cash Value 
of Land. 



59,993,090 
63,105,528 
65,870,771 
3,322,761 
63,249,035 
17,695,383 



$273,236,274 



Value 
of Fanning 
Implements 

and 
Machinery. 



1,701,909 
1,985,496 
1,638,127 

133,790 
1,601,450 

358,830 



$7,419,611 



A comparison of these figures with those of areas, &c., in Chapter I., will give a 
good idea of proportional amounts of cleared land, woodland, &c., in each section. 



* By direction of the Board of Immigration. 



66 

Virginia had more acres of cleared land than any of the States of the Union, ex- 
<;ept Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania, which had, in round numbers, 13, 14 and 
10 million acres respectively. She was the eighth in the quantity of unimproved 
land, having about the same quantity as Kentucky or South Carolina, and nearly 
twice as much as California, Iowa, New York or Pennsylvania, The cash value of 
Virginia lands placed her in the 7th rank, the order being, 1st New York, 2d Ohio, 
3d Pennsylvania, 4th Illinois, 5th Indiana, and 6th Kentucky, the last being but a 
little in advance of Virginia. 

The following table shows the Number^ and Size in Acres, of the Farms in Virginia 
in 1860: 



SECTIONS. 



'Tidewater 

Middle 

Piedmont 

T31ne Ridge 

TheVidley... . 
App:il;iclii:l 

Totals 



s- ^ — 


o 


o 

> 

O 


o 

^ o 

£ T. 

ei V 
Si 

> 
O 


CO 

03 tH 
c ^ 

c ~ 

i-i a 
^ P 

O 


CO'"' 

ll 

si 
> 

o 


So 
o 


385 


845 


2,929 


3,325 


5,331 


667 


148 


255 


543 


2,016 


2,928 


7,905 


1,032 


202 


1G5 


355 


1,909 


2,423 


5,435 


602 


135 


28 


109 


628 


670 


574 


13 


2 


102 


320 


1,616 


2,624 


5,484 


296 


57 


132 


4:8 


1,440 


1,330 


1,703 


74 


33 


1,067 


2,590 


10,538 


13,300 


26,432 


2,684 


577 



13,630 
14,881 
11,024 

2,024 
10,499 

5,130 



57,188 



Milch Cows and Dairy Products are of the first importance in the estimation of 
the husbandman — and the physical vigor of any people is largely dependent uj^on 
their abundance. 

The number of milch cows, and the butter and cheese produced in the several 
.sections of Virginia, in 1860, are shown in the following table: 



SECTIOIS'S. 



Tidewater ...... 

Middle 

Piedmont 

Uliie Ridg-e 

TheVidley 

Appalachia 

Totals. 



No. of 
Milch Cowi 



43,876 
63,564 
46,681 
6,805 
44-643 
25,090 



230,-; ..•) 



Butter. 
( Pounds. ) 



1,085,671 
1,911,902 
2.816,054 

269,416 
2,463,400 

776,505 



9,322,948 



Cheese. 
( Pounds. ) 



755 
4,274 
10,190 
15,030 
78,316 
40,707 



149,272 



Pounds of 
Butter to 
eacli Cow. 



22.4 
30.0 
00.3 
39.5 
55.0 
39.4 



40.4 Av. 



Cows to 

each 

100 People. 



13 

17 
22 
28 
23 
32 



20 Av. 



67 



The statistics of other portions of the United States, for 1860, give these results; 



Jfew England States.... 

l^Iiddle States 

Western States 

-Soutliern States 

Pacific States 

United States — average 
lEngland, in 1874 



Pounds of 
Cheese-- to 
each Cow. 



32 
2.5 

10 



16 



Pounds of 
Butter to 
each Cow. 



Cows to 

eacli 

100 People. 



75 
87 
.58 
22 
15 



53 



21 
24 

27 
29 



27 



The production of hutter was very creditahle to Virginia, when it is considered 
that dairying was not at tiiat time one of the established industries of the State as 
in New England and the Middle and Western States; it was only incidental to the 
rearing of cattle for market, especially in the Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachian 
sections — in fact, at that time, butter and cheese were rarely produced for market 
in all the southwestern portions of the State. 

The cost of producing a given quantity of butter and cheese is much less in 
Virginia, owing to its milder climate and longer seasons, than in many other States 
of the Union. The statistics of production show the effects of elevation above the 
sea of portions of the State, giving them more adaptability to natural grasses and 
to the dairy business. The production of c?ieese by the "factory" system has of 
late been undertaken in Piedmont. The " Old Dominion Cheese Factory," in 
Loudoun county, reports, for 1871 : 

]\Iilk received from May Gth to September 8th 378.1.38 pounds. 

Clice.se manufactured from above 36,025 " 

^lilk consumed for one pound of cheese 10.3 " 

Average net price received for cheese, deducting boxes, freight 
and all expenses but manufactuiing 12| cts. per lb. 

Value of 3G,G25 pounds of cheese, @ 12| cents per pound $4,715.47. ' 

Average number of cows milked 125. 

Charges for manufacturing, curing, boxing, furnishing mate- 
rials (except boxes), selling, collecting and dividing among 
partners in proportion to milk furnished and cheese made, 
2J cents per poun-J $915,02. 

Giving for each cow a return of $30.30. 

It was ascei-tained that the milk used in making' one pound of butter would make 

three pounds of cheese. 

This company, in 1874, manufactured 174,143 pounds of milk into 16,152 
pounds of che:^so, averaging one pound of cheese to 10.78 of milk: the average 
price received for cheese was lo cents per pound. 



68 

It was estimated by the officers of the above mentioned company that tha 
entire cost of a factory, in working order, for manufacturing into cheese the milk 
of from 400 to 600 cows, would be about -So,000. They also conclude that generally 
cheese can be made with profit during six or eight months of the year, and that 
the article produced is as good as any made in the United States; results to be 
expected when all the circumstances are known. 

A farmer (J. K. Taylor) in the same county gives the following results of 
dairying in 1871, Avith eight cows: 

2,640 pounds of cheese made from May 6th to September 8th, or SO pounds a month to 

each cow. 

Received for cheese (10| cents per pound net) after deductuii^ all expenses $272 03 

Received for 329 gallons milk, @ 11 cents per gallon, from September Sth to 

December 1 38 19' 

Received for 120 pounds butter, @ 25 cents per pound, from September Sth to 

December 1, expenses deducted 39 00 

Value of 7 calves reared 49 00 

Profit, averaging $48 39 for each cow 8337 19 

The value of a thoroughbred calf. $100, was not included. 

Another farmer (T. R. Smith) in the same county, reported for 1871, from 10 
cows kept : 

2,640 pounds of cheese, worth $273 81 

970 pounds of butter, worth 297 14 

10 calves, worth 01 4") 

$632 25 
Deduct 3 toil's of mill feed consumed....- 01 0^ 

Averaging $57.23 to the cow, but making no deduction for cost of making butter. 

E. J. Smith, from the same county, reports for an average of 10} cows: 

For 2,790 pounds of cheese, net value $288 39' 

For 765 pounds of butter, @ 30?- cents per pound 233 05 

For calves 33 50 

$557 85 
Or $46.03 per cow, with no deduction for making the butter. 

These facts from Loudoun county give a fair estimate of the profits of the 
dairyman in Piedmont Virginia, and as the conditions of the Blue Ridge, Valley 
and App^lachia are much the same, it may be taken as an average for the sections 
named, the advantages of nearness to market in some districts being compensated 
for by diminished cost of production in others. A cheese factory has been operated 
in Smyth county. 

The butter produced in Virginia in 1860 was 7.6 pounds to the person. In the 
dairy States it was 21.5. When the location of Virginia is considered, so near to 
the large cities of the Atlantic, the great consuming centres of dairy products, in 
conjunction with its extensive pasture lands covered by nutritious natural grasses, 
where pure water abounds and the climate is genial, it will appear that it offers 
superior attractions to the dairy farmer. 



69 

Sheep have always thriven in Virginia, and the wool here grown has an estab- 
lished reputation for excellence of quality. Wherever the business of rearing 
sheep, for wool or for mutton, has been judiciously conducted, it has proven re- 
munerative. Few States have. as many special adaptations for sheep husbandry : — • 
extensive areas of cheap, elevated lands, covered with natural grasses; broad plains 
•suited for root culture; short winters and a comparativel}^ dry climate, with nearness 
to markets. 

The follovv'ing table presents the statistics of sheep in 1^60: 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater 

Middle 

Piedmont 

Blue Ridge 

The Valley .... 
Appalachia .... 

Totals 



Number 

of 
Sheep. 



84,125 
153,068 
120,309 

29,223 
12-1,7-16 

79,466 



590,935 



Number of 

Sheep to 

each Person. 



0.24 
0.41 
0.57 
1.19 
0.64 
1.07 



Av. 0.48 



Pounds of 

Wool 
Produced. 



192,028 
310,380 
377,283 
55,849 
337,177 
164,149 



1,436,866 



Pounds of 

Wool to 

each Sheep. 



2.28 
2.02 
3.13 
1.91 
2.70 
2.06 



Av. 2.43 



The following similar statistics, for 1860, furnish comparative data ; 



^New England 

3riddle States 

Western States 

Bouthern States 

Pacific States , 

United States 

■Great Britain, in 1874 

Spain 

France 

Aus'Lralia* 



Number of 

Sheep to 
each Person. 


Pounds of 

Wool to 

each Sheep. 


0.56 


3.62 


0.53 


3.28 


0.88 


2.82 


0.54 


1.95 




1.68 


0.71 


2.68 


1.20 




1.33 




0.44 




33.00 





The number of sheep in Australia more than doubled from 1882 to 1874. 



70 

It will be seen that the average production per sheep for Virginia is but little 
below that for the United States as a whole, while Piedmont is nearly equal to New 
England, the most productive section of the country in this particular, and where 
sheep husbandry is extensively carried on. It should also be borne in mind, that 
in Virginia the lands are cheap and the winters shorty two essentials, when the soil 
a.nd climate are favorable, for the cheap rearing of sheep and production of v/ool. 

The United States imported, between 1860 and 1870, over 500,000,000 pounds' 
of wool, at an average price of 15.7 cents, gold, per pound — a fact proving that 
here is an excellent fieltl for the business of sheep rearing. 

Experience has shown that lambs can be raised in Virginia, in the spring, and' 
sent to the great northern markets long before they can be put there from the farm& 
nearer; consequently good prices can be realized. The low priced lands of Tide- 
water and Middle Virginia are especially Avell situated for thus supplying early 
lambs, and large areas there are well adapted to the growing of swedes, mangolds,, 
and other crops that are so extensively cultivated in England and elsewhere for 
fattening sheep. 

Angora Goats have been successfully and profitably raised in Piedmont and 
Middle Virginia, furnishing large fleeces of the valuable Cashmere wool. 

Bees find in the sections of this State an abundant flora, and the long ancl 
comparatively dry seasons are peculiarly favorable for apiculture — especially does- 
this seem to be the case in Piedmont, where large profits are reaped by those that 
have given some attention to this pleasant home industry. 

The production in 1860 was : 



SECTIO^rS. 



Tidewater 

Middle .. 

Piedmont., 

Blue Ridge 

Tlie Valley 

Appalacliia . ... 

TOTAXiS 



Honey. 
(Pounds.) 



69,976 
253,502 
326,518 

29,947 
161,847 
166,442 



1,008,232 



Bee? wax. 
( Pounds. ) 



7,067 

20,635 

24,251 

2,725 

9,040 

10,656 



74,374 



Pounds to 

each 

Person. 



Av. 



li 

4 
5 

2-1- 



Virginia produced l-23rd of the honey crop of the Union in 1860. This 
profitable industry ought to be a leading pursuit on the slopes of the Blue Ridge 
and other mountain ranges of Virginia, where experience has shown that the 
quantity and quality of the honey produced surpass that of almost any known 
region. The average production of the United States in 1860 was about two-thirds 
of a pound to the inhabitant; that was, very nearly, the average of New York, the 
State producing the largest quantity. 



. - 71 

Swine are easily and cheaply raised in all portions of Virginia, especially in the- 
portions abounding in forests, where they subsist much of the year on the nuts of 
the beech, oak, chestnut, and other trees, at no cost to their owners'; in fact they 
are often fattened entirely on "mast." These animals can be reared more cheaply 
here than in almost any other part of the country ; consequently they are kept in 
large numbers, and "Virginia bacon" has a valuable reputation in the markets. 
The climate is credited with aiding in the "cure" of hog meat. The table pre- 
sents the statistics of swine in Virginia in 1860 : 



Tidewater.. . 

MUdle 

Piedmont .. . 
Blue Ridge. 
The Vallej-. 
Appalachia. 



Total . 



SECTIONS. 



Number 

of 
Swine. 



345,814 
291,902 
228,101 
36,924 
229,358 
130,608 



1,262,707 



Number of. 

Swine to 

eacli 

100 People. 



100 
80 
109 
150 
118 
170 



Av. 103 



At the same period the number to each 100 people was : 

In New England 10 

In Middle States 31 

In Western States... 149 

In Southern States 175 

In Pacific States 101 . 

In the United States , 106 

In Great Britain, in 1874 9i 

In Norway 5| 

Virginia had l-24th of all the swine in the United States. There can be no 
question but that it would be better for the people and the State to raise sheep 
rather than swine for animal food. 

Stock iind Beef Ccdtle — the " other cattle " of the census^including all horned 
cattle, except milch cows and working oxen, are reared in large numbers in all 
parts of Virginia, but especially in Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, the Valley and 
Appalachia, where stock raising is an important and profitable branch of hus- 
bandry. Large numbers of fat cattle are annually sent to the Eastern markets from 
the rich grass lands of the sections named, especially from the portions where the 
nutritious and fattening " blue grass " grows. Many young stock cattle are also- 
sold to the farmers of the country near the large cities, where they are stall fed» 
The table on next page is the return of "other cattle" for Virginia in 1860. 



72 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater,... 

Mdclle 

Piedmont 

Blue Kidge... 
The Valley... 
Appalacliia... 

Total. 



Number 

of 
Cattle. 



74,741 
93,605 
96,764 
10,528 
95,361 
51,644 



422,643 



Number of 

Cattle to 

each 

100 People. 



21 
25 
43 
43 
49 
67 



34 Av. 



In Great Britain, in 1874, there were about 15 "other cattle" to each 100 of 
the inhabitants. 

There are vast tracts of mountain land in Virginia that furnish a "range" for 
young cattle, enabling the grazier to rear them at but little expense. These tracts 
of land are covered by a growth of timber, more or less heavy, beneath which is 
an undergrowth of rich-weed, wild grasses, &c., that are highly nutritious, and on 
which cattle can subsist from April to November. The stock raising capacity ot 
the St:ite can hardly be estimated, so great is it. 

Working Oxen are favorite "plow cattle" in many portions of Virginia, ex- 
perience having proven that they are very efficient for all ordinary farm teain labor, 
while they are valuable for beef after their activity is lost. The figures of the 
oensus indicate that in the Valley, where the heavy, limestone clay soil abounds, 
fewer oxen and more horses are used than where the soils are lighter and looser. 
Oxen are more numerous, in proportion to the farming population, in Tidewater, 
than in any other section of the State. 

The working oxen in 1860 were distributed as follows : 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater. ... 

lyiiddle 

Piedmont 

Blue Ridge... 
The Vallej^... 
Appalaciiia... 

Total 



Number 

of 

Oxen. 



28,487 

27,519 

14,222 

1,896 

3,378 

3,601 



89,103 



Number of 

Oxen to 

each 

100 People. 



7 Av. 



73 

The Cattle used for Ilaman Food, including milch cows, sheep, swine and " other 
•cattle," already enumerated separately, may be summed up as below : 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater 

Middle 

Piedmont 

J31ae Ridge 

Tiie Valley 

Appnlachia 

Totals 



Number 

of 

All Kinds. 



577,043 
G29,G5G 
506.077 
8"). 376 
4D7,4Sa 
290,409 



2,586,047 



Xumber to 

each 
TOO People. 



1.6 
1.7 
2.4 
3.4 
2.5 
3.9 



2.1 Av. 



Value of 

Animals 

Slau^ihtered. 



2,379,683 
2,447,580 
2,004,078 

190,161 
1,734,486 

G09,163 



$9,365,151 



The number of animals slaughtered for food of course depends upon the 
population. This accounts for the large numbers slaughtered in Tidewater, Middle 
.and Piedmont, since in those sections are located the large cities of the State. 

The Scale and Shell Fish of Virginia furnish not only a large portion of the 
:animal food of thousands of the people of Virginia, especially in the Tidewater 
•country, but immense numbers are taken from the waters of this and shipped to 
'Other States. 

The thousands of square miles of Virginia territory covered by tidal waters 
:abound, in the proper seasons, in shad, herring, rock, perch, sturgeon, sheepshead^ 
Taass, chub, spots, hogfish, trout, tailor, Spanish mackerel and other fish, besides 
•crabs, lobsters, terrapins, &c. Not less than $1,000,000 worth of the fishes enume- 
rated are annually taken. The fishing season opens early, and while the waters 
near New York, Philadelphia, and other cities, in a higher latitude, are yet frozen, 
the shad and other spring fish can be caught in Virginia waters and sent to northern 
and northwestern markets, where they command high prices. Many of the fresh 
water streams of the State abound in many kinds of fish, and both the State and 
the United States authorities are stocking them with other varieties. No country 
has more or better streams for fish breeding. 

Oysters are found in all the tributaries of Chesapeake bay and along the 
Atlantic coast, giving to Tidewater an extensive territory where this valuable shell 
fish grows naturally and Avhere it can be propagated and reared in almost any 
desired quantity. It is estimated that more than 15,000,000 bushels of oysters are 
annually taken from the beds of Tidewater, valued at from twelve to fifteen million 
dollars. In 1869 over 5,000 small boats and 1,000 vessels of over five tons burthen, 
were employed in taking these oysters from the water, and 193 State and 309 other 
vessels, of 18,876 tons aggregate burthen, were engaged in conveying them to market. 
It is well known that the published statistics come far short of the actual numbers ot 

10 



74 

scale and shell fish taken in Virginia. A correspondent of the Richmond Dispatch,^ 
in a letter from Chincoteague island, (August 1875), states that there are annually 
sent from that island— which is 7 miles long and averages Ij miles in width— to 
market 500,000 bushels of oysters, " at prices ranging from 65 to 90 cents, while 
the cost of planting, gathering and marketing does not exceed 30 cents a bushel."" 
There should be added to the "value of animals slaughtered" from $15,000,000 to- 
$20,000,000 for Tidewater, on account of fish of all kinds, swelling the meat pro- 
duction of Virginia to the dimensions of that of almost any State of the Union. 

Birds for food are abundant, especially water fowl, in the great marshes and 
rivers of Tidewater, where canvas-back, mallard, creek, red-head, bald-face, teal and 
other ducks, geese, swans, sora, &c., swarm abundantly. In all portions of the 
State are found partridges or quails, pigeons, wild doves, grouse or pheasants, wild 
turkeys, and other game birds. 

Wild Deer are found in all portions of the State, especially in Tidewater and 
the Middle and Mountain sections. 

The statistics give Virginia most ample resources of animal food, sufficient for 
a population many times as numerous as she now has. Nowhere is this kind of 
food better or cheaper. 

The Working Animals, of any country furnish, by their numbers, a test of its 
agricultural industry. In 1874, there were in Great Britain about 82, and in 
France, in 1872, 8 horses to each 100 of the inhabitants. The number in Virginia, 
in 1860, was 162- horses to each 100 people. Virginia had, in 1860, of workiii.ar 
animals, 330,452, or over 27 to each 100 of the population. The following table 
pives their distribution in the State : 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater 

Mcldle 

Piedmont 

Blue Kidge 

Tlie Valley 

Appalacbia 

Totals 



Number 

of 
Horses. 



30,971 
46,930 
47,770 
4,937 
51,518 
19,807 



201,933 



Nu'mber 

of Mules 

and Asses. 



15,403 

15,784 

4,894 

179 

1,953 

1,318 



39,441 



Number of 

Working 

Oxen. 



28,487 

27,519 

14,222 

1,898 

3,378 

3,601 

79,103 



This State has always been noted for the general excellence of the horses and 
mules bred in it, and it is well known that they can be reared cheaply in almost 
every se,ction. Recently buyers from other States have found it to their interest to 
attend the sales of stock that usually take place in all the county towns on the- 
monthly court days. 



75 



The Value of the Live Stock of Virginia, in 1860, was : 



SECTIONS. 


Value. 


To each 
Person. 


Tidewater.... , 


6,986,612 
9,198,584 
7,989,10.5 
718,173 
7,-!80,67o 
.3,046,660 


20 '^6 


Middle 


24 79 


Piedmont 


38 20 


Blue Eidge 


29 31 


The Valley 


38 50 


Appalachia 


39 61 










$35,419,809 


$29 04 Av. 



The United States Department of Agriculture, in the Report for 1869, gives the 
following Live Stock statistics for Virginia, as of February 1st, 1870: 



Horses , 

Mules 

Oxen and other cattle.. 

Mich Cows 

Sheep 

Swine 



Totals 



ISTumber. 



220,500 
32,400 
295,000 
240,000 
557,000 
904,400 



2,249,300 



Average 
Price. 



VaUie. 



I 89 59 

114 33 

20 42 

30 04 

2 58 

5 42 



$19,752,390 
3,704,292 
6,023,900 
7,209,600 
1,437,000 
4,901,848 



$43,029,030 



These are not returns from actual inspections, but they are approximations 
from reliable sources of information. The increased value over 1860 is very con- 
siderable, notwithstanding the great losses to which this kind of property is 
especially liable during war times. 

Pric&^^ of Farm Stock in Virginia January 1st. 





18T4. 


18T3. 


18T2. 


18T1. 


ISTO. 


1869. 


Horses 


$ T5 92 
103 83 
IT 20 
22 00 

2 90 

3 51 


$ 81 5T 
109 30 
16 8T 
23 69 
3 04 
3 6T 


$ T8 18 
110 42 
IT 21 
24 93 
2 TO 
8 58 


$ 84 93 
108 93 
21 34 
29 09 
2 3T 
5 60 


S 89 58 

114 33 

20 42 

30 04 

2 58 

5 42 


$ 80 60 


Mules .... 


110 T2 


Oxen and other Cattle 


20 39 


Cows 


28 T6 


SUeep 


2 40 


Swiiie 


4 39 







*Keport of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 18T3. 



76 

The following statement* of the number of horses, mules, asses, jennets, cattle, 
sheep, goats and hogs (swine), in the State of Virginia in 1874, and their value, is from 
the official returns of the assessors in the office of the Auditor of the State: 



SECTIONS. 


EToKSEs, Mules, 

Asses 
AND Jennets. 


Cattle. 


Sheep and Goats. 


IIOGS 


(Swine). 




Nurnbar. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 

' 38,297 
53,609 
81,750 
24.5S1 
85,902 
78,488 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Tidewater 

Middle 


S3,2S1 
•15.337 

6.02') 

23,383 


2,27C,993 
2,9.23,120 
2,701,725 
239,933 
2,333,251 
1,224,275 


93,5X9 
120,725 
121,207 

23,233 
126,739 

73,716 


1,010,355 
1,432,907 
1,632,412 

209,694 
1,804,252 

837,784 


79,001 
120,541 
191, 6S9 

25,103 
178,193 

86,047 


133,919 
125,914 
105,556 

20,934 
113,739 

65^717 


309,148 
278,850 




234,035 


Blue ma^s 


24,426 


Valley 

Appalachia 


272,363 

83,818 


Totals 


220,909 


J12,712,GS7 


507,239 


S3,963,864 


362,627 


$378,582 


571,779 


Sl,207,695 



Silk Cocoons are reported from each section of the State in 18G0. Considerable 
attention was once given to silk culture, and enough is known of the results to war- 
rant the statement that the conditions of the climate are ftivorable. The mulberry 
flourishes. 



Section II. — Vegetable Productions. 

\''h-i::inia has a rich and abundant native flora, and the introduced plants, the 
(•orc:\!^^.. qriisses and others, that in temperate climates are objects of cultivation, here 
iiav ;' i\.r d f.ivoralle soils and congenial climates. Here grow and yield abundantly 
llij '• , I . ts good f)r food" both for man and beast, and those employed in 
iiKurafirtui-es. Timber trees of many kinds abound in all sections of the State. 

T;.:> C:rcals, the furnishers of the larger portion of human food, hold the first 
puu'C :r.:\.y. i vegetable productions. The following table gives the returns in bushels, 
of Vir ini ■, in 1859 (census of 1860), of the four most important bread-grain cereals: 



SECTIONS. 



Tidewater .., 

Middle 

Piedmont... . 
Blue Eidgc. 
The Valley . 
Appalacliia . 



Totals . 



Wheat. 



2,52-1,435 

2,941,041 

2,295,508 

117,393 

2,621,535 

347,800 



Eye. 



42,151 

42,906 

188,629 

69,476 

272,788 
56,102 



10,848,400 ' 670,052 



Indian 
Corn. 



Buckwheat. 



9,666,159 
7,299,421 
5,823,280 
428,885 
4,973,919 
2,169,638 



30,361,352 



703 
13,108 
14,381 
28,353 
41,648 
37,358 



135,549 



* Fm-nished by Auditor Wni. F. Taylor, Angust, 1875. 



77 

These cereals aggregate 42,015,253 bushels of production, over 34.4 bushels to 
each of the population of the State — an abundant supply for seven times as many 
people. A comparison of the production of cereals with any other country pre- 
sents Virginia in a most favorable light as a grain-producing region, while nearness 
to markets adds largely to the vajue of the products. The yield of these cereals in 
1869, per capita, in round numbers, was: 



SECTIONS. 


Bushels of Production to 
Each Inhabitant. 


Wheat. 


Indian 
Corn. 


All Four. 


Tidewater 


7 

8 
11 

4| 
13J 

^ 


28 

19t 

28 

18 

25X 

28f 


35 


Mddle 


28 


Piedmont 

Blue Ridge 


40 
2G 


The Valley 

Appalachia 


40| 
34 







Indian corn is the staple bread grain of most sections of tlie State, except the 
Valley; the laboring rural population, in many portions, use it almost exclusively. 

The United States Department of Agriculture, in its report for 1869, gives the 
following " Table of the Crops of Virginia for 1869," the results of its estimates 
gathered froiii all sources of information: 



Indian Corn— Bushels. . 

Wheat " 

Eye 

Oats " 

Barley " 

Buckwheat " 

Potatoes " 

Tobacco— Pounds 

Hay — Tons 



Crop of 
l&(i9. 



17,500,000 

8,642,000 

800,000 

9,017,000 

'28,000 

15,000 

1,188,000 

65,000,000 

220,000 



Yield 

per 

Acre. 


Acreage. 

1 


15.5 


1,129,032 


10.5 


823.047 


9.3 


86,021 


17.1 


527,309 


17.3 


1,618 


10.7 


7,009 


50.0 


23,760 


418.0 


155,502 


1.46 


150,684 


2,903,952 



Value 

per 

Bushel, &c. 


S 91 


1 21 


91 


48 


87 


87 


69 


10 30 cwt. 


15 41 ton. 





Total 
Value. 



$15,925,000 

10,456,820 

728,000 

4,328,160 

24,360 

65,250 

819,720 

6,695,000 

3,390,200 



Cash 

Value per 

Acre. 



$14 10 
12 70 
8 46 

8 20 
15 05 

9 30 
34 50 
43 05 
22 49 



1,432,.510 $14 61 Av. 



Average Value 
per Acre. 



$12 66 in Illinois. 
13 02 in Minnesota. 
13 49 in Georgia. 

13 71 in Wisconsin. 

14 61 in Virginia. 



The following comparative table presents facts in regard to wheat production 
which show that Virginia compares favorably with the noted wlieat-growing States. 
Illinois produced the largest and Iowa the next largest crops of the States in 1869. 
France had the largest wheat crop in the known world in 1872. England, by high 



78 



cultivation, has reached an average of 28 bushels to the acre, but has only increased 
one-fifth of a bushel in one hundred years — still its average surpasses that of any 
other country : 



* California, 1869 

Illinois, 1889 

Iowa, 1869 : 

United States, 1869... 
t United States, 1873. 

Franco, 1872 

Holland, 1372 

Austria, 1871 

Prussia, 1867 

f England (average)... 



Average Pro- 

(iuot 01 Wheat 

per Acre. 

Bushels. 



18.2 
11.2 
13.0 
13.5 
12.7 
19.3 
25.3 
15.2 
17.1 
28.0 



In 1869* Pennsylvania produced the largest crop of rye, 17.7 bushels, average, 
per acre, and of buckwheat, 16.4 bushels; Missouri the largest crop of maize, aver- 
aging 30.6 bushels to the acre. In 18701 Norway produced 25.9 bushels of rye, and 
in 1867 Prussia had 16.7 bushels to the acre. 

Potatoes, Peas and Beans, or Tubers and Pulse, are raised in considerable quanti- 
ties in all portions of Virginia. The returns, in bushels, for 1859 (census of 1860), 
are as follows : 



SECTIONS. 



Potatoes. 



Irish. 



Sweet. 



Tidewater.. 
Middle.. ..... 

Piedmont .. 
Blue Kido'e. 
The Valley. 
Appalachia. 



Totals 1,542,892 



477,036 
321,913 
312,256 

34,238 
300,519 

96,930 



1,314,377 

407,283 

118,669 

2,039 

23,756 

26,652 



1,892,776 



Peas and 
Beans. 



323,603 

89,893 

35,291 

1,718 

8,177 

24,154 



482,836 



*Department of Agriculture Report, 1869. 
t Agricultural returns of Great Britain, 1874. 
J Times, .January 11, 1875. 



79 

The total potato crop was 3,435,668 bushels, an average of 2.8 to each inhabi- 
tant of the State, and over 6 bushels to each in Tidewater, where both sweet* and 
Irishf potatoes are a staple crop, the former having a high reputation in market 
for their superior quality. The latter are sent to market very early in the season. 
"Except in the Tidewater section, where market gardening has become a leading 
industry, potatoes, as a rule, are only raised in Virginia for family consumption ; 
-they are not fed to stock, nor, except from Tidewater, sent to distant markets. 
There is no question but that more use should be made of this prolific and easily 
raised article of human and animal food. The average potato crop of Holland^; is 
165 bushels to the acre: that of Michigai"i§ in 1869 was 155 bushels, and of the 
whole United States 109.5. 

Peas and Beans are not cultivated in Virginia to the extent they should be 
ivhen account is taken of the large areas so admirably adapted to their cultivation, 
so much more so than to the production of maize, that requires a strong soil, which 
dt rapidly exhausts. Only in Tidewater and parts of Middle Virginia are peas and 
beans farm products. In European States, large crops of pulse are raised; the 
:average yield in Holland^ is 25.9 bushels to the acre. 

The production of cereals, tubers and pulse, in Virginia, in 1859, was about 
forty-six million bushels, or 38.25 bushels to each of its inhabitants — enough for 
•seven or eight times as many people. 

Oats and Barley, cereals not used here for human food, are important Virginia 
■crops, especiall}' the former. Barley is only cultivated to a liniited extent, though 
it always does well, and it could be most advantageously grown for exportation, 
since the climate would give it generally the quality it has onl}^ in occasional seasons 
in England, when it bears a high price. The productions of 1859 (1860 census), 
in bushels, were : 



SECTIONS. 


Oats. 


Barley. 


Tidewater 


1,524,466 
3,047,548 
1,739,159 

262,544 
1,372,823 

591,090 


172 


Middle 


834 


riediuont 


767 


Blue Rido'C 


282 


Tlie Valiej^ 


6,012 


Appalacliia 


430 






Totals 


8,537,630 


8,497 









The Middle country led in the production of oats, and was followed by Pied- 
anont. The friable soils and early seasons of the lower country are well suited to 

* Convolvulus batatas — the "long potato." 
•} Solanum tuberosum — the "round potato. 'V 
{ Agricultm-al returns of Great Britain, 1874. 
§ Department of Agriculture Keport, 1869. 



80 

the growth of tliis crop. In 1869, by report of the Department of Agriculture, the 
average product per acre, in Virginia, of oats, was 17.1, and of barley, 17.3 bushels. 
In France, in 1872, the average for oats was 28.2, and for barley 21.5 bushels per 
acre. 

Tlie entire crojj of cereals, tubers and pulse, of Virginia, in 1859, was more than- 
54 million bushels, over 45.3 bushels for each inhabitant. 

The Production of Wheat and Indian Corn in bushels, per capita, in the various 
sections of the United States, by the returns of 1860, was : 



SECTIONS. 


Wheat. 


Maize. 


N^ew England , 


0.34 
3.60 

10.00 
3.50 
5.50 


2.92 


Miclcllu States 


9.12 


Western States 


45. 8S 


Soutlicrn States 


31.49 


United States 


26.73 







A comparison of the figures here given with those before presented for the- 
sections of Virginia, shows that the Valley and Piedmont excelled any of the 
groups of States in the production of wheat per capita, while Middle and Tidewater 
"were only surpassed by the Western States. Every portion of Virginia produced 
more than the great wheat growing Middle States. In the production of Indian 
corn nearly all sections of Virginia produced more than the average for the United 
States. 

The Products of Orchards and Market Gardens in Virginia are large and valuable, 
much more so than is indicated by the returns of the census. Every portion of 
the State is remarkably well adapted to the growth of fruits of the warm-temperate 
and temperate climates. 

The following table is from the census of 1860, but it must be regarded as 
merely an approximation to the value of the products of the orchards and market 
gardens of Virginia ; 



SECTIONS. 



^ Tidewater 

I Mddle 

* Piedmont 

Blue Ridge 

The Valley 

Appalachia 

Totals 



Value of Pboducts of 



Orchards, 



198,956 
57,791 

112,291 
30,664 

113,595 
53,080 



$566,377 



Market 
Gardens. 



455,127 

66,503 

11,416. 

2,406 

4,321 

695 



$540,468 



81 

In Tidewater Virginia apples, pears, peaches, quinces, plums, cherries, necta- 
rines, grapes, figs, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, and other fruits, 
thrive and produce abundantly, the quality of the products being unsurpassed, as 
the awards of the American Pomological Society attest. The value of the small 
fruits alone, annually sent to market from Tidewater, is more than the sums for 
orchards and gardens above given. The trade in early strawberries is one of large 
proportions. Especial mention should be made of the wild Scuppernong grapes, 
peculiar to the Tidewater country near the sea, which spread over the forests and 
bear large crops of excellent fruit, from which a very palatable wine is made. The 
originals of the Catawba, Norton's Virginia, and other esteemed American grapes, 
grow wild in the forests of Virginia. 

All the fruits named above groiv in every section of the State, except, perhaps, figs. 
Piedmont, the Blue Ridge and The Valley are famous apple regions. Peaches 
flourish in all sections, but Middle and Tidewater may claim some precedence in 
adaptability. The Blue Ridge is entitled to the name of the "Fruit Belt," and its 
extensive area is yet to become the most noted wine and fruit producing section of 
the United States east of the Rocky Mountains; all the fruits of Virginia flourish 
there in a remarkable manner, and find special adaptations of soil, climate and 
exposure. 

The Market Gardens of Tidewater shipped* from Norfolk alone, to other markets, 
in the spring of 1870, a million baskets of strawberries, 50,000 barrels of Irish 
potatoes, 40,000 barrels of green peas, 10,000 barrels of snap beans, 650,000 heads 
of cabbage, 20,000 barrels of cucumbers, 160,000 barrels of tomatoes, 5,000 barrels 
of squashes, 2,000 barrels of beets, 40,000 bunches of radishes, 100,000 cantelope 
melons, and 100,000 watermelons, valued at $1,043,000. This does not include 
$25,000 worth of apples, pears, peaches, &c., shipped during the same season. The 
shipments of 1872 were valued at $1,500,000. Shipments were made from many 
other places. This business is called "trucking." The products of the "truck 
patches," or market gardens of Tidewater, are mostly marketed from March to 
August. 

No country can be better situated for market gardening than Tidewater Vir- 
ginia: — it is from 14 to 36 hours, by water, from Baltimore, Washington, Phila- 
delphia, New York and Boston, the centres of population of the Atlantic slope of 
the United States ; at the same time its seasons are from one to two months earlier, 
giving an advantage of fully a double price for its garden products over the country 
in the vicinity of those cities. 

The Home Gardens are not considered in any of the " returns " of the produc- 
tions of Virginia, where potatoes, Irish and sweet, corn, peas, beans, onions, beets, 
parsnips, radishes, lettuce, celery, salsify, asparagus, melons and squashes of nume- 
rous kinds, carrots, okra, tomatoes, &c., &c., are raised in the greatest abundance, and 
form a portion of the daily food of the entire population. 

The Peanut (Arachis'hypogasa) is extensively cultivated in Tidewater. Isle of 
V^ight county, it is reported, in 1872, sent 40,000 bushels to market, that sold for 

* Estimates of Pomological Society. 
11 



82 

S1.50 to $3 a bushel. In 1871-'2 there were received at Norfolk 351,120 bushels* 
of these ground-nuts. Sandy and light soils are suited to the growth of peanuts. 

Vegetable Sweets are produced in Virginia from the sugar maple {Acer saccha- 
rinuvi), and the Chinese sugar cane {Sorghum saccharatum). The production from 
these sources was, in 1859 : 



SECTIONS. 



Maple — 



Sngfiv. 
Pounds. 



Titlt'water 

Miadlc 

Piedinont 

Bluo liidg-e.... 

Tho Valley 

App:i::ie'.;ia 

Totals 



20 
54,132 

2]6,G-y7 



Molnwos. 
Gallons. 



271, TGI 



102 

2SG 

ITS 

752 

9,711 

16,805 



27,924 



Sorf^hmn 
Molasses. 

Gallons. 



50 
201 
213 
144 

21,021 
24,805 



4G,434 



Sorghum flourishes in strong soils in all portions of the State, and the pro- 
duction of molasses from this source is from eight to ten times the quantity here 
givci';. Tlie objection to its cultivation is that it matures simultaneously with 
Indian corn, and both crops demand attention at the same time. The sugar maple, 
or "sugar tree," as it is familiarly called, abounds on the rich lands of the moun- 
tain regions, and there, every spring, much larger quantities of delicious tree sugar 
and molasses are made than the State obtains credit for. This m:mufacture is an 
cxtc^nsive and profitable one in many of tlie States, and could be made so here. 

Beet Root Sugar ought to be made in Virginia in large quantities, as it has an 
abundance of rich bottom lands for grovring the beets, and seasons highly favorable 
fui- the development of saccharine matter in them. In France, in 1872, more than 
221 million hundred-weights of beets were raised for sugar; they occupied 850,176 
aeres of land — a quantity equal to that occupied by wheat in Virginia in 1869. 

Tiie V/ine crop of Virginia is a small one compared with the extensive territory 
here found that is especially adapted to the growth of the vine 'ootli by the char- 
acLur of the soil and the conditions of the climate. Fully two milhon acres of 
land in Virginia have soils and exposures similar to those of the most noted wine 
producing sections of Europe, and the seasons are so long that the grape has ample 
tiiue to fully mature and develop its natural juices, fitting them for the manufacture 
of [)uro wine. Experience has shown that the vines here grown are free from 
cliocascs, and that they may be relied on for abundant crops. The yield for 1859 is 
give.n on succeeding page; it was more than the figures indicate. 



*Keport of Merchants Exchange. 



83 



SECTIOXS. 


Wine. 

Gallons. 


Tidew'utir 


G 398 


Middle 


20,G41 
G,608 


Piedmont 


"Blue Ridge 


» 


92 


TiieValb'y 


4,562 
139 


App:il;ic;iia 








38,440 







' The Blue IiIdgk offers great advantages for viticultm-e : one vineyard on it, in 
\Yarren county, of 75 acres, produces from 20 to 30,000 gallons of ^Yine and from 
6 to 10,000 gallons of brandy annually, t!ie yield being from 300 to 500 gallons per 
acre. The "red lands" of the Pied:\I()-\t section are famous for their fitness for this 
pleasant and profitable industry. There are many localities in the other sections 
of the State where tlie vine i^ourislies.* Early grapes are sent in considerable quan- 
tities from Virginia to northern, and c:istern- maa'kets. Mention lias been made of 
the Scuppernong grape of Tidewater, marvellous for the space a single vine will 
cover and the quantity of fruit and wine it will produce. There is no more invi- 
ting iield for the vigneron than Virginia. France ha,d in 1872 under cultivation in 
vines 6,455,627 acres, an area nearly eijual to all of Tidewater, larger than the 
Valley and Blue Ridge combined. Virginia should have as many acres, because it 
lias equal advantages, naturally, in every particular, combined witli a virgin 
soil, in its "fruit belt." The value of tlie plain wines made in France averages 
'3500,000,000 in gold annually; the average yield is 220 gallons per acre, and for the 
last 16 years the product has averaged 1,100,000,000 gallons 3'*early.''' 

Tobacco is a staple product of Virginia-, and in 1859 it produced about one-third 
of the croj) of the United States, being the leading State in production, making 
about 100 pounds to each of its inhabitants. The crop of the sections for that year 
is shown in the table : 



TideAvater... 

lliddlc .., 

Plediiiont ... 
Blue Ridge. 
Tlie Valley. 
Appalachia. 



SECTIONS. 



Tobacco. 
Fouuds. 



Total 121,787,646 



8,893,092 

84,333,419 

24,148,461 

450,449 

3,657,921 

304,304 



*Loudou Times. 



84 

Middle -Virginia produced SAi million pounds, 228 to each of its population, 
figures attesting the industry of its people, because no cultivated crop requires as 
much care and labor to bring it to market in good condition. 

The "Virginia Leaf" is noted the world over for its excellence, the result of 
manipulation as well as of soil and climate. Piedmont produced 120 pounds to the 
head. The soils of this and the Middle section are among the best for the growth of 
good tobacco ; those of Middle produce the finest and most valuable. Tidewater is 
the region for Cuba and Latukiah varieties, while immense crops of coarse and 
heavy tobaccos are grown on the rich lands of the Blue Ridge, the Valley and 
Appalachia. Some idea may be formed of the value of this great staple, when it is 
stated that more than 20,000,000* pounds were manufactured in Richmond alone 
in 1872, employing the labor of 11,049 hands. The United States tax, collected on 
Virginia tobacco in 1869-701 was $4,068,220, or one-seventh of that paid for the 
whole Union. 

The price of tobacco in Richmond in June, 1870, was from $7 to $35 per 100 
pounds for "lugs," and from $8.50 to $100 for "leaf," according to quality.. 

In 1869 Richmond exported tobacco as follows : 

To Bremen 124,184 pounds of "leaf." 

" " 550,813 " "stems." 

" Havre 2,433,278 " "leaf." 

"Trieste 1,338,000 " " 

" Flume 686,000 " " 

" London 1,.591,163 " " 

" Liverpool 1,571,607 " " 

"Halifax 217,817 " " 

8,512,862 

It has been found that no known country can compete with Virginia in the 
growth and manufacture of the better kinds of "the weed:" — her soil and climate 
are "just right" for it. 

It should be noted that tobacco culture is not an exclusive one in any part of 
Virginia — large crops of grain and roots are raised on the same plantations. 

G^rass is one of the abundant productions of Virginia, much of its territory 
being inside the limits of "natural grasses," and all of it is adapted to the vigorous 
growth of the "artificial" or cultivated ones, but the character of its climate does 
not require a large stowing away of hay, therefore it does not " figure " largely in _ 
the returns. * A reference to the number of cattle in each section of the State makes 
the quantity of hay produced appear very small in proportion, but it shows that 
the pastures can be relied on for most of the year, owing to the mildness of the 
climate, greatly to the advasitage of the stock feeder. It is true that a large quantity 
of long forage is obtained from the " tops, blades and stalks " of Indian corn, which, 
where this is a staple crop, take the place of hay for home consumption, and leave 
the hay for market, if desired. 

* State Journal. 

■[Keport of Richmond Chamber of Commerce- 



85 

The Seeds of Clover, Grass and Flax naturally claim attention along with grass, 
and the table shows the sectional production of these articles in Virginia for 1859 : 



SECTION'S. 



Tidewater .. 

l^Iidclle 

Piedmont 

Blue Eidge.. .. 

The Valley 

Appalacbia 

Totals 



Hay. 

Tons. 



45,246 
49,689 
58,945 
8,553 
104,955 
18,609 



285,997 



Seeds. — Bushels. 



Clover. Grass 



1S6 
783 ■ 
4,906 
301 
22,652 
904 



29,732 



298 

3,104 

10,439 

867 
23,626 

458 



38,792 



Flax. 



496 
1,528 
7,331 
2,917 
7,146 
4,859 



24,277 



Fine crops of hay are made from cultivated grasses in all portions of the State, 
but the natural meadows are mostly in Piedmont, Blue Ridge, The Valley and 
Appalachia. The "Hay Map" of the Statistical Atlas of the United States shades 
these sections the same as it does most of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, &c., and as more productive than most of Tennessee 
and Kentucky. The Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1869 gives, as 
the average production of hay in Virginia, 1.46 tons per acre, worth $22.49, a larger 
yield than any of the New England States, and almost equal to the 1.54 of New 
York, the leading hay State, and worth more, its value being $19.49 per ton. 

The perennial grasses of Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, The Valley and Appa- 
lachia, including the noted "blue grass," are famed for their nutritious and fatten- 
ing qualities, and place these among the most highly favored grazing regions in the 
world. Nowhere, save on the great plains of Texas and the extreme West, or 
"South America, can cattle he reared and fattened more cheaply than in these sec- 
tions of Virginia, as has been proven by the investigations of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. The Valley leads in the production of hay and seeds : 
Piedmont follows. The meadows of the loio country in Virginia have an advantage 
in the early "haying" time, and where not too remote from the great cities, much 
profit can be gained by being early in market. Tidewater and Middle Virginia have 
many fine alluvial meadows, and the salt marshes of the former yield fine crops of 
liay, and perpetual pastures. 

The crops of clover and grass seeds are unusually large where they are made 
an object; the long seasons seem to give a larger yield of good seed. The first crop 
of clover, for the year," is generally cut for hay, it has so large a growth, and seed is 
taken from the less rank second growth. 

Flax grows well in all portions of Virginia, though little attention is now given 
to its cultivation. The elevated mountain valleys suit it admirably. 



86 

Castor Beans (Ricinus communis) are raised in considerable quantities, especially 
on the Eastern Shore of Tidewater. 

The raising of Garden Seeds upon a large scale has lately been introduced in 
Tidewater, the climate and soil of which appear to be very favorable to this in- 
dustry. The seeds grown have given much satisfaction, as they are sure to be ripe. 
England annually obtains many of her soeds from Italy and other warmer climates. 

The warm thin lands of Tidewater and the Middle country offer many ad- 
vantages for growing Garden Herbs and Perfumery Plants and Shrubs on an extensive- 
scale — the requisite heat and dryness of climate can there be found. 

Hops are only raised for domestic use, except in a few cases. When planted 
the vines grow luxuriantly and bear well. The returns were : 



Piedmonts... 
Blue llidg-e. 
The ViiUey.. 
Appalacliia. 



Total. 



SECTIOXS. 



Hops. 
Pounds 



Tide-vv.ater 1,204 

Mddle 1,776 



1,310 
IGS 

2,284 
179 



7,006 



Large areas of land, similar to the hop lands of Kent, in England, and to those 
of the State, of New York, can be found in Virginia, and hop culture could be ad- 
vantageously undertaken in many localities,, to vary the industrial productions. 

Ramie^' and Jute, most valuable textile i^lants, could, without doubt, bo most 
advantageously and successfully cultivated on the deep and rich second bottoms and 
reclamed sivamp lands of Tidewater. Ramie is a perennial, and the stalks are cut 
three or four times in a year, and the crude ramie-staple is worth from £65 to £70' 
a ton in Europe, and more in America. Millions of bales of jute are now annually- 
consumed in the manufacture of jjaper, gunny-bags, grain sacks, &c. 

Cotton, Flax and Hemp, the vegetable textile or fibrous products, are grown in 
Virginia successfully and j^rofitably, bu-t by no means as extensively as circum- 
stances would seem to warrant. Cotton is somewhat largely cultivated in portions- 
of Tidewater, especially south of the James, in the Southside Peninsula, where 
the climaticf conditions are favorable. A planter in Greenesville country, in 1873^ 
averaged two 400 pound bales to the acre, and others report equally gratifying re- 
sults. Virginia has these 1860 cen.sus credits for 1859 production, in pounds : 

*See Keport of Department of AgTicidtnre (U. S.) 1873. 
t See chapter on Climates. 



87 



SECTIONS. 


Cotton. 


Ilcmp. 


Flax, 


Tidewater 


4,104,800 
850,400 


10 

148 

15,961 

653 

11,060 
210 


5 454 


Middle 


33,357 
63,003 


Piedmont • 


Blue Ridoe 


4,000 
83,600, 
12,000 


31,907 


The Valley 


69,838 


Appalacliia 


90,051 






Totals 


5,054,800 


28,042 


290,610 







A usually well informed writer* estimated the cotton crop of Virginia for 
1871-'2as 110,439,200 pounds (341,080 bales), and for 1872-'3 as 173,433,200 pounds 
(433,583 bales). These differ widely from other estimates, but no explanation can 
be made from existing data. 

The Report of the Bureau of Statistics of the United States Treasury, for 
September, 1874, page 128, gives the following statements : 



ProtUict of Bales of Cotton in Virginia 

Total Crop of the United States 

Manufactured at the South 



1S69— 'TO. 



203,981 

3,114,592 

79.843 



13T0-'T1. 



339,115 

4,347,006 

91,240 



1S71— '72. 



276,093 

2,974,351 

120,000 



1S72— '73. 



433,583 

3,930,508 

279,162 



1S7 



505,876 

4,170,383 

353,098 



These figures convey a wrong impression — they can only mean that the num- 
ber of bales credited to Virginia found their way to market through her ports, else 
she would be the third State in cotton production. The cultivation of cotton on 
small farms has of late been very successful, and the fine prices realized from the 
better cotton so raised has greatly stimulated production. 

Cotton Seeds have recently become articles of commerce, and the}'' are in de- 
mand in Great Britain and elsewhere for the oil they contain and for food for cattle, 
giving an additional value to the cotton crop. The seeds were worthf in 1873, in 
Liverpool, S40 a ton. They also make a most excellent manure. The production 
of cotton is one of the elements in a mixed husbandry (the only one that can thrive 
in a thinhj peopled region), that should be fostered, especially in Tidewater. 

Hemp is not a staple of Virginia, and yet there are many rich, moist, bottom 
lands that could not be put to a more profitable use than the growing of this plant. 

Flax, as before stated, is grown for "domestic manufacture" only — a crop now 
and then supplies the home demand, so luxuriantly does it grow. The fibre of 

*E. de Leon, Harpers' Magazine, January, 1874, Avho states that Virginia produced as 
given above, 

f de Leon — snpra. 



88 

Virginia flax is of a superior qualit}^ and the climatic conditions, especially of the 
elevated valleys, are favorable for fitting the crop for market. Flax is cultivated 
in all sections of the State, but the quantity produced increases in going westward. 
Virginia produced one-seventeenth of the flax crop of the United States in 1860, 
and one-twenty-fourth of the flax seed. 

The Products of the Forests of Virginia are large, varied and important, but it is 
difficult to establish quantities and values ; so meagre are the published statistics, 
only local returns can be given. 

The Statistical Atlas of the United States, published by order of Congress, 
(1874), contains a " Woodland'''' map, showing by five degrees of density of shading 
the forest distribution of the country. On this map Virginia is represented as 
having a portion of four classes. The northeast of Piedmont, near Washington 
and Alexandria, is shaded in the second class, as having from 40 to 120 acres of 
woodland to the square mile of 640 acres, an average of one-eighth of the surface. 
All of the Valley northeast of Augusta county and the portions of Piedmont, 
Middle and Tidewater northeast of and including the Rappahannock valley, the 
Eastern Shore, the basin of the James to Piedmont, the north part of tlie Norfolk 
peninsula, the valley of the Dan from the North Carolina line to Danville, and an 
extensive region around Lynchl)urg, are in the third class, having from 120 to 240 
acres of forest to the square mile, or over one-fourth of the_ whole surface. The 
Valley from Rockingham to the New river "divdde," Piedmont southwest of the 
Rappahannock basin, all the portions of Middle and Tidewater not mentioned 
before, and the southwest corner of the State, except the extreme southeast of the 
State on the waters of Albemarle sound, are in the fourth class, having from 240 to 
360 acres to the square mile, or about, one half of the country in woods. The • 
Blue Ridge from the North Carolina line, and the Valley to Roanoke county, and 
all the Appalachian region, except the drainage ^ground of the Big Sandy and the 
North Fork of Clinch, are placed in the fifth class, having from 360 to 560 acres of 
forest to the 640, or over two-thirds of the whole surface. The Big Sandy and 
North Fork of Clinch basins, and a belt along the North Carolina line, from the 
Atlantic to the Roanoke, including the Dismal Swamp, are embraced in the sixth, 
or highest class, having 560 or more acres of forest to the square mile. These areas 
are determined from the returns of cleared land of the census, and may be accepted 
as fair generalizations; though they fail to give much idea of the timber resources 
of the State, still the general presentation puts Virginia among the most highly 
favored in woodlands. 

In the memoir, by Prof. Brewer, of New Haven, accompanying the " \Vood- 
land Map," Virginia is placed, geographicall}^ among the Middle States, ^yhich are 
stated to have from " 100 to 105 species of trees, 65 to 67 of which sometimes reach 
50 feet in height. The region was originally entirely wooded, over much of it the 
forests were very heavy, and there are still immense quantities of timber available. 
The forests of this region are usually made up of quite a number of species, in 
some places the broad-leaved species predominating, in others the Coniferae; but 
both kinds commonly grow together." Of the Appalachian forests Prof. Brewer 
says: "While the hard woods may not attain their greatest size, some of them, 
particularly white oak, white ash, and some of the hickories, are believed to attain 



89 

their greatest perfection as regards strength and durability, or, at least, they are 
only equalled by the timber of the same species extended on the line of these 
lidges beyond this district in both directions. This is a matter of great importance 
in ship and boat building, and in the raanufticture of railroad cars and of agricul- 
tural implements." "It is believed that the white oak attains its greatest develop- 
ment of strength in certain parts of Virginia and West Virginia." 

Prof. Brewer remarks that we have above 300 species of native trees, 132, ac- 
cording to Gray, north of the Carolinas, while Central Europe has but about 60, 
JFrance from 30 to 34, and Great Britain 29, only 15 of which become large trees. 

The Richmond Chamber of Commerce reported that for the third quarter of 
1868 there were officially measured, in that city, 2,331,542 feet, boa.rd measure, of 
lumber. This would give an annual trade of 93 million feet, worth over $200,000. 
There were received* into the Richmond dock, during the year ending September 
SOth, 1871, 5,005,000 feet of lumber, 1,272,000 shingles, 338,616 staves, and 30,000 
railroad ties. For 1871-'2 the receipts in the dock were 6,771,000 feet of lumber, 
2,572,000 shingles, 371,700 hoop poles, &c. These would be but a portion of the 
total receipts. 

The bark trade of Richmond for 1868 was valued at $100,000, and for 1871 at 
$750,000. Tnis was chiefly oak bark, for tanning and dyeing purposes, of wliich 
this State has an almost inexhaustible supply that must before long be in demand 
at good prices, as the hemlock forests of the United States, the chief source of tan 
bark now, are being rapidly cut down. As an illustration of the value of tan bark, 
it ma}^ be stated that lOOf tanneries, at Siegen, in German}'', are supplied with bark 
from oak bushes, cultivated for the purpose, that furnished 80,000 tons of bark in 
1863 (averaging seven shillings and sixpence per hundred weight in value), with 
which 100,000 hides were manufactured into 32,000 hundred weight of sole leather 
having a great reputation for durability. 

The salcsj of lumber in Norfolk for the year 1871-'2 were over six million oak 
staves, forty-five million shingles, forty-seven million feet of sawed lumber, worth 
not less than $2,000,000. 

The Sumac trade of Virginia is becoming a very miportant one from the wild 
shrubs. In 1870, over 1,900 tons of sumac, ground and crude, were shipped from 
Richmond, valued at over two and a half million dollars. In 1870 a mill at Win- 
chester ground 800 tons of sumac, valued at $75,000. Analysis, made in Liverpool, 
gave twenty-seven per cent, of tannin in the Winchester sumac, and the article 
ranked high commercially. There are extensive areas in all parts of Virginia that 
could be profitably devoted to the cultivation of sumac, as in Sicily. 

Sassafras roots are consumed by hundreds of tons in the manufacture of oil. 
This shrub, often tree in Virginia, grows abundantly in many sections of the State. 

Medicinal roots, as ginseng, snake root, sarsaparilla, mandrake, &c., are gathered 
in large quantities in the mountains for exportation. 

The products of the forests of Virginia, for the year 1869-70 were worth from 

* Richmond Dispatch, January 1st, 1873. 
t British Blue Book— 1869. 

I Report of Merchants and Mechanics Exchange. 
12 



DO 

20 to $25,000,0 ,0. They were shipped from hundreds of points, and but a small 
portion of the trade passed throuijh Richmond and Norfolk. 

Tidewater has extensive forests of pine (the noted yellow Virginia), oak, 
cypress, cedar, locust, &c., from which large quantities of sawed lumber an(i timber,, 
staves, heading, hoop-poles, shingles, railway ties, fire wood, &c., are constantly 
shipped, very often from the edges of the forests, since sailing vessels can penetrate 
all portions of the section — directly to all the seaboard markets of the country. 
Sumac is here an abundant shrub. 

The Middle Section has large areas of superior hard pine, black, white and other 
oaks, hickory, locust, persimmon, gum, cedar, holly, and other trees, from which 
much excellent lumber, tan bark, &c., are sent over the railways and canals that 
jDenetrate and cross it to various markets. Sassafras and sumac are plentiful, and 
the former could advantageously be made a staple crop on the ridge lands. 

Piedmont has considerable forest land v\^ith many varieties of oak, hickory, 
tulip-poplar, black walnut, locust, cedar, chestnut, pine, and other timber trees, but 
it can hardly be considered a source of supply for timber for exportation, save in a 
few localities. Sumac and sassafras abound. 

The Blue Ridge is mostly covered with forests of oak, white, black, red, rock, 
&c., hickory, chestnut, locust, birch, some excellent yellow pines, and otiier trees. 
This section has furnished great quantities of charcoal for the manufacture of iron 
from the ores ot its western margin, and it will long be a source of supply, so 
rapidly do its forests renew themselves. The timber supply of pine and other 
woods for the eastern part of the Valley is drawn from tiie Blue Ridge. Here is 
found much valuable hard wood, as hickory and oak for wagon and agricultural 
implement making. This is yet to become a most important source of supply for 
oak tanbark to convert into quercitron for exportation, or to be use t in the country 
for tanning. Almost any quantity of oak bark can be obtained from this extensive 
range. 

The Valley has nearly half its surface covered by a growth of oaks, hickories 
and locusts, interspersed with black and white walnuts, yellow and other pines, all 
having a uniform age of 150 to 203 3'ears. This timber, while not the largest, is of 
the very best quality, and no well settled portion of the Union can offer a larger 
quantit}' of timber suitable for wagon, carriage, railroad car, cabinet and other 
work, for which hard, sound and durable woods are required. The slaty lands 
abound in sumac. 

Appalachi.\ is both rich and j^oor in forestal wealth. On the sandstone moun- 
tain ranges, and in the slate and sliale valleys, the trees are small but the growth 
is dense, consisting of oaks and other hard woods, pines, &c., good for charcoal, 
with larger trees in the hollows and more fertile spots. On the limestone ridges 
and adjacent valleys, as also in the calcareous and some shale valleys, on the other 
hand, the oaks, v^^alnuts, white and yellow tulip-poplars, birches, beeches, locusts, 
cherries, sycamores, and other timber trees, are found of a sound growth and very 
large size, often several feet in diameter, straight and without a limb for fifty to 
eighty feet from the ground. Only portions of this region have been reached by 
railroads, and extensive forests of the best of timber for nearly all purposes await 
the progress of internal improvements and future demands. There are some ex- 



1)1 

tensive forests of white pine and of the more common varieties of the fir tribe, but 
generally the Conifera?, suitable for timber, are not abundant in the forests of this 
section. It is fortunate that there is so much excellent coaling timber here in the 
vicinit}^ of large deposits of the easily i'u.'red ores of iron. It is from these moun- 
tain forests that ginseng, snake root, sarsjaparilla and other medicinal plants are 
obtained. 

Forest Fruits, such as blackberries, wliortleberries, cranberries, strawberries, 
dewberries,"" haws, persimmons, service Ijcrries, thorn and crab apples, wild plums 
and cherries, are found in boundless abuiulance in nearly all the unoccupied lands 
and in the forests of Virginia, where, in their season, they may be had for the 
picking by any one that is inclined to gather them. Not only are thousands of 
bushels of these wild fruits annually gatiicred for home use and 'sale in home 
marlcets, but they are dried or canned tor exportation, furnishing important and 
valuable articles of commerce. 

Ni'.ts are found in all sections, embracing chestnuts, chinquapins, black Viralnuts, 
white walnuts or butter nuts, hickory nuts of several kinds, hazel nuts, beech nuts^ 
acorns of many varieties, &c. 



CHAPTER V. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Section I. — Results of Manufacturing in Virginia. 

In Home Manufactures^ the results of the hand spinning wheel and loom, Vir- 
ginia has always held a prominent position, a large portion of her rural population 
haying an honest pride in the wearing of home-made clothing. The farmers and 
planters of all sections of the State were careful to have annual crops of the hest 
flax and wool, and- in some sections cotton, to be manufactured at home, not only 
for the wants of the family, but also for sale. The census of 1860 gives the follow- 
ing returns for the value of Virginia home manufactures : 





SECTIONS. 


Value. 


Tidewater 


149,403 
332,779 


Ikfiddle 


Piedmont 


168,507 


Blue Kidge ; 


62,010 
196,568 
162,618 


■'VhQ Valley 


Appalachia 




Total 


$1,071,885 





In proportion to population the sections stood, in the value of home manufac- 
tures, 1st Appalachia, 2d Blue Ridge, 3d Valley, 4th Middle, 5th Piedmont, and 
■6th Tidewater. 

In Manufactures of various kinds, as special branches of industry, but a small 
portion* of the population of Virginia has engaged, and generally only to supply 
neighborhood demands. 

The aggregate results were as follows in 1860 : 



sections. 


si 

^ a 

ss 


Capital 
Invested. 


■3 







Number of Hands 
Employed. 


Annual Cost of 
Labor. 


Annual Value 


Male. 


6 

a 


of 
Products, 


Tidewater 


966 
1,233 

688 

62 

1,220 

122 


$6,096,490 
7,442,934 
2,091,452 

157,515 
3,560,191 

230,063 


$9,480,391 
9,571,826 
2,761,759 

124,741 
3,316,550 

292,803 


9,908 

10,170 

2,674 

170 

3,590 

215 


277 

2,480 

321 

120 


$2,555,868 

2,630,602 

545,538 

37,644 

868,214 

55,720 


$16,019,801 
15,685,012 


Middle 


Piedmont 


4 010 422 


Blue Ridge 


198,457 

5,303,216 

421 091 


Valley 


Appalachia 






Totals 


4,291 


$19,5TS,645 


$25,548,070 


26,727 


3,198 


$6,693,586 


$41,637,999 



'Less than 12 per cent, in 1S70, while nearly 22 per cent, of the population of the U. S. were so engaged. 



93 

Comparing the totals here given with those for the entire United States, it ap- 
pears that Virginia had, in round numbers, l-35th of the manufacturing establish- 
ments, l-50th of the invested capital, paid l-40th of the cost of raw ma^terial used,, 
employed l-39th of the male and l-90th of the female hands, paid l-54th of the 
cost of labor, and the annual value of its products was l-45th of the whole — a 
result highly creditable to the State. 

The following tables present the details of manufacturing in each section,, 
which, added, form the totals above given. 

The Tidewater counties in 1860 were returned as having the following totals of 
the results of manufacturing : 



counties; 



Accomac 

Caroline 

Charles City 

Elizabeth City... 

Essex 

Gloucester 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Isle of Wight.... 

James City , 

King George 

King & Queen... 
King William... , 

Lancaster 

Mathews 

Nansemond 

New Kent 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

Northumberland 
Prince George . . 
Princess Anne... 

Eichmond 

Southampton . . . 

Surry 

Sussex 

Warwick 

Westmoreland.. 

York 

Total 



J 

S3 


Capital 
Invested. 


«^ 

o 

ai 
O 

a 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 





_. 

. * 2 
= •2 

< 


Annual Value 




g 

CD 


of 

Products. 


IT 


$ 3,465 


$ 9,269 


4T 


4 


% 13,812 


$ 29,3S& 


28 


76,875 


132,423 


85 


3 


17,064 


203,600 


15 


33,550 


56,890 


45 


.... 


10,T8S 


114,100 


26 


16,625 


30,335 


5T 




12,420 


56,995 


5 


8,900 


3,000 


28 




T,260 


16,000 


40 


92,995 


104,682 


152 


5 


21,120 


156,326 


2T 


40, TOO 


6S,50T 


64 




16,896 


101,085 


320 


4,63T,030 


T,S15,491 


T,418 


ITl 


2,002,812 


12,926,949 


9 


88,400 


44,200 


88 


40 


19,368 


90,500 


29 


T5,425 


99,08T 


89 


4 


22,524 


157,693 


30 


34,160 


53,193 


145 




9,104 


69,430 


21 


43,900 


63,4T2 


3T 




T,946 


87,460 


24 


T3,000 


85,035 


59 




16,044 


121,675 


14 


3T,050 


64,680 


45 




T,3T4 


84,040 


11 


28,500 


38,51T 


20 




4,380 


50,105 


8 


20,100 


61,000 


28 




5,140 


81,500 


IS 


46,460 


53,320 


48 


1 


8,906 


100,402 


86 


39T,277 


299,T64 


644 


39 


193,621 


T32,841 


6 


10,T50 


10,920 


40 




6,180 


25,510 


19 


41,000 


64,3T4 


41 




T,456 


90,T32 


8 


32,000 


15,500 


42 


4 


8,388 


35,400 


14 


2,950 


11,350 


26 




5,T60 


20,T50 


2 


1,500 


3,000 


15 




4,.500 


9,000 


20 


9,861 


5,630 


45 




10,884 


21,140 


10 


42,465 


43,649 


83 


4 


15,8T6 


9T,545 


39 


89,300 


116,485 


96 


2 


18,59T 


182,535 


5 


20,500 


61,688 


31 




10,200 


132,856 


2 


2,200 


],T10 


9 




2,880 


5,600 


118 


90,052 


58,2T0 


386 




65,568 


218, 69T 


966 


$6,096,490 


S9,480,391 


9,908 


2T7 


S2,555,868 


$16,019,801 



' There were no returns from Middlesex. 



94 

The manufacturing centres of Tidewater are: 1st, Henrico, including the city 
of Richmond at the lower falls of the James, where three-fourths of the manufacturing 
of the section is done; 2d, Norfolk, includuig the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth; 
8d, York, and 4th, Caroline counties. Most of the manufacturing of this section is 
done in and near Richmond and Norfolk. 

The following table gives the details of manufacturing in Tidewater in 1860: 



KIND. 



J^gricultural implements 

Blacksmi tiling 

Book-binding and blank books. 

JBootsand shoes 

Boxes — tobacco 

Brass founding 

Bread, crackers, &c 

Brick 

Carpentering 

Carriages 

Cars 

Cigars 

Cliemicals 

Clothing— ladies' cloaks, &c 

Clothing— ladies' hoop-skirts. . , 

Clothing— men's 

Coal— bituminous 

Coaf -ctioaery 

Cooperage 

Copper-smithing 

Cordage , 

Cotllns 

Cotton goods 

Cotton ginning 

Fire-arms 

Fisheries— shad, &c.. 

Fisheries— oyster 

Flour and meaJ 

Furniture— cabinet 

Gas 

Hardware— coach and saddlery. 

Hardware— flies 

Hardware- locks, &c 

HatH and cans 

Iron— bar, sheet and railroad... 






S3 



12 

43 

3 

49 

6 

1 

6 

21 

29 

4T 

1 

9 

1 

1 

1 

21 

1 

15 

13 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

116 

25 

192 

8 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 



Capital 
Invested. 



$ S2,40J 

1T,646 

4,500 

00,015 

5,500 

8,400 

7,000 

103,750 

52,750 

114,375 

37,000 

1.8,200 

6,000 

150 

350 

47,250 

100,000 

3,300 

37,650 

14,000 

500 

800 

55,000 

1,000 

1,500 

63,142 

40,850 

1,415,750 

40,950 

83,000 

800 

1,200 

3,500 

5,500 

42.5,000 



$ 38,860 

33,374 

5,200 

77,980 

23,597 

325 

83,675 

68,583 

86,345 

95,459 

39,150 

17.220 

4,000 

500 

1,500 

70,050 

5,709 

18,985 

111,550 

2,650 

3,000 

700 

38,000 

1,000 

1,000 

24,224 

26,-590 

3,655,518 

50,250 

2,295 

920 

2,070 

1,950 

11,909 

411,775 



Number of Hands 
Kmployed. 













cS 




a 






s 


^ 



162 
120 

13 
203 

56 
3 

62 
336 
182 
404 

45 

37 



13 

263 

10 

6 

4 

40 

2 

8 

481 

124 

SOI 

67 

3 

4 

10 

9 

12 

890 



5-^ 





$ 57,660 




33,403 


s 


5,520 


25 


67,752 




19,200 




1,200 


6 


24,050 


5 


31,7SS 




04,428 


5 


119,193 




20,2J4 




13,872 


3 


1,080 


5 


1,200 


15 


2,400 


100 


34,4C2 




19,200 




3,756 




80,505 




4,200 




900 




1,030 


40 


12,000 




360 




2,520 




50,484 




13,140 




130,393 




23,784 




1,296 




2,160 




1,200 




3,950 


1 


7,536 




307,200 



95 



TABLE OF MANUFACTURES CONTINUED. 



KIND. 



Iron— castings 

Iron— forging 

-Jewelry 

Leather 

ilme 

Looking-glass and f.icture frames. 

Liquors— ciictiUed 

Liquors— malt 

Lumber— planed 

Lumber— sawed 

Machinery, steam engines, &c 

Marble and stone vv'or'rC 



Meciicins 



Millinery 

Musical instruments, pianos, &c. 

Nails and spikes 

Ornaments— plaster 

Painting 

Tapor for printing 

Plaster— ground 

Printing 

Plu!iibing and gas-fitting 

Pottery ware 

Pumps 

Piegalia, banners, flags, &g 

Saddlery and liarness 

Sails 



Sash, doors and blinds 

Saivs 

Stiip and boat building 

■Soap and candles 

Springs— steel 

Stair-building 

Staves, shocks and heading 

Iron, copper and sheet-iron ware. 

Tobacco — manufactured 

Trunks, &c 

Wagons, carts, Ac 

^Villow ware 

Woolen goods 



Totals 



- lo 

II 
I" 



6 

1 
1 
8 
2 
2 
1 
1 
3 
95 
12 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
5 
2 
2 
1 
1 

21 
1 
C 
2 
5 
9 
1 
1 
3 

18 

52 
1 

39 
2 
1 



Capital 
Invested. 



$ 27,200 

10,000 

300 

13,250 

3,150 

1,300 

200,000 

10,000 

C3,500 

323,025 

25'.',G00 

3,700 

2,000 

710 

150,000 

2,000 

100 

100 

41,000 

9,500 

41,900 

20,000 

e,ooo 

1,500 

2,ri('0 

31,975 

2,580 

23,600 

8,000 

4,950 

93,203 

500,000 

500 

500 

87,750 

1,121,025 

500 

23,180 

.300 

130,000 



^3 
o3 



$0,096,490 I $9,430,391 



Number of Hands 
Employed. 



$ 32,990 


72 


20,000 


16 


1,000 


2 


10,041 


18 


8,017 


7 


4,120 


10 


155,800 


35 


5,000 


7 


80,600 


25 


£:3,256 


C13 


146,004 


513 


21,000 


38 


9,300 


.4 


3,500 




174,000 


226 


800 


12 


250 


2 


500 


2 


40,000 


24 


* 16,700 


4 


22,453 


57 


16,410 


29 


2,550 


20 


2i0 


1 


600 


3 


40,919 


67 


8,000 


5 


16,302 


49 


13,20C 


15 


6,540 


39 


83,027 


38 


108,300 


25 


300 


3 


5,500 ! 


13 


70,433 


129 


2,532,415 


3,370 


1,000 


3 


39,547 


125 


535 


3 


93,000 


100 



9,903 



10 



12 






$ 27,000 
7,200 
960 
2,410 
1,872 
2,424 
12,800 
2,820 
10,560 
132,504 
171,7-44 
7,440 
720 
1,363 
30,000 
3,000 
720 
720 
9,000 
840 
13,920 
10,200 
5,-100 
720 
432 
33,192 
1,800 
16,596 
4,992 
9,980 
11,340 
9,600 
1,440 
5,640 
40,376 
714,334 
1,298 
33,945 
1,089 
27,600 



-Annual 
Value of 
Products 



$ 87,750 
42,750 
2,800 
18,000 
17,200 
8,EC0 
225,000 
15,000 
103,300 
805,753 
563,945 
41,300 
24,000 
8,008 
213,750 
4,200 
1,225 
1,500 
75,000 
31,210 
40,044 
35,000 
15,000 
1,500 
1,500 
100,710 
12,000 
50,700 
29,000 
23,700 
140,012 
225,000 
4,000 
13,575 
175,200 
4,338,995 
2,600 
105,007 
1,700 
200,000 



§2,555,863 | $18,019,801 



96 

The agricultural implements were made in King William, Sussex and Henrica, 
Blacksmithing is only credited to one-third of the counties, giving none to the. 
Northern Neck, save^ving George; none to the Middlesex, and only to Gloucester,, 
of the Gloucester Peninsula; oione to King William, New Kent, York, Warwick,, 
Charles City, Prince George, Surry, Isle of Wight, Nanesemond, or Northampton j 
so that numerous shops, &c., were not reported. Boots and shoes were made in 13. 
counties, but Henrico produced 17-21ths of the whole, and Norfolk 2-21ths. Bread 
and crackers and bricks were made in Elizabeth City, Henrico and Norfolk. Car- 
pentry was confined to James City and Henrico. Carriages were manufactured in 
19 counties, Henrico having 14-34ths, Caroline 3-34ths and Norfolk 6-34ths of the- 
whole product; the notable omissions are Hanover, New Kent, Isle of Wight and 
Nansemond. Men's clothing is 6-13ths of it credited to Norfolk and the same to- 
Richmond. Cooperage is confined to Southampton, Norfolk and Henrico. Coffins 
are given to James and Elizabeth City. Isle of Wight and Henrico monopolized 
cotton goods, and cotton ginning was done in King William. The shad fisheries 
were in King George, York, Norfolk and Northampton, and the oyster in Gloucester 
and Norfolk. Flour and meal were ground in all but Westmoreland, Richmond, 
Essex, Middlesex, Prince George and the Eastern Shore — Henrico having 5-7ths of 
the whole product, followed by Caroline and Sussex each about l-42d. Cabinet 
furniture was made in Henrico, Norfolk, Nansemond and Accomac, 74-103ds of all 
in Henrico and 25 in Norfolk. Iron castings were produced in Hanover, Henrico 
and Norfolk, 81-87ths of the product being credited to Plenrico. Leather was 
tanned in Northumberland, Lancaster, Gloucester, Caroline, Henrico, Isle of Wight 
and Accomac, one establishment in each county named, except Northumberland, 
which had two. Saw mills were credited to all the counties but King George„ 
Westmoreland, Richmond, Essex, Southampton and Accomac; Warwick was first 
in production with 12-80ths of the value, followed by York with 10-80ths, Prince 
George and Henrico each 7-80ths, these four sawing about half the product. Ma- 
chinery and steam engines were made in Hanover, Henrico and Norfolk, 51-56ths 
of the production being from Henrico. Elizabeth City, by the census, was the only 
county that had any painting done. Plaster was ground in Henrico and King 
George, 30-31ths of it in the former. Printing, by the census, was confined to four 
establishments in Norfolk and one in James City, and no mention is made of Hen- 
rico, including Richmond, with its numerous newspaper, book and job printing 
establishments. Eleven counties had saddlery and harness shops, but 78-lOOths of 
the annual product was from Henrico and 13-lOOths from Norfolk. Sash, doors 
and Winds were made in Hanover, Henrico and Norfolk; 28-50ths of the production 
was from Henrico, and 20-50ths from Norfolk. Ship and boat building was carried 
on in York, Elizabeth City, Henrico and Isle of Wight, the production being nearly 
the same in each; the omission of Norfolk should be noted. Wagons, carts, &c., 
were manufactured in 12 counties, but 77-105ths of the production was in Henrico 
and 9-105ths in Hanover. 

The following manufactures were carried on in Henrico county (including Rich- 
mond city) alone, viz: Making tobacco boxes, brass founding, ladies' clothing and 
hoop skirts, mining bituminous coal, confectionery, copper smithing, cordage, hard- 
ware, file and lock making, hats and caps, bar, sheet and railroad iron, iron forging, 



97 

jewelry, lime, looking glass and picture frames, distilled and malt liquors, planed 
lumber, marble and stone cutting, medicines, millinery, nails and spikes, plaster 
ornaments, printing paper, plumbing and gas fitting, pottery ware, pumps, regalia, 
tanners, &c., sails, saws, steel springs, stairs, tobacco manufacture, trunks, willow 
ware and woolen goods. 

These industries were found only in Henrico and Norfolk counties, viz : Book 
binding and blank books, making cigars, fire arms, soap and candles, and tin, cop- 
per and sheet iron ware. 

In Norfolk county (including Norfolk city, Portsmouth, &c.) alone were the follow- 
ing, viz : The making of cars, chemicals, gas, musical instruments, and staves, shooks 
and heading. 

The manufactures of Richmond are numerous and important, and the follow- 
ing statistics* of value of products show that they are in a healthy condition, not- 
■withstanding the depression in business during the years presented : 



PRODUCTS. 



Iron, nail, architectural iron, and railroad car worlis, and Iron ware 

Tobacco and cigars 

Tlour, meal and mill ofEal , 

Agricultural implements 

Furniture, mattresses and wooden ware, including barrels, buckets,) 
brooms, &c / 

Xeather, as boots, shoes, trunks, harness^ belting, &c 

Fertilizers, lime, sumac, dye-stuffs, oils, &c 

Printers' types and material, paper, paper boxes c^d twine, lithographs,) 
photographs, books, &c / 

"Reflaed sugars 

Xagerbeer, ale, wines and liquors 

•Carriages, wagons, carts, &c 

Cotton goods, clothing, &o 

Sash, blinds, doors and mouldings 

JMiscellarfeous manufactures, such as soap, candles, cakes, crackers,) 
bread, candy, pumps, ship rigging, rope, tin ware, brushes, spirits, v 
stone, earthen and marble wares, blank books, picture frames, &c...J 

Totals 



18T2. 



> 5,492,000 

5,205,600 

2,045,000 

368,000 

378,965 

298,300 
375,495 

137,110 

803,859 

187,250 

95,300 

528,000 

285,000 



$16,199,870 



1873. 



; 4,081,600 

5,062,466 

2,422,000 

323,600 

382,400 

273,500 
491,000 

814,650 

t 
198,200 
121,300 
865,900 

344,520 



$14,881,136 



1874, 



$ 2,946,760 

8,327,581 

t 2,214,683 

435,300 

390,514 

251,750 
472,400 

i,031,0ST 



116,000 
126,520 



113,375 
632,250 



$17,746,720 



The values for 1870 were $7,000,000, and for 1871, $14,840,146. 

The gas works of the city of Richmond manufactured as follows, viz ; 

In 1872—66,260,700 cubic feet of gas from 273,687 bushels of coal. 
In 1873—83,686,200 cubic feet of gas from 297,294 bushels of coal. 
In 1874^81,812,600 cubic feet of gas from 288,345 bushels of coal. 



* From the annual exhibits of the Kichmond Dispatch. 

t One of the largest flouring mills was burned in April, diminishing the product. 

I This was the '"panic" year, and the sugar refineries stopped early in the year. 

13 



98 

The counties* of Middle Virginia, iii 1860, were credited with these totals of 
manufactures : 





o| 
S3 


Capital 
Invested. 


5 ^ 
o 

o 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 


o 

o 
o 

— . f^ 
< 


Annual 


COUNTIES. 




a 


Value of 
Products. 




96 

3T 
IT 
28 
36 

sa 

50 

141 

33 

78 

58 
38 
IS' 
55 
5T 
14 
65 
45 
4T 
20 
141 
24 
83 
T2 


$357,250 
69,575 
42,900 
92,480 
70,200 
41,600 

2,372,624 

1,242,190 
21,030 

1,133,795 


$403,659 

128,352 

24,920 

118,416 

132,677 

23,795 

1,539,895 

1,918,814 

39,615 

2,091,187 



185,475 
85,914 
76,020 
84,128 
277,320 
49,201 
352,420 
127,863 
100,836 
15,150 
1,176,172 
193,459 
218,946 
147,592 


732 

71 

57 

82 

65 

55 

1,208 

1,900 

58 

2,150 

304 

75 

30 

207 

279 

20 

489 

119 

108 

34 

1,136 

261 

339 

391 


149 
2 

497 
314 

961 

35 

1 

10 
8 

140 
3 
5 

238 
52 
34 
38 


$193,350 

16,374 

13,356 

20,776 

13,932 

9,564 

373,350 

445,044 

13,404 

626,168 

64,136 
15,756 

5,772 
42,390 
58,392 

3,912 
85,122 
33,472 
26,268 

6,180 

370,626 

53,820 

29,630 

109,808 


$761,290 
158,54& 


Amelia , 


Appomattox 


51,542 


Buckino"ham 


169,904 


Brunswiclv 


176,820- 


Cumberland 


42,326 


Chesterfleia 


2,686,870- 


Campbell 


3,171,860- 


Charlotte 


64,765- 


Dinwiddle 


8,570,855' 








148,940 
80,150 
50,375 
155,145 
218,800 
40,450 
140,525 
124,225 
166,480 
66,800 
439,525 
91,325 
131,900 
144,650 


800,455. 


Gooctiland 


126,683 
92,827 




189, 21S 




455,95* 




59,147 


Mecklenburg 


518,398. 


Nottoway • 


186,541 


Prince William 


235,927 


Powhatan 


23,950" 


Pittsylvania 


1,670,257 
299,91T 

302,920- 


Prince Edward 


Stafford 


Spotsylvania 


36S,050' 




Totals 


1,233 


$7,442,934 


$9,571,826 


10,170 


2,480 


$2,680,602 


$15,685,012; 





The manufacturing centres of Midland Virginia were : 1st, Dinwiddie, including 
most of Petersburg, at the falls of the Appomattox ; 2d, Campbell, including Lynch- 
burg, on the James ; 3d, Chesterfield, including Manchester, at the falls of the James 
opposite Richmond; 4th, Pittsylvania, including Danville, on the Dan; 5th, Alex- 
andria, on the Potomac; and 6th, Spotsylvania and Stafford, including Fredericks- 
burg and Falmouth, on the Rappahannock at the falls. 

* It is well to call attention to a statement in Chapter I. that all the counties are not loliolhj 
included in the Natural Divisions in which they are grouped, but they are placed where the 
larger portion of their area lies. .The figures are taken from county returns, therefore they 
must follow the county in grouping. A census-taking by smaller political divisions would 
remedy these defects, but the general result would not vary much from that given, because of 
the compensation of areas. 



9« 

The results of manufacturing in Middle Virginia, by the census of 1860, 
were : 



KIND. 



Agricultural implements 

Bark, ground, sumac 

Blacksmithing 

Book-binding and blank books. 

Bread, crackers, &c 

Brick 

Brooms 

Boots and shoes , 

Boxes— tobacco 

Coal — bituminous , 

Cars , 

Cliemicals . , 

Coffins 

Cigars 

Clothing — men's 

Carriages 

Confectionery 

Carpentering 

Cotton goods 

Cooperage 

Cordage 

Dyeing and bleaching 

Flour and meal 

Furniture — cabinet 

Fire-arms 

Fertilizers 

Fisheries— shad 

Glue 

Gas , 

Gold-mining 

Hats and caps , 

Iron castings , 

Jewelry 

Leather 

Liquors— malt 

Liquors— distilled 

Lnmber— sawed 

Lumber — planed 

Locomotives 



S3 



15 
2 
140 
4 
6 

19 
1 

54 



4 
1 
1 
4 
18 
31 
40 
9 
11 
15 
1 
1 
279 
2T 
1 
2 
17 
1 
1 
2 
4 
17 
1 
38 
1 
1 
161 
1 
1 



Capital 
Invested. 



W^ 

4H ^ 



$ 54,300 
9,200 
45,370 
4,300 
20,750 
55,950 
500 
84,680 
15,895 
1,050,000 
38,000 
100 
500 
2,800 
27,750 
64,125 
36,700 
23,000 
1,212,000 
20,370 
4,000 
100 
1,444,675 
67,300 
2,T00 
37,000 
26,000 
1,000 
70,000 
37,000 
3,800 
183,100 
3,000 
95,900 
5,000 
25,000 
304,429 
.3,000 
20 000 



$ 34,272 
9,200 
29,858 
4,738 
43,070 
16,345 
700 
83,047 
19,388 
45,500 
11,130 
500 
300 
5,350 
61,624 
50,687 
51,950 
32,257 
678,990 
14,320 
10,000 
300 
3,624,239 
31,621 
800 
202,500 
15,400 
1,000 
5,000 
9,000 
2,765 
88,413 
50 
113,299 
6,120 
750 
188,117 
5,700 
120,700 



Number of Hands 
Employed. 



107 
8 
279 
10 
34 
201 
3 
298 
44 
413 
105 
2 
1 
7 
68 
253 
29 
78 
596 
88 
6 
1 
518 
121 
2 
■ 32 
401 
2 
5 
33 
8 
221 
2 
116 
4 
3 
495 
5 
30 



o . 

OS o 



$ 31,800 
1,920 
64,284 
3,444 
7,740 
26,964 
1,080 
89,916 
16,728 
122,088 
35,440 
720 
540 
2,580 
39,824 
91,416 
8,472 
29,664 
223,728 
13,620 
6,636 
432 
124,240 
42,888 
720 
10,800 
19,070 
480 
1,920 
4,200 
2,580 
75,852 
1,080 
27,306 
1,200 
432 
99,664 
1,200 
9,360 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$ 110,349 
14,000 
124,619 
11,000 
67,500 
76,680 
4,000 
226,394 
46,643 
285,090 
62,100 
2,000 
1,700 
10,500 
126,913 
190,770 
87,700 
90,160 
1,256,600 
37,885 
16,000 
1,200 
4,300,588 
105,771 
2,000 
223,000 
50,250 
1,550 
17,000 
35,000 
7,275 
271,300 
1,200 
173,852 
9,000 
1,800 
444,686 
7,360 
133,000 



100 



TABLE OF MANTJFACTUEES CONTrsrilED. 



KIND. 



Mineral waters 

Machinery, steam engines, &c, 

Marble and stone worlds 

Millinery 

Pipes— clay 

Pottery ware , 

Plaster— ground 

Sash, doors and blinds 

Ship and boat building 

Spokes, hubs and felloes 

Saddlery and harness 

Slate quarrying 

Soap and candles 

Tin, copper and sheet iron 

Tobacco— manufactured , 

Wool carding 

Woolen goods 

Wagons, carts, &c 

Totals 



as 


Capital 
Invested. 


O 

m 
O 
O 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 


. 

< 


05 


a 


1 


$ 300 


$ 150 


2 




$ 480 


4 


54,000 


76,500 


144 




39,900- 


5 


15,700 


22,000 


72 




26,748 


4 


17,T75 


18,775 


16 




3,720 


1 


500 


150 


3 




684 


2 


3,000 


1,700 


8 




3,552 


6 


26,400 


20,885 


16 




4,956 


2 


18,200 


17,275 


25 




8,400 


2 


2,000 


10,000 


15 




1,584 


1 


3,000 


2,000 


5 




1,080 


35 


49,625 


51,529 


112 




35,048 


2 


26,000 


210 


21 




7,860 


5 


33,000 


27,600 


23 


4 


5,67e 


20 


37,250 


51,148 


84 




26,652 


134 


1,993,265 


3,617,894 


7,851 


1,452 


1,186,164 


4 


5,000 


10,600 


7 




1,00s 


1 


22,500 


5,990 


12 


5 


2,796 


61 


35,625 


18,150 


141 




35,772 


1,233 


$7,442,934 


$9,571,826 


10,170 


2,480 


$2,630,602 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$ 900 

140,500 

82,000 

30,500 

3,750 

8,000 

35,160 

32,000 

13,700 

7,050 

115,470 

15,000 

51,275 

101,300 

6,289,536 

18,060 

21,650 

75,811 

$15,685,012 



Most of the agricultural implements were made in Halifax, Spotsylvania, Camp- 
bell and Alexandria. The sumac mills were in Spotsylvania and Alexandria. 
Blachsmithing is credited to all but Greensville, Brunswick, Piince Edward, Pow- 
hatan, Buckingham, Spotsylvania and Fairfax. Book -binding was done in Alex- 
andria, Spotsylvania, Dinwiddle and Campbell. Bread and cracker making was 
limited to Alexandria and Campbell ; brick making to Alexandria, Spotsylvania, 
Goochland, Chesterfield and Campbell. Brooms, chemicals, cigars, dyeing and 
bleaching, malt liquors, mineral waters and clay pipes were only made in Alex- 
andria. Boots and shoes were made in all the counties but Fairfax, Stafford, Cum- 
berland, Powhatan, Lunenburg, Greensville and Mecklenburg; tobacco boxes in 
Goochland, Campbell, Pittsylvania and Mecklenburg. The coal was mined in Ches- 
terfield. Railroad cars were made in Alexandria and Campbell; coffins in Pittsyl- 
vania; men's clothing mostly in Alexandria, Spotsylvania, Pittsylvania and Camp- 
bell; carriages in 11 counties, more in Campbell and Dinwiddle than elsewhere; 
confectionery in Alexandria, Lynchburg, Fredericksburg and Petersburg. Carpen- 
try was confined to Spotsylvania, Campbell and Pittsylvania. Cotton goods were 
produced in Alexandria, Chesterfield, Stafford, Dinwicldie, Fluvanna and Mecklen- 
burg. Cooperage was a considerable industry in Chesterfield, Campbell, Spotsyl- 
vania, &c. Cordage was made only in Dinwiddle; gas and fire arms in Campbell; 



101 

glue in Alexandria ; distilled liquors in Goochland ; pottery in Alexandria and Din- 
widdle- ship and boat building in Fluvanna; locomotive making in Chesterfield; 
woolen goods in Prince William ; jewelry and watch making in Halifax ; lumber 
planing in Pittsylvania; shad fisheries in Alexandria and Stafford; hat and cap 
making in Alexandria and Pittsylvania; sash, blind and door making in Alexandria , 
and Campbell; spokes, hubs and felloes in Prince William; fertilizers in Alexandria 
and Dinwiddle; slate quarrying in Buckingham; gold mining in Stafford and Spot- 
sylvania; millinery in Spotsylvania and Campbell. Cabinet furniture was made 
in 10 counties, but largely in Alexandria and Campbell. Leather was made in 16 
counties, but most extensively in Alexandria, Dinwiddle and Campbell. Wool 
carding was done in Campbell, Prince William, Louisa and Fluvanna; marble and 
stone cutting in Alexandria, Fluvanna, Chesterfield, Dinwiddle and Campbell; plas- 
ter grinding in Alexandria, Prince William, Fluvanna and Campbell. Tin, copper 
and sheet iron ware were made in Alexandria, Spotsylvania, Prince Edward, Din- 
widdle, Greensville and Pittsylvania. Flour and meal were made in all the counties 
but Fairfax, Alexandria and Spotsylvania, says the census, but it is well known 
that all of these manufactured these articles on a large scale. Tobacco was manu- 
factured in Spotsylvania, Louisa, Fluvanna, Chesterfield, Prince Edward, Dinwiddle, 
Campbell, Pittsylvania, Halifax and Mecklenburg — Dinwiddle leading, followed by 
Campbell and Pittsylvania. Saddlery and harness were made in all the counties 
save Fairfax, Stafford, Goochland, Powhatan, Chesterfield, Appomattox, Greensville 
and Halifax — all of which no doubt had man}'- establishments ; the leading county 
was Dinwiddle. Wagons and carts were manufactured in all but Fairfax, Stafford, 
Powhatan, Prince Edward, Lunenburg and Brunswick — Pittsylvania leading. Soap 
and candles were the products of Alexandria, Goochland and Dinwiddle; machinery 
of Spotsylvania, Fluvanna, Dinwiddle and Pittsylvania. Iron castings were made 
in twelve counties — Campbell leading far in advance. Sawed lumber was produced 
in every county but Fairfax and Alexandria — Pittsylvania leading. 

It will be seen from the table on preceding page that the leading manufacture 
of the Middle Country was tobacco, producing 6-16ths of the whole; the second 
was flour and meal, yielding 4-16ths ; and the third cotton goods — these three pro- 
ducing three-fourths of the value of the annual product. 

Fredericksburg is a very important manufacturing town of Midland Virginia. 
Its woolen factory has acquired a wide reputation for the broad-cloths, cassimeres, 
kerseys 'and blankets it manufactures. Its two cotton mills make cotton cloths, 
osnaburgs, yarn, &c. The two foundries manufacture stoves, agricultural imple- 
ments, hollow- ware, water and steam machinery, &c. The three merchant flouring 
mills have a capacity for grinding 500,000 bushels of grain annually. Two sumac 
mills are in operation, one of them the first opened in Virginia. A paper mill, two 
tanneries, two carriage and wagon manufactories, and a planing mill and sash, &c., 
factory, three furniture, three saddle and harness, seven blacksmith, two gun and 
locksmith, two jewelers, and a large number of boot and shoe shops, seven bakeries, 
one brewery, two distilleries, one soap factory, and three newspaper printing offices, 
are among the reported* industries. It was estimated that in 1867 Fredericksburg 

* See report of Fredericksburg Manufacturers and Mechanics Association, 1869. 



102. 

sold, of its manufactures, for home consumption the value of $150,000, and to other 
markets $500,000. 

The MANUFACTURING STATISTICS of PiEDMONT, by counties, for 1860, were as 
follows : 



COUNTIES. 


Wi2 

y 

as 


Capital 
Invested. 


■3 





Number of Hands 
Employed. 




on 

Q 

,-M ^ 
030 


Annual 




a 

6 


Value of 
Products. 


Albemarle 


73 
45 
84 
7 
110 
85 
22 
52 
83 
15 
23 
45 
10 
34 


$257,140 
51,910 
273,030 
51,335 
251,316 
346,470 
14,800 
293,115 
274,786 
52,800 
38,540 
69,855 
74,700 
41,655 


$433,085 

76,474 

405,282 

95,212 

185,842 

345,984 

31,841 

239,326 

570,601 

43,627 

105,877 

108,677 

44,070 

75,861 


215 

84 

439 

71 

248 

476 

34 

496 

288 

36 

40 

90 

95 

62 


27 

2 

34 

27 
20 

81 

93 

8 

29 


$46,908 
20,264 
88,374 
18,612 
63,612 
73,964 

7,200 

91,758 

70,889 

■ 9,120 

9,294 
19,368 
14,607 
11,568 


$605,010 
112,245 


Amlierst 


Beclf()rd 


598,919 


Culpeper 


159,175 


Fauquier 


337,848 


Franklin 


485,233 


Greene 


47,315 


Henry 


408,245 


Loudoun 


750,178 


Madison 


57,080 
132,165 


Nelson. , 


Orange 

Patriok 


143,360 
70,790 


Eappahannock 


102,859 




Totals 


638 


$2,091,452 


$2,761,759 


2,674 


321 


$545,538 


$4,010,422 





These figures give this section about 1-7 th of the number of establishments, 
l-9th of the invested capital, l-7th of the cost of raw materials, 1-lOth of the 
males and females employed, 1-llth of the annual cost of labor, and 1-lOth of the 
annual value of products, compared with those for the whole State. 

The following table presents tlie details of the several manufacturing indus- 
tries then carried on in Piedmont : 



manufacturing 
industries. 



Agricultural implements 

Boots and Shoes 

Blacksmithing 

Brick 

Cigars 

Cotton goods 

Cooperage 

Carriages 

Caj-pentry 

Copper ore 



ll 

as 



7 
43 

68 
2 
1 
2 
3 
8 
2 
1 



Capital 
Invested. 



$20,150 
28,771 
28,190 

2,000 

5,000 
30,300 

2,000 
22,200 

4,950 
15,000 



K =* 
<nS 



$10,585 

25,567 

16,703 

215 

3,500 

36,770 

1,745 

7,658 

2,850 

1,800 



Number of Hands 
Employed. 



39 
115 
139 
15 
10 
15 
11 
38 
15 
9 



15 






$8,640 
29,772 
30,924 
1,380 
2,400 
3,912 
2,676 
13,008 
4,080 
4,963 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$28,200 
74,749 
61,995 

3,290 

7,500 
51,560 

5,920 
37,400 
15,500 

9,000 



103 



TABLE OF MA:N'UFACTURES CONTINUED. 



MANUFACTURING 
INDUSTRIES. 



■Clothing— men's 

Dentistry 

Flour and meal 

Furniture— cabinet 

Gold mining , 

Hats and caps 

Iron— pig , 

Iron— castings 

Iron— bar, &c 

Leather 

Lumber— sawed 

Liquor— distilled 

Matresses, beds, <5tc 

Plaster — ground 

Pottery. 

Printing 

Saddlery and Harness 

Sash, doors and blinds 

Tin, copper and sheet iron 

Tobacco— manufactured 

Woolen goods 

Watch repairing and Silversmithing, 

Wool carding 

Wagons, carts, &c 






S3 



Totals . 



4 
3 

212 
10 
1 
3 
3 
3 
1 

44 

106 

1 

1 

24 
2 
3 

16 
1 

10 

64 
9 
1 

10 

20 



Capital 
Invested. 



$ 2,910 

2,200 

675,765 

8,965 

10,000 

3,900 

124,000 

2,500 

10,000 

90,525 

130,845 

700 

800 

27,000 

600 

4,100 

8,405 

300 

16,416 

689,100 

93,550 

1,600 

6,750 

15,960 



^v 



$ 8,120 

1,400 

1,604,668 

7,796 



1,989 

35,687 

1,610 

7,200 

89,318 

81,448 

1,730 

1,720 

31,770 

300 

550 

9,624 

625 

S,7S0 

613,479 

125,432 

1,550 

13,220 

6,365 



688 $2,091,452 



$2,761,759 



Number of Hands 
Employed. 



6 
3 

278 

28 

8 

T 

121 

6 

15 

106 

251 

1 

2 

28 

6 

9 

27 

4 

21 

1,207 

74 

2 

11 

37 



224 

44 



2,674 






$ 2,400 

1,680 

62,050 

6,482 

1,032 

2,274 

29,670 

1,212 

1,620 

22,440 

48,780 

180 

720 

4,194 

984 

3,360 

7,032 

900 

4,122 

205,368 

22,764 

1,720 

1,242 

12,552 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$545,538 



$12,146 

4,900 

1,865,373 

16,311 

1,200 

7,950 

77,000 

4,100 

9,000 

146,242 

222,844 

3,200 

2,700 

43,670 

1,900 

5,060 

22,520 

2,000 

15,939 

1,002,572 

203,205 

2,875 

17,820 

22,781 



$4,010,422 



These enumerated industries were distributed among the Piedmont counties as 
follows, viz: Cigars, pottery, and sash, doors and blinds, only in Loudoun; gold 
and copper mining, watch rej)airing, dentistry, brick making and liquor distilling, 
only in Fauquier; bar iron only in Franklin; cotton goods and mattresses only in 
Albemarle ; ppnting in Nelson and Bedford ; iron casting in Fauquier, Bedford and 
Henry ; j)ig iron in Loudoun, Franklin and Patrick ; carpentry in Fauquier and 
Amherst; hats and caps in Loudoun, Fauquier and Bedford; flour and meal in all 
the counties but Culpeper and Patrick; leather in all but Culpeper, Nelson and 
Patrick; sawed lumber in all but Madison and Patrick; furniture in Loudoun, 
Fauquier, Amherst, Bedford and Franklin; cooperage in Loudoun and Albemarle; 
boots and shoes in all but Culpej)er, Franklin and Patrick ; carriages in Loudoun, 
Fauquier, Madison and Bedford ; blacksmithing in all but Culpej)er, Albemarle, 
Nelson, Henry and Patrick; agricultural implements in Loudoun, Madison, Greene, 
Orange,- Albemarle, Bedford and Franklin ; wool carding in Fauquier, Greene, Am- 
herst, Bedford and Franklin ; woolen goods in Loudoun, Fauquier, Culpeper and 



104 

Albemarle ; men's clothing in Fauquier, Greene and Franklin ; tobacco manufac- 
tured in Albemarle, Bedford, Franklin, Henry and Patrick; plaster ground in Lou- 
doun, Fauquier, Rappahannock, Albemarle, Nelson and Bedford; saddlery and 
harness in all but Culpeper, Madison, Albemarle, Nelson, Amherst and Henry ; and 
tin, copper and sheet iron ware in Loudoun, Fauquier, Madison, Greene, Bedford 
and Patrick. 

The Blue Ridge counties in 1860 furnished the following manufacturing re- 
turns : 



COUNTIES. 



Carroll.. 
Floyd..., 
Graysoc. 



Totals. 



as 



Capital 
Invested. 



$ 121,400 
13,515 
22,600 



$16T,515 






$ 53,STT 
14,894 
56,4T0 



$124,741 



Number of Hands 


Employed. 


o 






"3 


a 


g 


g 


136 


— 


18 




16 




170 








$ 29,382 
4,326 
3,93S 



$37,644 



Annual 
Value ol 
Products, 



$ 105,007 
23,210' 
70,240 



$198,457 



Comparing these totals with those of the State, this section shows about l-70th 
of the establishments, l-163d of the invested capital, l-160th of the cost of raw 
material, l-154th of the males employed, l-178th of the cost of labor, and l-210tli 
of the annual value of products. 

The following were the Details of Manufacturing in the Blue Ridge Section 
in 1860: 



INDUSTEIES. 



Boots and shoes 

Fire-arms 

Flour and meal 

Cabinet furniture 

Leather 

Distilled liquors 

Saddlery and harness 

Wool carding 

Copper ore 

Copper smelting 

Iron castings 

Lumber— sawed , 

Linseed oil 

Tin, copper and sheet iron ware. 



Totals. 



as 



Capital 
Invested. 



$ 215 

1,500 

40,150 

1,600 

6,350 

500 

1,300 

4,400 

70,000 

25,000 

500 

2,800 

500 

2,700 



$157,515 



o 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 





■3 

a 


$ 305 


1 


.... 


472 


3 




93,056 


36 




482 


4 




8,885 


15 




405 


1 




1,040 


4 




5,170 


3 




5,700 


78 




2,100 


12 




500 


2 




4,036 


6 




360 


1 




1,630 


4 




$124,741 


170 





< 



$ 360 
360 

7,334 

1,620 

2,940 
336 

1,050 

340 

17,520 

2,880 
600 

1,200 
120 
984 



$37,644 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$ 1,100' 

l,10ff 

117,528 

2,280' 

14,860- 

700. 

2,780' 

6,384 

31,633- 

5,880. 

2,000- 

8,12a 

810 

3,300. 



$198,457 



These enumerated industries were distributed among the counties as follows r 
Boots and shoes, fire-arms and distilled liquors were only made in Floyd; copper 



105 



mining and smelting, iron casting and linseed 'oil making were confined to Carroll ; 
flour and meal and leather were made in all the counties ; cabinet furniture, sad- 
dlery and harness and wool carding were industries of Floyd and Carroll ; lumber 
sawing and tin, &c., ware making, were conducted in Carroll and Grayson. 

Carroll, as a consequence of its greater amount of water-power, leads in manu- 
facturing. 

The Valley counties in 1860 had the following returns of their Manufac- 
turing Results : 







Capital 
Invested. 


1? 
o 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 






|l 


Annual 


COUNTIES. 


® 


3 
■3 

S 


Value of 
Products. 




197 
65 
16 

127 
45 
60 
30 

220 
22 

122 

48 

9 

36 

199 
24 


$ 639,010 
198,200 

63,700 
276,280 

61,880 
137,175 

51,200 
550,716 
157,300 
384,550 
257,805 

61,000 
100,360 
173,215 
447,800 


$ 615,546 
226,591 
121,102 
499,961 

76,700 
163,197 

32,880 
552,116 
205,406 
274,556 

86,755 

36,640 
169,469 
193,786 

61,760 


471 
241 

42 
373 
136 
108 

84 
637 
124 
321 
200 

97 

88 
338 
330 


31 
6 

53 
3 

1 

11 
5 

4 
6 


$ 129,114 
55,458 
14,340 
98,576 . 
39,920 
19,560 
22,212 
169,203 
1S,28S 
74,908 
40,372 
23,893 
19,821 
92,736 
59,814 


$ 915,715 




357,955 


CJarke 


176,075 




729,051 


Montgomery 


155,235 




206,136 


Pulaski 


72,295 


Rockbridge 


958,743^^ 


Roanoke 


274,012 




422,5Sa 




109,338 


Smyth 


89,200 


Warren 


251,259 


W ashiHgton 


360,066. 


Wythe 


165,550 






Totals 


1,220 


$3,560,191 


$3,316,550 


3,590 


120 


$868,214 


$6,303,216 





A comparison of these Valley aggregates with those for the State, shows that, 
the Valley had about l-3ith of the establishments, l-5th of the capital invested, 
paid l-6th of the cost of material, employed l-7th of the male and 2-26th of the 
female hands, paid 1-8 th of the cost of labor, and received l-8th of the value ot 
products. 

The following table gives the Details, by Industries, in The Valley ; 



industries. 



Agricultural implements 

Boots and shoes 

Blacksmithing 

Buckskin dressing 

Bituminous coal 

Carpentering , 

Carriages 

Cigars 

Clothing — men's 

Clothing— ladies' 



S3 



65 
130 

1 

1 
19 
28 

7 
15 

1 



Capital 
Invested. 



$ 18,900 
53,971 
47,835 

150 
20,000 
20,050 
65,225 
9,300 
11,440 

150 



16,097 
55,757 
37,451 

2,200 
775 
24,794 
34,448 
15,250 
20,925 

2,000 



Number of Hands 
■ Employed. 



62 

183 

263 

3 

12 
108 
166 

41 

30 



15 






Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



17,844 

50,712 

60,768 

450 

4,152 

29,868 

56,776 

11,460 

9,728 

1,200 



$ 45,875 

139,609 

130,643 

3,19a 

11,200 

83,685 

129,775 

37,380 

37,441 

6,000 



106 



TABLE OF INDUSTRIES CONTINUED. 



INDUSTRIES. 



•Cooperage 

•Confectionery 

Cement 

<:!offlns 

Crackers, bread, &c 

Dentistry 

I'ertlllzers 

riour and meal 

Furniture— cabinet 

Pire-arms 

Gas 

■Gloves and mittens 

Hats and caps 

Iron castings 

Iron— bar, sheet and railroad . . 

li'on- blooms 

Iron— pig 

Xead ore 

lead and shot 

Leather 

Lumber— sawed 

Xiquors — malt 

Xiquors— distilled 

Lime 

"Manganese 

Marble and stone work 

Itlillinery , 

Machinery, steam engines, &c. 

Millwrighting 

Oil— linseed 

Paper— printing 

Painting 

Pottery 

Photographs 

Printing 

Plaster— ground 

Plaster— quarried 

Salt 

Saddlery and harness 

Silver-plating 



Number of Es- 
tablishments. 


18 
1 



Capital 
Invested. 



2 
1 
2 
1 
309 

33 
2 
1 
4 
4 

11 

12 
1 

11 
1 
1 

78 

198 

1 

54 
1 
1 
4 
3 
1 
3 
1 
1 
2 
5 
3 

11 

15 
2 
2 

34 

1 



$ 5,290 

6,800 

75,000 

650 

400 

950 

400 

1,190,030 

33,900 

250 

17,600 

3,000 

12,400 

43,200 

156,725 

27,000 

457,405 

5,000 

300,000 

220,050 

198,677 

2,000 

130,813 

1,300 

2,000 

5,075 

700 

8,000 

800 

500 

22,500 

965 

2,400 

3,3C0 

46,200 

14,500 

17,000 

43,000 

31,900 

150 



S 5,536 

4,420 

42,100 

610 

1,200 

950 

750 

2,132,017 

15,478 

350 

2,400 

6,485 

3,400 

21,910 

50,815 

25,825 

91,157 

1,460 

18,670 

151,542 

119,557 

1,010 

113,948 

1,100 

500 

3,800 

7,500 

5,850 

300 

508 

10,000 

5,065 

640 

1,285 

8,999 

19,480 

4,000 

23,600 

23,901 

79 



Number of Hands 
Employed. 





a> 








cS 




a 








&( 



39 

9 

150 

3 

2 

2 

2 

407 

93 

2 

4 

12 

6 

55 

127 

14 

385 

40 

125 

188 

289 

1 

86 

6 

10 

12 

10 
5 
1 

7 
12 
11 

8 
46 
16 
30 
55 
77 

1 



03O 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$ 6,396 


$ 15,595 


2,088 


8,250 


42,000 


180,000 


1,260 


2,300 


360 


1,900 


960 


2,90ft- 


300 


1,200 


88,294 


2,446,870 


24,768 


57,355 


480 


1,100 


1,440 


5,000 


4,692 


12,420 


1,902 


8,200 


15,344 


64,450 


26,868 


97,710 


5,040 


32,000 


78,792 


220,273 


3,600 


9,000 


21,600 


52,000 


44,202 


258,061 


60,936 


254,364 


180 


1,676 


20,820 


238,313 


1,872 


7,500 


3,600 


5,250 


1,686 


7,400 


1,080 


12,050 


2,400 


14,000 


1,500 


. 2,800 


156 


1,000 


3,000 


18,000 


3,660 


11,000 


3,468 


7,300 


1,440 


4,100 


9,996 


38,305 


1,710 


23,852 


6,600 


16,600 


17,400 


72,000 


21,285 


60,648 


240 


550 



107 



TABLE OF IISTDUSTKIES COJSTCLUDED. 



INDUSTRIES. 



Soap and candles 

Spokes, hubs and felloes 

Staves, shooks and heading 

Tin, copper and sheet iron ware 

Tobacco — nianuf actured 

Wagons, carts, &c 

Wool carding 

Woolen goods 

Watch repairing and silver smithing. 



83 



Capital 
Invested. 



^"C 






Totals 1,220 



1 
1 
1 

25 
5 
42 
15 
13 
4 



$ 1,200 

1,800 

1,100 

28,T50 

25,100 

23,015 

3,300 

124,550 

3,025 



$3,560,191 



$ 4,500 

606 

5,630 

38,648 

24,831 

14,75T 

17,T20 

75,747 

1,098 



$8,816,550 



Number of Hands 
Employed. 



2 

4 

8 

63 

87 

108 

15 

90 

5 



37 



O . 
.— . ^ 

03 O 

a ^ 



$ 360 
480 

2,520 
16,504 

9,416 
25,143 

1,874 
25,884 

2,460 



$868,214 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



$ 5,100 
1,200 
12,650 
64,955 
58,080 
57,492 
24,145 
138,160 
4,400 



$5,303,216 



Agricultural implements were made in Frederick, Augusta, Rockbridge, Pu- 
laski and Washington; boots and shoes in all the counties but Smyth; black- 
smithing is credited to all but Frederick, Warren, Page, Roanoke and Smyth, in all 
of which there were fully as many shops as in the others in proportion to popula- 
tion ; Frederick alone had buck-skin dressing, fertilizer, soap and candle and malt 
liquor making, silver plating; Washington alone made ladies' clothing, and had 
mill-wrighting ; Page alone made iron blooms ; Wythe monoi3olized mining lead 
ore and making lead and shot and linseed oil; Rockbridge alone made sj)okes, hubs 
and felloes, staves, shooks and heading, and cement; Montgomery, only, mined 
biturninous coal; Warren made the lime; Augusta had the dentistfy, bread and 
cracker making, the gas works, manganese mining and millinery ; Smyth the plas- 
ter quarrying, and Wythe the making of machinery and steam engines ; carpentry 
was carried on in Frederick, Rockingham, Rockbridge, Montgomery and Washing- 
ton; carriages were made in all the counties except Page, Roanoke and Smyth; 
cigars were manufactured in Frederick, Augusta and Rockbridge; gloves and mit- 
tens in Frederick and Shenandoah; hats and caps in Frederick, Augusta, Rock- 
bridge and Wythe ; coffins in Rockbridge and Washington ; fire-arms in Shenan- 
doah and Washington ; wagons and carts in all but Roanoke and Smyth ; saddlery 
and harness in all but Clarke, Montgomery and Washington ; tin, copper and sheet 
iron ware in all but Clarke, Warren, Roanoke, Pulaski and Smyth; distilled liquors 
in all save Frederick, Clarke, Shenandoah, Roanoke, Wythe and Smyth; woolen 
goods in Frederick, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt and Roanoke; 
men's clothing in Frederick, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Montgomery and 
Washington; flour and meal in all but Shenandoah and Wythe (which no doubt 
were among the largest grinders of the group); cabinet furniture in all except Clarke, 
Warren, Roanoke and Smyth ; cooperage in Frederick, Warren, Shenandoah, Rock- 
ingham, Augusta, Rockbridge and Montgomery; iron castings in Frederick, War- 
ren, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt, Roanoke and Pu- 



108 

laski; bar iron in Warren, Page, Shenandoah, Augusta, Rockbridge, Pulaski, Wythe 
and Smyth; pig iron in Page, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, 
Botetourt and Wythe ; salt in Smyth and Washington ; leather in all but Clarke 
and Warren ; lumber sawed in all but Clarke and Wythe ; plaster ground in Frede- 
rick, Page, Augusta and Rockbridge; tobacco manufactured in Frederick, Roanoke 
and Washington; pottery in Shenandoah, Augusta and Washington; confectionery 
in Augusta and Rockbridge; watch repairing, &c., in Frederick, Montgomery and 
Washington; wool carding was done in Augusta, Rockbridge, Pulaski and Wash- 
ington; printing in Frederick, Warren, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Botetourt, Mont- 
gomery and Wythe ; painting in Rockbridge and Montgomery ; marble and stone 
work in Augusta, Rockbridge and Montgomery ; photographs in Augusta, Rock- 
bridge and Montgomery, and printing paper was made only in Augusta. 

The Appalachian counties gave these Manufacturing Returns in 1860: 



COUNTIES. 



Allegbany.... 

Batb 

Bland 

Buchanan ... 

Craig 

Giles 

Highland .... 

Lee 

Russell 

Scott 

Tazewell 

wise 

Totals 



ss 

27 


Capital 
Invested. 


■3 

o 

o 

o 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 


o 

*^ 

a 
O , 

la 

< 


1^ 


6 

a 


$ 49,635 


$ 93,556 


74 






$ 24,684 


22 


41,200 


43,385 


87 






6,924 


5 


11,400 


10,930 


9 






2,988 


10 


44,660 


48,890 


12 






2,656 


12 


16,200 


15,935 


16 






3,330 


1 


7,000 


140 


3 






270 


2T 


41,781 


68,500 


36 






9,348 


2 


2,300 


2,656 


5 






864 


15 


15,587 


8,511 


21 






4,296 


1 


800 


300 


2 






360 


122 


$230,063 


$292,803 


215 






$55,720 



Annual 
Value of 
Products. 



132,851 
59,280 



15,833 

61,786 

24,000 

600 

105,096 

4,8S5 

16,020 

725 



$421,091 



Appalachia, compared with the whole State in manufacturing, had about l-13tli 
of the establishments, l-98th of the invested capital, paid l-34th of the cost of raw 
material, employed l-133rd of the labor, paid 1-llOth of the cost of labor, and re- 
ceived l-104th of the value of products. 

In 1860 but little of Appalachia was reached by internal improvements, and 
nearly all the manufacturing done was for home consumption. No portion of the 
State has larger resources for manufacturing. 



109 

The Details of Manufacturing in Appalachia for 1860 were : 





li 


Capital 
Invested. 


"3 
11 

Mas 
■^'^ 

o 

o 
O 


Number of Hands 
Employed. 


o 
+^ 
o 

o . 

c3 O 

< 


Annual 


INDUSTRIES. 


Male. 


1 


Value of 
Products. 




1 

8 
7 
1 
1 

38 
6 
3 
1 

23 

12 
5 

11 
3 
3 


$ 800 

7,135 

2,200 

600 

10,000 

121,400 

1,005 

16,000 
3,500 

42,337 

10,500 
6,292 
5,419 
975 
1,900 


$ 141 
2,505 
3,335 

250 
16,620 
209,333 

740 
4,817 

685 

26,547 

7,945 

6,494 

5,787 

400 
7,200 


1 • 
15 
13 

2 
30 
41 

5 
12 

3 
39 
18 

8 
22 

4 

3 






$ 240 

3,252 

3,960 

240 

10,800 

10,440 

1,380 

2,670 

1,260 

8,200 

5,040 

1,920 

4,938 

1,080 

300 


$ 900 


Blacksmltliing 


8,100 


IBoots and shoes 


9,132 


Brick 


1,200 


CJement 


30,000 


Flour and meal 


249,347 


« 
Furniture — cabinet ■ 


4,025 


Iron — ^bar 


9,300 


Iron — castings 


2,690 


Leather 


57,206 


Lumber — sawed , 


16,414 
6,678 


jjiquor — distilled 


Saddlery and harness 


15,651 


Wagons, carts, &c 


1,948 




8,600 






Totals 


122 


$230,063 


$292,803 


215 






$55,720 


$421,081 



The agricultural implements were made in Highland, the brick in Bath, the 
iron castings in Craig, and the cement in Alleghany ; boots and shoes were made in 
Alleghany, Russell and Wise ; cabinet furniture in Alleghany, Tazewell and Rus- 
sell; bar iron in Alleghany and Lee; distilled liquors in Craig and Scott; sawed 
lumber in Bath, Alleghany and Russell; wagons and carts in Highland, Bath and 
Russell ; leather in all the counties but Giles, Lee, Buchanan and Wise ; flour and 
meal in Highland, Bath, Alleghany, Craig and Russell; saddles and harness in 
Highland, Bath, Alleghany, Tazewell and Russell; wool carding was carried on in 
Bath and Russell, and blacksmithing in Highland, Bath, Giles and Russell. 



Section II. — Facilities for Manufacturing in Virginia. 

The facilities Virginia presents for the successful prosecution of many kinds of 
manufactures may be summed up as — 

1st. A great variety and abundance of raw materials, so distributed that they 
can be obtained at a moderate cost at numerous points. 

2d. Ample supplies of water power, the cheapest of motors, in almost every 
portion of the State; large areas favorably disposed for using the force of wind as 
a moving power ; and cheap fuel, as wood from the ever-growing forests, or coal, 
the concentrated fuel, the most efficient aid in the production of power and in many 
of the processes of manufacture. 



110 

3d. A CLIMATE healthy and every way favorable for industrial pursuits, being 
generally free from the extremes that hinder the successful and profitable employ- 
ment of labor the whole year. 

4th. Convenience of access to markets, both domestic and foreign, by ocean 
highways, navigable rivers, canals, railways, &c., that furnish numerous channels of 
communication and cheap conveyance. 

5th. A good SUPPLY OF human and animal labor, at hand or easily attainable, 
that can be had for fair and moderate wages. 

6th. A large surplus of the best of food for man or beast, furnishing a cheap 
market. 

7th. Homes, the fee-simple of which can be bought by the savings of common 
industry, or which can be cheaply rented. 

8th. A desire on the part of the State and people to have all kinds of manu- 
facturing, for which facilities are here found, introduced and encouraged. 

These are the essentials for securing the location of the world's workshops. 
That Virginia possesses these advantages, as much as almost any known country, . 
is generally conceded, and the results from the few large manufacturing enterprises 
that have been carried on in the State demonstrate that these facilities have not 
been over estimated. 

It is easy to explain why comparatively little use has been made of the man- 
ufacturing resources of Virginia. An extensive domain, a prolific soil and genial 
climate, have invited her population to the more pleasant pursuit of agriculture, 
and satisfied with the abundance that flowed from a not laborious cultivation of the 
gifts of Providence of one kind, they have been content to hold in reserve, almost 
untouched, the larger and in some respects more valuable legacy embodied in the 
raw materials for manufactures and the forces for their exploitation entailed upon 
them by the same unstinted bounty. The chaos that has come of war incites, by 
its wide-spread disasters, to a cosmos calling for a larger and more general develop- 
ment; and Virginia, epitomizing in herself, like England, the varied resources that 
have given strength and wealth to nations, now resolutely determines to cultivate 
all tlie arts born of industry and vindicate a claim to pre-eminence in these, as she 
has in other pursuits, by the fruits furnished in due time. 

The chapters in this volume on the Mineral, Animal and Vegetable Resources 
of the State, and the accompanying physical maps, show: that iron, copper, lead, 
gold, salt, coal, limestone, manganese, clays, and other minerals are abundant and widely 
distributed; that many varieties of timber abound in all sections, while other pro- 
ducts of the vegetable kingdom, materials to work up, are exceedingly plentiful; 
and that large supplies of a:nimal products, to be converted into more valuable forms 
by labor, are presently available, and that the quantity can be increased so as to 
equal almost any demand. 

The facts given warrant the statement that the 7'aiv materials, developed and unde- 
veloped, in Virginia, are sufficient in quantity and quality, in nearly every portion of the 
State, to supply the elements for almost every known form of manifacturing industry, even 
when conducted on the most extensive scale. 

A perusal of the chapter descriptive of Virginia, and a study of the accompa- 
nying maps and sections, must convince any one that a State so permeated by rivers, 



lU 

Laving their sources in elevated mountain ranges where the deposition of moisture 
is almost constant, and that descend through not only hundreds, but thousands of 
feet in their long way to the sea, crossing successive steps or " benches " of country, 
and having their general course at right angles to the highly inclined rock forma- 
tions of every section of the State above Tidewater, must furnish an almost un- 
limited quantity of water-power, while in Tidewater the regular flow of the tides, 
the fall of the smaller streams and the steady movements of the air, furnish an 
abundance of natural motive power. The supply of wood and coal for fuel may be 
stated as inexhaustible, as the forests here renew themselves without man's aid, and 
the 59,000 square miles of the Appalachian Coal Basin confront her whole western 
boundary. A large area of this, as well as of the Triassic Coal Basins, lies within 
the State. No part of the State has any lack of means for producing power to 
propel fiaachinery. 

As an example of the water-power in Virginia, the James river may be in- 
stanced. In the ten miles from the head of tide to Bosher's dam, this river falls 130 
feet and has, by estimation, a constant average of 44,800 horse-power. Less than 
2,000 of this power is now used for the extensive manufacturing establishments of 
Richmond and Manchester. It is well to repeat that this great surplus power is in the 
midst of a fertile and healthy region, where the climate is favorable for work the year 
round, where timber, coal and other raw materials are near at hand, and where sea-go- 
ing vessels drawing fourteen feet of water can come to the very doors of the manufac- 
turing establishments, and where a canal that penetrates for 200 miles a region ricli 
in agricultural and mineral resources has its tidewater terminus. Following up this 
broad and deep river, by the line of the completed James River and Kanawha 
Canal, there is found a fall of 513 feet, including the 130 above mentioned, in 
the 145 miles between Richmond and Lynchburg,* distributed among the fifty- 
one locks of the canal, located along the river, between the points named, fur- 
nishing a very large amount of water-power, already under control by the dams 
constructed for the canal, and that can be had for manufacturing purposes at a nomi- 
nal rent. In the thirty miles between Lynchburg and the western base of the Blue 
Ridge the fall is 193 feet, also locked and dammed, and in the twenty-one miles 
more to Buchanan, in the Valley, the present terminus of the canal, 196 miles from 
Richmond, the fall is over 130 feet. At Clifton Forge, 227 miles from Richmond, 
the place to which the canal will probably be soon completed to a junction with the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, this river is 1,036 feet above mean tide. At Coving- 
ton, also on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 243 miles from Richmond by the 
river, the water is 1,246 feet above tide, and the river is still a very considerable 
stream, affording fine water-power. In the sixty miles from Covington to the head 
of Jackson's river, the true James, there is fully a thousand feet more of available 
fall. No mention has been made of the numerous large and small affluents of the 
James, shown on the maps, all descending from high levels and contributing to that 
stream from all directions. It will hardly be considered an exaggeration, in view 
of the known facts, to say that more than 100,000 available horse-power is now run- 
ning to waste in the waters of the James alone. 

•* At Lynchburg the James is six hundred feet wide, and has an average depth of four feet. 



112 

The rivers that originate in Middle Virginia have from 200 to 500 feet of available 
fall; those in Piedmont from 300 to 800; those in the Blue Ridge, in the southwest, 
many hundred; the streams of the Valley have from 500 to 1,5(X) feet of descent that 
can be utilized ; and those of Appalachia fully 1,000 feet. The waters of the Potomac, 
including the Shenandoah, those of the Rappahannock, the Pamunkey, the Appo- 
mattox, Roanoke, the Kanawha or New, and the branches of the Tennessee, may be 
especially mentioned in connection with those of the James as having large amounts 
of o-ood water-power. Excellent mill-seats may be found in all portions of the 

State. 

The chapter on Climate presents the facts which show that Virginia has a medium 
climate, especially fitted for manufacturing pursuits. It is rarely that the streams are 
frozen, and many operations can here be carried on in the open air that elsewhere 
must have not only shelter, but artificial heat provided for their successful prosecution. 
The maps of the United States Statistical Atlas, Plate XLI., show that no portion 
of the United States north of latitude 35° is more free from consumption than Vir- 
ginia, while most of the State is in the favored belt. From malarial diseases 
the deaths, by the same authority, Plate XLIL, are less than 100 in 10,000 in almost 
the entire State ; most of Tidewater is in the belt of 250 to 550 in 10,000. No por- 
tion of tlie State is depicted as having the worst malarial districts, and nearly all of 
it is in tJie most highly favored areas in the United States. Plate XLV. brings to 
similar conclusions in regard to intestinal diseases, most of the State being in the 
area of 250 deaths in 10,000 from this class of diseases. By Plate XLVI. no part of 
the Union suffers less from enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, a large portion 
of the State having less than 250 deaths in 10,000, and more than half of it from 
250 to 550 from this class of diseases. These carefully comjjiled maps, published 
by authority of the General Government, settle the character of Virginia as that of 
an extremely healthy country. 

An inspection of the maps and a perusal of the chaj^ters on Commerce and 
Internal Improvements will show that Virginia is admirably situated with refer- 
ence to all the great markets of the country, being midway on the Atlantic coast, 
penetrated by broad arms of the sea that bring ships farther inland than those of 
any other Atlantic State, and everywhere intersected by lines of railway having 
connections with every part of the country. It may be safely asserted that the 
ways to and from the sea (always the ways of industrial activity) through Virginia 
territory are, naturally, more numerous and command a larger area than those of 
any other State. When a few short intervals in lines of communication are filled 
np, every part of the State will have excellent facilities for traffic. 

The desire is general to promote manufacturing industries, that the stores of 
raw materials may be utilized and a market at home be secured for the products of 
the soil. Such being the almost unanimous wish of the people, the Legislature Is 
disposed to foster manufacturing enterprises to the extent of its constitutional 
ability. 

The chapter on Population shows that Virginia has, in proportion to her popu- 
lation, a very large number of able-bodied males of the active age, and the experience 
of those that have used the labor here so abundant, under sensible management and 
Tigilant oversight, essentials to success everywhere, proves that it is of the best kind, 



113 

■especially for the heavier and coarser sorts of manufactures. There are no more 
successfully conducted manufactures than those of tobacco, iron, &c., in Virginia. 
Laborers of the better class are also numerous, and Virginia is but a few hours from 
the great centres of population in the United States, and but a few days' sail from 
Europe. The number of laboring animals (see Chapter IV.) is here very large, 
and the conditions are very favorable for a cheap and continuous supply. 

The large agricultural resources of the State, and the numbers engaged in farm- 
ing, grazing, &c., and its commercial location, making it an outlet for the products of 
the West, insure to this region an abundance of cheap food. The materials for build- 
ing are so plentiful and such is the character of the climate, that cheap and com- 
fortable houses can be readily had. The prices current show that Virginia can 
furnish food, fuel, clothing, and a home, as cheaply as any portion of the United 
States ; and ample provision has been made for educational and religious instruction. 
(See ciiapters on Education and Religion). 

For the manufacture of iron Virginia has especial advantages — the varieties 
of ore are numerous, the quantity great and the quality good; fuel, wood for char- 
coal, soft bituminous coal for coke, and splint or block coal to use raw, is plentiful 
and very accessible, and therefore cheap. 

The following estimate of the cost of making pig iron (1875) was made by a 
Pennsjdvania company for a site in Amherst county, in Piedmont, on the James 
River and Kanawha Canal: 

Two tons ore @ $1, delivered $ 2 00 

One and a half tons Aiitln-acite coal @ $6.50 per ton 9 75 

Limestone 25 

Labor 3 25 

Interest, &c., per ton of iron made 1 00 

Cost at furnace. $16 50 

Freight, canal, &c., to Philadelphia 2 50 

Total cost in Philadelphia $19 00 



A report prepared in reference to iron manufacturing in Staunton, in The Valley, 
in 1875, gives the following estimates for materials delivered : Iron ores yielding 
from 35 to 58 per cent, metallic iron, requiring 2} tons of crude ore per ton of iron 
of 2,240 pounds, |l.25 to $2.50; limestone per ton, 50 cents; New River coke (con- 
taining 91.7 to 93.8 per cent, pure carbon and but A of 1 per cent, of sulphur), 
requiring from li to lih tons per ton of iron per long ton, $5. The estimated cost of 
a long ton of pig, made at Staunton, was $17.25. That was the actual cost, including 
■everything, at Quinnimont, West Virginia, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 
it was stated by the manufacturers. 

The American Iron and Steel Association in a late report says, speaking of Vir- 
ginia and adjacent States, they are "rich in iron ore, much of it of the best quality ; 
* * possess vast deposits of bituminous coal. Labor is abundant and cheap ; access 
to iron markets is not difficult — so that, with sufficient capital, enterprise and skill, the 
manufacture of pig iron and bar iron may be pursued successfully and profitably." 

In 1874, Mr. Harriss-Gastrell, of the British !^mha^sy at Washington, made a, 
15 



114 

voluminous and able report to his government on the Iron and Steel Industries of 
the United States, in which frequent reference is made to Virginia. On page 176- 
he states that he had been informed that ores can be mined and put on the cars at 
from 50 cents to $1 per ton. On page 178 the following statement is made as to th& 
cost of a ton of Bessemer steel ore from fifty miles west of Richmond : 

Cost of mining, &c §1 00 

Eoyalty .- 50 

Freight to Richmond 1 00 

Hauling to station, through Richmond 1 00 

Freight to Philadelphia 1 50 

Incidentals 1 00 

Total $6 00 



"The above computation would, at the recent prices of such ores in the Anthra- 
cite districts of Pennsylvania, have left a large margin for interest, sinking fund and 
profit." 

On page 200 he says " the cost of labor per ton of ore appears to be, for the 
United States, about $2 : Michigan shows $1.83 per ton ; New York shows $2.05 ; New 
Jersey nearly $3 ; and Pennsylvania about $1.87 per ton. In Virginia the cost of labor 
per ton is only 77 cents; in Wisconsin, Iron Ridge ores mainly, only 92 cents; and 
in Missouri nearly $1.40; while North Carolina runs it up to $3.60." On page 201 
it is stated that materials per ton cost, for the United States, about 37 cents: for 
Michigan, SO.cents; for New York, 44 cents; for New Jersey, 47 cents,' for Penns}^- 
vania, 35 cents ; and for Ohio, 31 cents. " In Virginia the cost of material appears 
to be less than 15 cents." The value of the ore per ton is given as $1.92 in Virginia; 
$4 in New York; $3.60 in Pennsylvania; $2.20 in Missouri, &c. On page 212, in 
estimating the cost of production at exporting points of ores, this " blue book "" 
makes the cost in the Lake Superior and Missouri regions, in 1873, about $4 per 
ton; in the Lake Champlain, from $3.50 to $4; in Pennsylvania, $2.50; and in the 
South, $2. On page 270 a table of weekly wages of furnace_ hands is given, with the 
following result for the "Richmond district, in Virginia," viz: keeper, $15; guttea*- 
men, $12; fillers, ore-breakers and wheelers, $10 each; foreman, $30; engineer, $16; 
hours of labor per week, 84. For the Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, district the figures 
are: keeper, $26; helper, $19.50; fillers, $15.75; ore-breakers and wheelers, $9.60; 
coal-rackers or common laborers, $7.20; foreman, $30; engineer, $31.50; hours of 
labor, 84. The cost of making a ton of iron in Pittsburg is given on page 273 as 
$30.73, from ordinary ores. On page 278 a statement is made as to cost of material 
and labor in Virginia, confirming previous ones. On page 282, in conclusions on 
iron manufacture in the South, the report says: "The fact seems to be that coke 
pig iron can be made for from $15 to $18, and on an average for $16, including in- 
terest on original outlay, and a fair profit on ores and fuel." On pages 292 and 302 
statements given show how cheaply charcoal iron can be produced in Virginia. 
On page 606 the cost of materials for a ton of nails is given as $58.75, in Virginia, 
or less than in any other State; in Pennsylvania it was $76.55; in Missouri, $79.08, 



115 



Additions to Section I — Results of Manufactuees. 

The following tables and remarks are from an article by George Baughman, 
Esq., in Hunt's Merchants Magazine of New York, for January, 1859, Volume XL. 
They were compiled with great care, from data collected at the establishments, and 
present a much better exhibit of the manufacturing and mechanical industries of 
Richmond in 1858 than the census returns of 1860, before given, do for the year 
1859 : 

Manufacturing and Mechanical Statistics of Richmond for the year 1858. 



Tobacco— Chewing 

Smoking 

Sterameries 

Cigars 

Plour 

Corn meal 

Iron rolling mills 

Iron and steel mill 

Foundries and machine shops 

Architectural foundry 

Stove foundry 

General foundry 

Railroad machine shops 

Shapening mills 

IronraHings 

Nails 

Blacksmiths 

Bell and brass founders 

Coppersmith 

Saw maker 

File maker 

Tin ware, stoves, plumbing and lightning rods 

Silver plater 

Agricultural implements and foundries 

Book binders 

Bakeries 

Boot and shoemakers 

Brush makers 

Boxes— merchandise packing 

Boxes and cases — tobacco 



Is 


■3 

IT <a 

Kg 

d 


53 


4,052 




300 


6 


600 


8 


21 


T 


3T5 


8 


as 


:} 


410 




650 




14 




16 




12 


4 


159 


2 


16 


6 


42 


1 


1T5 


42 


126 


1 


6 


1 


14 


1 


10 


1 


4 


12 


91 


1 


4 


6 


105 


6 


36 


30 


126 




2^ 


2 


8 


2 


7 




90 



o o 



> =3 



515,000 

20,000 

3,000 

400,000 
8,000 • 

158,000 

191,000 
5,000 
8,200 
3,500 
34,750 
4,3T5 
7,500 



O D 

•gS ft 



$ 636,000 
12,000 
30,000 
16,000 
650,000 
53,000 

192,000 

212,000 
7,500 

10,000 
3,000 

66,000 
3,250 

22,000 
•150,000 

82,000 
1,500 
7,500 
8,000 
3,000 

87,500 
1,500 

50,000 

20,000 
131,000 

75,000 
2,000 
4,000 

50,000 



6,228,496 

22,000 

187,500 

22,933 

4,043,637 

221,000 

481,500 

795,000 

15,080 

15,000 

12,000 

78,173 

17,500 

40,000 

237,500 

126,000 

5,003 

14,000 

15,000 

4,00« 

230,009 

4,000 

800,009 

53,509 

300,009 

253,003 

2,009 

5,211 

250,853 



Capital. 



m 



Manufacturing and Mechanical l%siwfies Continued. 



Bottling— soda, ale and beer 

Butcliers 

Building— Brick making 

Brick laying , 

Carpenters , 

Plasterers 

Painters 

■Sash, blind and door makers. 

Mouldings , 

Planing mills 

SSiater 

Sawmill 

Arcliitectural plaster ornaments . . ^. . . . . 

Architects 

Stone cutters 

Marble cutters 

'Cabinet makers 

Carriage makers 

Clothing 

Coopers 

Confectioners 

Carver — wood 

Cotton factories 

Cedar and willowware 

Curriers 

Dyeing 

Distillery 

Gas works 

Gunsmiths 

Glass works 

Hatters 

Jewelry makers and repairers 

Ivory cutters and carvers 

Lime burners— shell 

Lock maker 

Lock repairers 

Looking glass and frame 

Lard refinery 

Iicather oelting and hose 



11 


•a >» 

w a 

d 


3& 

o a' 


o3 3 
0) a, 

O (B 


6 


36 


%■ 4,500 


$ 12,500 


48 


96 




120,000 


7 


210 


5,000 


69,000 


13 


225 


23,000 


19,000 


37 


295 


20,460 


143,000 


12 


70 


700 


2,009 


23 


106 


1,900 


17,250 


5 


35 


1,200 


9,800 




6 


1,000 


3,000 


2 


50 


10,000 


30,000 


1 


10 


300 


2,000 


1 


16 


3,500 


5,700 


1 


3 


500 


2,000 


5 


11 


2,500 


10,000 


3 


24 


600 


36,000 


3 


40 


a,ioo 


36,500 


13 


105 


2,000 


52,500 


11 


185 


5,000 


78,000 


60. 


420 


2,000 




11 


S05 


25,000 


42,000 


^ 


48 


3,000 


42,000 


1 


1 




420 


2 


450 


122,500 


169,000 


2 


6 




5,000 


3 


13 


1,000 


17,000 


3 


14 


3,000 


12,500 


1 


75 


40,000 


20,000 


1 


60 




283,000 




20 


5,000 


20,000 


1 


55 


2,000 


15,000 




21 


1,000 


4,000 




50 


2,500 


10,000 


2 


4 


500 


2,000 


2 


6 


1,000 




1 


'1 


1,100 


4,500 


3 


4) 






2 


6 


500 


9,000 


1 


4 


2,000 


10,000 


1 


2 


1,000 


2,500 



$ 40,310 
557,151' 
143,500 
300,000 
330,000 
70,000 
76,500 
24,500 

6,oeo 

60,000 

10,000 

29,400 

3,000 

10,000 

12,000 

60,000 

346,000 

239,000 

459,000 

220,000 

83,333 

750 

435,000 

3,000 

205,000 

14,000 

260,000 

107,085 

30,000 

40,000 

65,000 

60,000 

4,000 

20,900 

8,000 

i,000 

6,000 

10,000 



117 



Manufacturijig and Mechanical Statistics Continued. 



Millwright 

idilliners and mantua makers 

Paper mill 

Plaster mills 

Paper hanging and upholsterers 

Phosphate of lime 

Piano makers 

Plumbers 

Penitentiary— sundries 

Stoneware 

Saddle and harness makers 

Soap and candle makers 

Sail maker 

Tannery 

Turners 

TJmbrellas 

Wheelwrights 

Water works 

Printing— book and job 

Printing — newspaper and periodical. 



Total.. 



H-2 



S3 






25 
400 
40 
14 
29 

8 
12 

4 



207 



11,811 



o t, 

O 0) 



(Da 

> 03 



$ 2,500 

25,000 
5, TOO 

500 
1,000 

10,043 
BOO 

15,000 

2,500 

1,200 

100 

1,500 

136,500 



$1,819,193 



O 03 



40,000 
30,000 
8,000 
28,000 
2,000 
8,000 
4,000 

10,000 

48,000 

24,500 

2,000 

3,500 

6,000 

3,000 

15,000 

350,000 

125,350 



$4,609,270 



Deduct value of manufactures included in the above, not the products of Kichmond, viz : 

Agricultural Implements 

Furniture 

Carriages 

Leather 

Guns, &c 

Paper Hangings , 



$ 15,000 
120,000 
60,000 
130,000 
15,000 
40,000 



$ 25,000 

117,000 

60,000 

28,000 

111,500 

12,000 

9,500 

3,000 

81,383 

10,000 

120,000 

115,000 

12,000 

6,000 

10,000 

2,500 

20,000 

32,273 

272,500 



$19,878,896 



Total product of Richmond. 



$390,000 
$19,488,896 



RECAPITULATION. 

Different kinds of manufacturing and mechanical establishments 91 

Number of persons employed— i. e., principals, clerks and operatives 11,811 

Amount of capital invested in necessary tools and machinery $1,819,193 

Amount of capital invested In real estate occupied by establishments 4,609,270 

Total amount of products In twelve months 19,488,896 

No estimate was made of the capital invested In raw materials. 



118 



Artistic. 





til 




^ >> 


■cS 


m 






tn 


o <u 

^3 


M 


03 




a 


cS 


•^€> 


^-t 


O 




S3 


W 
o 




O OJ 
3 M 


o 




i=S 


o 


■5^ 


■3H 


a 




s*^ 


K 


i>" 


t> 


<j 


Ambrot vpes and pliotograplis 


1 


IT 


$ D,000 


$ 32,000 


$ 28,000 


Portrait and landscape painters 




3 






1 






4,000 




Total 


T 


21 


$3,000 


$32,000 


$32,000 





Comparison of Richmond with other American Cities. 





Products o 


F Manufactures. 


Comparison of Population, Pbopertt, &c. 




a 


Value of Manu- 
factures per 
capita of Pop- 
ulation. 


w a 

P o 

d 


SB 


OS 


d 
o 

& 

Ph 


■a o 

OS ft. 


OS 

w 
ft, 




1850 
1850 
1855 
1855 

185T 
1858 


$148 
204 
319 
13T 
119 
433 


66,474 
83,620 
Not stated. 
6,820 
10,573 
11,811 


$ 910 
1,258 

1,491 
.1,467 
1,650 


1854 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1857 
1858 
1854 


480,000 
623,000 
162,629 
74,214 

130,000 

5 30,000 white 
1 15,000 black 

40,373 








$487,060,838 
241,932,200 
83,037,711 
36,256,249 
47,802,719 
12,524,095 


$ 779 




1,420 


Buffalo 


445 


Chicao'O 


279 


Kichmond .^ 


1,593 




310 







'' By a comparison of the list of our manufactures witli any of the above cities, 
the difference in the average to each hand will be seen chiefly to be in our milling 
business, in which 375 hands turn out over four and a half million dollars; and 
this illustrates another great advantage we enjoy in our great water power, and still 
another in being at the outlet of an interior which produces the only wheat, the 
flour from whi@h has always been shipped to extreme southern latitudes without 
spoiling. The advantages of Richmond over the cities named above, as a manu- 
facturing locality, is without question. She has them in her immense water power, 
in her immediate vicinity to an almost illimitable field of the best coal, and in her 
great convenience to the very best iron ore, leaf tobacco, wheat, cotton, and almost 
every other kind of raw material." 



119 



General Recapitulation of Business, &c.^ of Richmond for 1858. 



ZManuf acturing and mechanical 

Artistic 

Merchandising 

-Auction sales of real and personal property. 

Live stock 

Industrial 

Ttliscellaneous 

Professional 

Inspectors, &c 

Total 



Number of 
Hands. 



11,811 

21 

2,384 

61 
54 
740 
495 
287 
426 



Value of Tools 
and 

Machinery. 



1,819,193 
8,000 



312,530 



139,900 



"Value of 
Real Estate 
Occupied. 



4,609,270 

32,OC0 

3,902,800 

88,000 
20,000 
152,500 
392,000 
310,000 



$9,566,570 



Value of 

Products. 



$ 19,i8S,896 

32,000 

37,142,826 

$56,663,722 

7,665,180 

290,837 

599,101 

839,025 

394,450 

270,807 



$66,723,115 



" No place in the State, and but few, if any, in the whole country, possess 
greater natural advantages for productive industry. With a mild and equable 
-climate and healthful locality, with complete railroads and canal of nearly 1,000 
miles, radiating from Richmond, penetrating forests, mines, grazing and agricultural 
districts, abounding in every variety of raw material for the loom, anvil, buhr, screw, 
saw, &c., and by their connections, giving quick and cheap access to the products 
■of the South and Southwest generally, and with an unobstructed outlet by the river 
■to the ocean for coastwise and foreign export, and with an almost unlimited demand 
for every article of merchandise and manufacture, we really believe that Richmond 
lias scarcely a parallel for combined manufacturing and commercial advantages." 

A recent* British "Blue Book" gives these returns of Iron and Steel Manu- 
' iTACTURES in Virginia for 1869-70: 

In maJcing and repairing railroad cars, there were employed 7 establishments, 
■using 7 steam engines with 250 horse-powers, 1 water wheel with 70 horse-power, 
-469 men, and having $1,205,600 invested capital, paying $258,578 for wages, and 
$330,458 for materials, the products being worth $613,036. The products of forged 
iron were valued at $42,750. In maJcing machinery, 28 establishments were at work, 
using 15 steam engines with 223 horse-powers, 3 water wheels with 124 horsepow- 
■ers, working 501 men and 22 boys, having $714,527 capital invested, paying $214,- 
723 in wages, and $238,963 for materials, producing 13 boilers, 14 stationary en- 
;gines, 160 tobacco presses and machines, 2 water wheels, doing $480,182 worth of 
miscellaneous and repair work, producing in all $591,182. In iron casting, 54: es- 
tablishments were engaged, IS using 245 horse-powers of steam engines, and 19 
-using 388 horse-powers of water wheels ; 57 cupola furnaces were used, having a 
■dail}^ capacity of 127 tons of melted metal; 541 men and 12 boys were employed; 
Ihe capital invested was $554,235, and $199,275 were paid for wages, using 5,547 

* Keport of Mr. liaiTiss-Gastrell, of British Legation, on Iron and Steel Industries in thd 
ajnited States, 1874. 



120 

tons of pig iron, valued at $199,788, and 2,995 tons of scrap iron, worth $79,141^ 
with 6,242 tons of coal, costing $42,521, and other materials $2,312 — a total for ma- 
terials of $323,762— producing 5,300 car wheels, 700 feet of railing, $4,835 worth of 
hollow-ware, 1,890 stoves, 1,059 tons of agricultural castings, and 5,344 tons of mis- 
cellaneous castings, all valued at $762,274. In the manufacture of nails, Virginia, 
had one establishment using 2 water wheels having 100 horse-power, working 160 
men, with $125,000 invested capital, paying $722,460 for wages, using 4,000 tons of 
plate iron and 50 tons of coal, the materials all costing $224,200, producing 3,950 
tons of nails valued at $350,000, the materials for a ton costing $58.75, the labor 
$21.55, and the value was $88.90; the materials cost less than in any other State^ 
In manufacturing iron, and articles from it, Virginia had 89 establishments, using 25- 
steam engines with 735 horse-powers, 58 water wheels with 1,986 horse-powers, em- 
ploying 2,338 men, 4 women and 72 youths, with $2,318,635 invested capital, pay- 
ing $833,660 for wages and $2,027,590 for materials, producing to the value of 
$3,605 940. 



121 



CHAPTER VI. 
THE COMMERCE OF VIRGINIA. 

Section I. — -Commercial Results. 

In 1870 only about l-20th (4.89 per cent.) of the people of Virginia were em- 
ployed in trade and transportation, while the average proportion for the United 
States was 9.52 per cent. This may be assumed to have been the usual proportion. 
Therefore, notwithstanding the great advantages the State possesses in resources a,nd 
location, the commercial results she can present are comparatively meagre, although 
other communities have grown rich from the traffic drawn from her borders. 

In 1870 the population of Tidewater Virginia was 346,305, and of these only 
3,387 were reported as engaged in trade and transportation, of which number only 
2,805 were natives of the State. 

The Foreign Commerce of Virginia has been generally confined to the expor- 
tation of raw materials. Most of the imports consumed in the State have reached 
it through Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York. 

Mr. Jefferson, in his " Notes on Virginia," gives the following exhibit of the 
Average Export Trade of the State (taking one year with another) previous to the 
Revolution of 1776 : 

No. 1. 



articles. 



Tobacco 

Wheat 

Indian corn 

Shipping 

Masts, planks, scantling, shingles and staves . 
Tar, pitch and turpentine 



Peltry, viz : skins of deer, beavers, otters, musk- 
rats, raccoons and foxes 

Pork 



Plax seed, hemp and cotton. 

Pit coal, pig iron 

Peas 



Beef 

Sturgeon, white shad, herring 

Brandy from peaches and apples, and whiskey. 
Horses 



QUANTITY, 



55,000 hhds. of 1,000 lbs. 
800,000 bushels. 
600,000 bushels. 



30,000 barrels. 

180 hhds. of 600 lbs. 
4,000 barrels. 



5,000 bushels. 
1,000 barrels. 



(This sum is equal to £850,000 Virginia money=- 607,142 guineas). 



PRICE. 



I 30 per hhd. 
$5-6 per bush. 
$ X per bush. 



$1X per barrel. 
$5-12 per lb. 
$10 per barrel. 



$ X per bush. 
$3X per barrel. 



AMOUNT. 



Total. 



$ 1,650,000 
666,666?^ 
200,000 
100,000 
66,666?^ 
40,000 

42,000 

40,000 
8,000 
6,666?^ 
3,333X 
3,333X 
3,333X 
1,666% 
1,666X 
$2,833,333^ 



16 



122 

Previous to the war of 1812 Norfolk monopolized most of the trade of the 
British West Indies, and derived mucli profit from it. This trade subsequejitly 
Tevived, but has not as yet assumed its former proportions. Doubtless, now that 
interior communications have been generally established, it will again seek its best 
•distributing points for its largest customers through Virginia ports. 

During the fiscal j^ear ending September 30th, 1831, the domestic* exports of 
Virginia were valued at $4,149,986, and the imports at $488,552. 

In 1840 the domesticf exports of the State amounted to $4,778,220, and the 
imports to $545,685, and 31 commercial and 64 commission houses, with a capital 
of $4,299,500, were engaged in foreign trade. 

The official reports of the Bureau of Statistics, in the Department of the Trea- 
sury of the United States, on Commerce and Navigation, have furnished the com- 
mercial information here given, unless otherwise stated. 

No. 2. 

statement Showing the ISTUMBER of AMERICAN and FOREIGN Vessels, with their TONNAGE 
ond Crews, ^/iai Entered Virginia Ports from Foreign Countries during the Fiscal Years 
1858 to 1860, and 1866 to 1874. 





Amekican Vessels. 


Foreign Vessels. 


Aggregate. 


OH !3 


Teak. 


a 
p 


« 
o 

EH 


i 


1^ 

a 


a 

O 


1 

CD 

o 


a 
p 


m 

a 
o 




Proportion t 
Tonnage 
U.S.(inrou 
bers). 


1S58 
1859 
1850 
1866 
1867 
1S68 
1869 
ISTO 
19T1 
1872 
18T3 
18T4 


165 
139 
185 
15 
36 
20 
19 
42 
32 
16 
21 
65 


T3,422 

62,T81 

80,97T 

3,101 

15,845 

6,840 

3,278 

7,495 

T,083 

5,324 

5,440 

16,993 


2,837 

38 

212 
119 
268 
231 
140 
165 
472 


94 
97 
88 
38 
31 
43 
38 
26 
21 
74 
80 
45 


18,910 
26,556 
16,785 
15,923 
10,530 
13,686 
9,790 
7,773 
10,104 
51,140 
55,568 
27,670 


788 

483 

318 

263 

370 

2,236 

2,650 

1,060 


259 
236 
273 
53 
67 
63 
52 
68 
53 
90 
101 
110 


102,332 
89,337 
97,762 
19,024 
26,875 
20,526 
18,063 
15,278 
17,187 
56,464 
61,003 
44,663 


2,070 

695 

43T 

581 

601 

2,376 

2,815 

1,532 


1- 66th. 
1- 89tli. 
1- 84tli. 
l-432n(l 
l-288tli. 
l-374tli. 

l-611th. 
l-625t]l. 
l-192nd 
l-195tll. 
l-291tll. 



The items for 1858 show the condition of the trade of the State previous to 
the late war (1861-65), during which the commerce and shipping of the State were 
completely destroyed. The other years -show a gradual return of prosperity, when 
-compared with the whole country. 

In 1874 more details were given, and the reports state that the entries, ivith car- 
(joes, were of American vessels 63, with 15,971 tons and 439 in crews, and of foreign 
vessels 33, with 21,704 tons and 884 in crews. The entries in ballast were 2 Ameri- 
can vessels, with 1,022 tons and 33 in crews, and 12 foreign vessels, with 5,966 tons 
and 140 in crenv's. 



* Martin's Gazetteer, 1835. 



t Howe's Historical Collections of Virginia, 1845. 



123 



No. 3. 
statement Showing the Number of American and Foreign Vessels, wiih their Tonnage 
a?< (SCREWS, that Cleared /rom Virginia Ports for Foreign Countries during the Fiscal Years 
1858 to 1860, and 1860 to 1874. 





American Vessels. 


Foreign Vessels. 


Aggregate. 


o <u K 

m 






















So" 


Year. 


IB 

a 

a 
1 


o 


P 

6 


3 

e 


o 


CD 
O 


g 


a 

O 


(D 


Proportion 
Tonnage 
from U. S 
numbers) 


185S 


217 


66,766 


2,095 


100 


21,878 


697 


317 


88,644 


2,992 


1- 79tli. 


1859 


205 


65,377 




95 


19,371 




300 


84,748 




1- 94tli. 


1860 


180 


59,611 




88 


20,770 




2CS 


80,381 




1-11 Otli. 


1866 


13 


5,949 




49 


20,095 




62 


26,044 




l-326tll. 


1867 


32 


6,SOO 




40 


19,564 




72 


26,364 




l-32Stll. 


156S 


53 


15,479 


499 


57 


19,370 


699 


110 


34,849 


1,198 


l-259th. 


1369 


58 


18,370 


522 


67 


19,641 


657 


125 


38,011 


657 




18T0 


41 


9,906 


321 


66 


22,239 


746 


107 


32,145 


1,067 


l-286th. 


JS71 


43 


10,192 


319 


49 


13,435 


446 


92 


23,627 


765 


1-41 2th. 


lb72 


76 


19,270 


624 


64 


22,886 


718 


140 


42,156 


1,342 


l-256th. 


.373 


71 


20,050 


, ^'^^ 


69 


26,661 


891 


140 


46,711 


1,462 


l-246th. 


1874 


80 


25,517 


680 


78 


39,466 


1,102 


158 


64,983 


1,782 


l-206th. 



Of the vessels that cleared in 1874 with cargoes, 80 were American, having 
25,517 tons and 680 in crews, and 77 were foreign, having 39,019 tons and 1,091 in 
crews. The dei^artures in ballast were 1 foreign vessel of 447 tons, with 11 in its 
crew. 

No. 4. 

■Statement Showing the Number of American and Foreign Ocean Steam Vessels, with 
their Tonnage and Crews, that Cleared /rom Virginia Forts for Foreign Countries, and 
that Entered /roTO Foreign Countries, during the Fiscal Years 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873 1874. 





CLEARED. 


ENTERED. 


C bo 




American. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


TOTAl. 


'3 
IP 


S 




5 


a 


a 
o 


i 


CD 

a 


a 
o 


o 


a 

3 

2 
1 


m 

a 

o 

209 
213 


i 

an 
Q 


s 

3 


m 
o 


p 

6 


a 

3 

12; 



O 


CD 

6 


oa . 

11 
aa 

Ph 


1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 


2 
1 


331 
212 


12 
20 


1 

2 

8 
7 


1,442 

3,275 
10,488 
11,866 


46 

96 

317 
306 


1 

4 
8 
8 


1,442 

3,606 
10,488 
12,078 


46 

108 
317 
326 


17 
18 


3 

17 
25 
7 


4,423 
26,807 
38,488 
13,170 


195 
1,505 
2,075 

664 


3 

19 
25 

8 


4,423 
27,076 
38,488 
13,383 


195 
1,522 
2,075 

682 


l-666tli. 

l-118th. 
l-107th. 
l-360th. 



All these clearances and entrances were through the port of Norfolk, which 
lias every advantage that can be desired for the arrival and departure of the largest 
ocean steamships. The water at the wharves of Norfolk is always deep enough to 
permit the largest vessels to come alongside. 



124 



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125 

These summarized returns of the Bureau of Statistics give only the values of 
imports and exports, not the articles. To find out what the State trades in with_, 
other countries, other sources of information must be sought. The facts* of the 
trade of Richmond are the only ones accessible, but from those for one or two 
years, compared with Statements 5 and 6, a very good idea of the general trade 
may be formed. The cotton statement, hereafter given, will also help to show the 
courses of Virginia trade. 

Articles* and Values of Direct Trade of Richmond during the Fiscal Year 1872. 



IMPORTS. 
From Nova Scotia: 

227 boxes smoked herrings $25 

980 tous lump plaster 861 

From England : 

7,55S><f tons iron rails (old) 239,613 

3,052 tons iron rails (new) 19,801 

193,636 lbs. bar iron 3,289 

5T,61T sackssalt 47,32T 

3,446 gals, ale and porter 3,643 

145 gals, brandy 278 

441 gals. glQ 254 

61114 gals, whiskey 463 

452>^ gals, sherry 571 

892%- gals, claret. 701 

8 cases champagne 44 

12,100 lbs. licorice (?) 1,005 

16X tons coal 40 

'6 hounds 25 

Furniture 629 

China and earthenware 11,472 

Total imports 



$329,155 
$330,041 



The Directf Imports of Richmond in 1874 were: 

Coffee from Brazil $ 223,909 

Coffee from Venezuela 40 

Lump gypsum from Nova Scotia. ..... ..!! 7 314 

Guano from Nevassa Islands 5*830 

Salt from England 57*599 

Stout from England '.!'.!!!".'. i'l22 

Bass mats .'.'.'.','..'.'.'. '298 

Oil paintings !!.'!'.".*.."'.'.',!.' i 24 

Total imports $296,036 



EXPORTS. 
To France: 

"* 2,033 hhds. leaf tobacco $318,153 

1,010 bags oak bark i,000 

790 bags quercitron 1,155 

6,000 staves 420 

To Austria: 

2,214 hhds. leaf tobacco 

To Brazil : 

87,089 bbls. flour 786,022 

632 bbls. rosin 2,725 

30 bbls. pitch 142 

50O kegs lard 2,513 

84 bundles of window frames. . 475 
Hams, boards, l)ooks, hard- 
ware and clothing 298 

To Holland: 

60 hh Js. tobacco stems 

To Brertien : 

481 hhds. leaf tobacco 75,750 

157 hhds. tobacco stems 7,900 

14 boxes manufact'd tobacco.. 315 

622 bags quercitron 600 

To Scotland : 

290 hhds. tobocco strips 

To Ireland : 

9,726 bbls. flour 

To England: 

27S hhds. leaf tobacco 43,111 

1,167 hhds. tobacco strips 162,398 

15,000 staves 1,000 

To Italy: 

256 hhds. leaf tobacco 43,132 

6 boxes manuf act'd tobacco . . 80 

Total exports 



$320,728 
$487,460 



$792,175 
$3,110 



$84,565 
$43,552 

$68,285 



$206,609 

$43,21J 

2,049,686 



The Richmond trade with European countries is chiefly the exportation of 
tobacco, tan bark and staves, and the importation of salt,'manufactured iron and 
malt liquors, the import trade being heretofore with England. The trade with 
Nova Scotia is the exchange of tobacco for lump plaster mined there. Brazil ex- 
changes coffee for the flour of Richmond, that keeps so well in warm climates, 
naval stores and provisions. The enlargement of the course of direct trade that is 
taking place, resulting from the exportation of flour, tobacco, cotton, naval stores 
and other forest products, &c., in large quantities, will soon lead to an increase of 
imports to supply the sections from which the exports are drawn. 

* Eeport of Kichmond Cliamber of Commerce, 1874. 
Kichmond Dispatch, January 1st, 1875. 



126 



No. 
Summary Statement of Domestic Exports (tfte Growth, Produce and Manufacture of th& 





1S5S. 


1S68. 


1869. 


AEITCLES. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Bark for tanning 




$ 3,709 
185 

11,672 

114,034 
3,146 

119,422 

2,459,004 

9,163 








Books 










Bread and Breadstuff's : 

Bread and biscuits 5 1*^^^, 


3,052 I 
4UU3 

165,249 

763 

92,1 3S 

334,302 


bbls. 
810 

125,152 
1,695 


627 

152,101 
10,638 


lbs. 
24,753 

81,600 
1,769 


( Box's 

Indian corn Busli. 

Indian corn meal Bhls. 


"Wheat Bush. 


"Wheat flour Bbls. 

Other small grain and pulse 


29,312 


355,480 
141 


36,514 


Maizena, &c 








Bricks . .. 








280 
356 














Caudles — adamantine . Lbs 


16,-144 
900 


4,063 
400 














Caadles— tallow Lbs. 


1,000 


100 




Carriages, carts, &c 








Cars — railroad, &c » 




(?) 2,200 
5,131 








Coal — bituminous Tous 


1,146 






201 


Coal — other 






Cotton and Manufactures of: 












Other unmanufactured Llis. 

Colored manufactured 


*213,351 


28,976 
1,355 

11,000 
5,373 

185 


4,108,510 


956,228 


2,643,851 ' 


Lfncolored manufactured 




















3)rugs, chemicals, &c., not specified 






2,957 












Fruits : 

Not specified 








C44 




Apples — dried Lbs 






















Glass and glassware 




129 
420 


















Hay Tons 










Hemp— manufactures of 












Hoop skirts 












India rubber goods 




200 
782 








Iron and Manufactures of: 


113 









*495 bales. 



127 



6. 

United States) from Virginia Ports to Foreign Countries, during the fiscal years named. 



1869. 


1870. 


1871. 


1872, 


1873. 


1874. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 






$ 575 




$ 360 




$ 3,595 




$4,863 
100 




$86r 














1,576 










lbs. 
207 

91,723 

6 

28,639 

150,353 


21 

64,396 
24 

48,686 

1,226,734 

2,029 

196 








72,490 






40,554 

586 

9,171 

83,225 


37,54.5 
2,520 

11,380 

630,855 

1,920 


62,653 


42,983 


12,212 


10,62'r 


8,053 


1,220 
54,377 
89,549 


3,790 

81,765 

631,464 

614 














407,530 


117,809 


1,126,468 
1,228 


174,412 


l,526,S8r 

















































































































240 


37 






























60 


24,237 


30 


26,196 














1,005 


132 


2,419 


2,189 


9,843 


1,563 


7, 70S 




































713,076 


t4,2S9,611 


1,088,304 


t2,414,300 


327,109 


§1,750,416 


372,470 


13,509,699 


' 676,583 


T9, 253, 710 


1,434,203^ 
























414 






















450 




42 




























17 










119 


























80 


5 
60 


















25 
25 






























































T 


176 






















1,043 


















14 



















































1 9,652 bales. 15,354 bales. 5 3,854 bales. 17,791 bales. IT 20,524 bales. 



128 



No. 6— 





1858. 


1868. 


1869. 


ARTICLES. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Iron and Manii/actures of: 


























10,000 


4,000 
6,948 
















Steel and Manufactures of: 












- 






















leather and Manufactures of: 


1,138 


301 
































































Haval Stores: 


6,16T 
2,001 


9,C90 
3,256 


12,283 
120 


42,5TT 
323 


13,887 
1,210 


Tar and pitch Bbls. 

Oils : 


Do refined .. Gals. 










630 


Animal lard Gals. 
















80 


85 
















22 
775 

671 

8,418 

1,199 

536 


















J^rovisions : 


4,498 

ITT 
7,63T 
4,440 


350 


73 




Beef Bbls. 






625 
1,61T 


225 
185 


90 








nsh— pickled Bbla. 






8T 


185 










Lard Lbs. 


45,T53 


6,040 


2,500 


475 

75 

1,000 


100 
























Pork Bbls. 


822 


14,586 

















129 



Continued. 



1869. 


1S70. 


1871. 


1S72. 


1873. 


1874. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity 


Value. 


Quantity 


Value, 














1,050 










53 394 


















200 












100 


6 

901 

230 










































12 




5 






125 
























50 










































25 

408 




















250 








































13 


















75 

2,816 
332 












2,934 


4,34T 
808 


10,090 
1,61T 


1,007 
106 


705 
159 

1,000 
2,430 


3,061 
498 

250 

920 


3,617 
520 


13,442 
1,257 


427 
20 


1,691 
50 


305 


100 
215 


50 
320 










20,000 


5,000 








































80 








450 
















TO 






































4,588 
lbs. 
1,684 


428 
136 


125 
lbs. 
1,000 


20 
80 








lbs. 
1,000 


55 










30 
















856 


97 


















13 
















50 


200 
20 
30 
10 
94 












20 


















15 


3,750 


825 


150 


30,596 


3,671 


33,926 


4,054 


26,094 


2,650 
















3,276 










— 




















lbs. 
10,250 


1,025 




















- 














17 



130 



No. 6— 



AKTICLES. 


1858. 


188S. 


1869. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Provisions : 

Potatoes Bush. 


75 


73 








Vegetables 








Rags : 

Cotton" Lbs. 






1,616 


100 




Kice Trs. 


10 


269 




Seeds: 

Clover Bush. 








Flax Bush 






2 


7 




Gardea 








Soap Lbs. 












Spirits from grain Gals 


1,062 
2,453 


526 
1,239 








Spirits of turpentine Gals. 

Starch Lbs. 


112 
1,200 


84 
64 


bbls. 
1,001 


Sugar — refined ► Lbs 


3,400 


507 




Confectionery Lbs. 

Tallow 


















Tohaceo and Manufactures of: 

Leaf Hhds 


25,999 

5T,12T 


4,094,008 
15,205 


Ibfl. 
16,392,780 

59,203 


2,421,175 
31,250 


lbs.' 
11,311,564 


Manufactured Lbs 


Vinegar Gals. 




Wax Lbs. 


13,035 


3,907 
100 

1,203 
39,738 


1,280 


470 




Wearing apparel 




Wood and Mantlfact^lre8 of: 

Boards, &c M ft. 


T2 
7,74T 


114 
1,067 


2,835 
6,932 


200 
1,839 


Shingles M. 


Other shocks, staves and headings M. 

Hoop and other poles , M. 

Fire-wood Cords 


6,457 


220,719 


4,562 
10 


242,943 
450 










10 


Logs, masts, &c 












260 


3,755 

3,561 

2,860 

41,524 

1,232 
2,939 






418 








Household furniture 










Manufactures of wood, not specified 






428 

12,510 
254 




All articles, not enumerated: 

TTnTnaTiTifartnrefl , ,,..,.,, , ,, 






















Total 




$7,262,765 




^,244,551 . 













131 



Continued. 



aS69. 


1S70. 


1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


Yalue. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity, 


Value. 


Quantity. 


, Value. 
















12 


16 






3,788 














































































80 


































1,875 






















552 


33 




























660 


gals. 
80 


45 






































































9 

11 

1,327,160 
17,315 












700 

lbs. 
6,246,119 


90 

862,855 

18,070 

80 






80 

lbs. 
11,646,717 

635 


21,401 

lbs. 
7,493,036 


1,544 

900,501 
223,278 






1,552,961 


lbs. 
6,124,079 


752,542 


lbs. 
18,365,515 


1,928,659 
13,380 




200 












































100 






10,183 


43 

989 


1,475 
6,589 


10 
795 


260 
6,490 


126 
2,219 


3,013 
16,189 




31 
912 


474 


' 133 


1,445 


10,935 


6,58T 






184,274 




240,306 




416,824 
11 




413,710 




310 242 








800 














2 


8 






















111 

9,527 
11,317 
3,050 
595 j 






23,590 


cubic ft. 
26,844 


6,500 
7,125 






cubic ft. 
160 


120 
2,610 


cubic ft. 
22,635 


cubic ft. 
7,046 


4,069 
2,794 






















50 




576 

4,875 








1,455 
150. 








17,369 














158 


1,536 




8,638 




2,100 




























$3,3-27,450 




$2,983,258 




$2,046,3 ,) 




$3,518,387 




















"i 





132 



No. 7. 

Statement of the Direct Trade (Imports and Domestic Exports) of Virginia Ports 

during the fiscal years named. 





CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. 


IMPOKTS. 


Domestic 
Exports. 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 




In 
American 

Vessels. 


In 

Foreign 

Vessels. 


In 
American 

Vessels. 


In 

Foreign 

Vessels. 


18f).=! 


Ridamond 


$ 665,906 

174,997 

113,265 

122,165 

2,723 


$6,346,899 

561,185 

325,057 

5,992 

24,132 












Norfolk and Portsmoutti 
























Petersburg 












Tappaliannock 
























Total 


$1,079,056 


$7,262,765 


$785,217 


$293,889 


$5,890,824 


$1,372,441 






1868 


Riclimonci 


$ 29,260 

15,740 

6,636 

4,943 


$2,525,457 
1,719,094 












Norfolk and Portsmouth 












Alexandria 












Petersburg 




























Total 


$56,579 


$4,244,551 






















1869 


Rlclimond 


$ 41,214 

205,591 

8,532 

4,402 


$1,886,428 

1,371,796 

84,384 

34,892 












Norfolk and Portsmoutli 












Alexandria 












Petersburg 
























Total 


$259,739 


$3,327,450 






















1870 


Richmond 


$ 91,777 

14,451 

33,822 

1,263 


$1,636,770 

1,307,440 

89,048 


$23,924 

66 

2,953 


$67,853 
14,385 
30,869 
1,263 


$855,069 

150,683 

8,440 


$1,281,701 

1,156,807 

30 603 




Norfolk and Portsmouth 




Alexandria , 




Petersburg 


















Total 


$141,313 


$2,988,258 


$26,943 


$114,870 


$514,142 


$2,469,116 


1871 


Richmond 


S 63,563 
94,091 
14,908 


$1,418,262 

628,048 


$11,419 
28,618 
12,410 


$ 57,144 
65,478 
2,498 


$656,744 
158,079 


$ 761,518 


t 


Norfolk and Portsmouth 




Alexandria 
















Total 


$177,562 


$9,046,810 


$52,447 


$125,115 


$814,823 


$1,231,48T 






187? 


Richmond 


$ 227,263 
290,128 
15,310 
95,247 


$2,574,060 
888,037 
56,290 


$ 1,406 
98,523 
3,015 


$225,857 

191,605 

12,295 

95,247 


$1,593,530 

879,667 

2,317 


$ 980,530 

508,370 

53,973 

95 247 




Norfolk and Portsmouth 




Alexandria 




Petersburg 
















Total 


$627,948 


$3,518,387 


$102,944 


$525,004 


$1,975,514 


$1,638,120 








133 



No. 7 — Continued 





CUSTOMS DISTEICTS. 


Imports. 


DaiTESTIC 
EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS. 


EXPOETS. 


to 

■< 


In 

American 

Vessels. 


In 
Foreign 

Vessels. 


In 

American 

Vessels. 


In 

Foreign 
Vessels. 


1STR 


Eiclimond , 


$286,599 

146,367 

13,424 

4T6,661 


$2,179,523 

1,235,068 

26,125 

17,750 


$ 727 

2,400 

5,264 

41,558 


$285,872 

143,967 

8,160 

435,103 


$1,102,329 
297,136 
26,125 


$1,077,194 
937 932 




Norfolk and Portsmoutli 




Alexandria 






Petersburg 


17 750 












Total 


$923,051 


$3,453,466 


$49,949 


$873,102 


$1,425,590 


$2,032,876 






1ST4 


Eicliniond 


$156,260 
80,381 
2T,606 
72,319 


$3,463,626 

1,831,036 

5,008 


$ 3,421 

1,432 

14,636 

45 249 


$152,839 
78,949 
12,920 
27,070 


$1,703,965 

555,812 

5,008 


$1,759,661 
1,275,224 




Norfolk and Portsmouth 




Alexandria 




Petersburg 
















Total 


$336, .566 


$5,299,670 


$64,788 


$271,778 


$2,264,785 


$3,034,883 







The direct Importations of Virginia do not embrace a great variety of articles 
when compared with those of the chief importing centres of the country, but an 
inspection of the following tables of the different articles^ and their quantity and 
value, that ■ have been imported since 1868, will show a marked increase both in 
kinds and quantities, allowing for the exceptional state of trade since 1873. The 
importations of each of the four Virginia cities engaged in the foreign trade are 
presented separately. Each one should do much more of this business. 

The Direct* Trade of Richrhond for the calendar year 1875 was as follows : 



IMPORTS. 

Coffee from Brazil $520,407 

Cave eartli from West Indies 7,035 

Gypsum from Noya Scotia 3,349 

Salt from England 34,733 

Bags and bass mats fi-om England 372 

Bottled beer ft-om England 2,103 

Medical stores fi-om England 759 

Otter articles 219 

Total direct $568,962 

Brought "In bond " fi-om other districts 17,440 



Total imports $586,402 



EXPOETS. 



riour 

Lard 

Cotton goods 

Eosin 

Box cars and car trucSs 

Dressed hoops 

Staves 

Lumber and timber 

Locust tree nails 

Bituminous coal 

Iron tanks, boilers, &c 

Tobacco (leaf) 

Tobacco (strips) 

Quercitron , 

BasKets, banisters and hogsheads. 

Miscellaneous 

Total exports 



$1,073,409 

10,762 

2,360 

1,740 

3,120 

16,652 

17,609 

34,693 

1,012 

4,498 

4,270 

1,007,539 

76,427 

460 

273 

234 

$2,243,716 



' From Richmond Dispatch January 1st, 1876. 



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142 

The Coastwise Trade of Virginia is very large in proportion to the number of 
her commercial population. 

The following tables present all the facts contained in the United States Eeports 
on Commerce and Navigation. Only the three years given have any coastwise 
trade report: 

No. 1. 
EntPvANCES into Virginia Customs Districts, in the Coastwise Trade, during the fiscal 

year 1871. 



CUSTOMS DISTEICTS. 


STEAMERS. 


SAILING VESSELS. 


TOTAL ENTRANCES. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


Eichmond 


519 

429 

1,213 

138 


3S2,83T 

349,059 

1,080,292 

66,233 


13,231 

10,255 

32,109 

2,158 


114 

36 

133 

64 

5 

1 

19 


21,956 

5.387 

15,130 

8,501 

198 

45 

1,356 


798 
202 
730 
304 

21 
3 

75 


633 

465 

1,346 

202 

5 

89 

282 


404,793 

354,446 

1,095,422 

74,734 

198 

66,331 

241,590 


14,02» 
10,45T 


Petersburg 


Norfolk and Portsmouth 

Alexandria' 


32,839 
2,45T 




21 


Tappahannock 


88 
263 


66,286 
240,234 


1,185 
7,028 


1,188 


Torktown 


7,105 






Aggregate 


2,650 


2,184,941 


65,961 


372 


62,573 


2,133 


3,022 


2,237,514 


68,094 



The seven Virginia customs districts entered about l-25th of the vessels and 
l-15th of the tonnage of all from the 98 district^ then in the United States. The 
number of entrances was nearly the same as those of New York city, and the ton- 
nage was 452,655 tons more — facts that prove the great value of the home trade of 
the State. 

No. 2. 
Clearances from Virginia Customs Districts, in the Coastwise Trade, during the fiscal 

year 1871. 



CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. 


STEAMERS. 


SAILING VESSELS. 


TOTAL CLEARANCES. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


Richmond 


513 
421 
765 
138 
83 
265 


380,670 
346,614 
691,743 
67,115 
63,654 
242,012 


13,183 
10,167 
21,076 
2,179 
1,129 
7,080 


14 
8 
55 
44 
1 
4 


1,866 

494 

5,088 

7,763 

45 

211 


61 

30 

245 

225 

3 

16 


532 
429 
820 
182 
84 
269 


382,536 
347,108 
696,836 
74,878 
63,699 
242,223 


13,244 


Petersburg 


10,19T 


Norfolk and Portsmouth 

Alexandria 


21,321 
2,404 


Tappahannock 


1,132 


Yorktown 


7,096 






Aggregate 


2,190 


1,791,813 


54,814 


126 


15,467 


580 


2,316 


1,807,280 


55,394 



The clearances from Virginia ports embraced about l-39th of the vessels, l-16th 
of the tonnage and l-17th of the crews of all the coastwise trade of the United 
States for the year. The tonnage cleared was greater than that of any district in 
the United States, excepting New York, Chicago and Milwaukee. 



143 



No. 3. 

Entrances into Virginia Ckistoms Districts, in the Coastwise Trade, during the fiscal 

year 1872. 



CUSTOMS DISTKICTS. 


STEAMERS. 


SAILING VESSELS. 


TOTAL ENTRANCES. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


Cherrystone 


1 

603 
481 
1,258 
162 
82 
135 


ST2 

463,916 

420,622 

1,137,280 

82,894 

60,959 

125,459 


25 

14,354 

11,672 

31,451 

2,476 

1,927 

3,617 


8 
156 
28 
186 
34 
2 
7 


192 

26,903 

8,202 

22,052 

S,663 

95 

776 


21 
885 
131 
933 
231 
7 
34 


9 

759 
509 
1,444 
196 
84 
142 


1,064 

490,819 

423,824 

1,159,332 

91,557 

61,054 

126,235 


46 


EiclnHond 

Petersburg 


15,239 
11,803 
32,384 
2,707 
1,934- 
3,651 


Norfolk and Portsmouth 








Aggregate 


2,722 


2,292,002 


65,522 


421 


61,883 


2,242 


3,143 


2,353,885 


67,764- 



The entrances of 1872 were about l-23rd of the vessels and l-14th of the ton- 
nage of the whole coastwise and fishing trade of the Union. The tonnage that en- 
tered Virginia was greater than that of any district of the country with the single- 
exception of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There were 153 more vessels entered than 
to New York city in this trade. The increase over the previous year is quite 
respectable. 

No. 4. 

Clearances from Virginia Customs Districts, in the Coastwise Tirade, during the fiscal 

year 1872. 



CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. 


STEAMERS. 


SAILING VESSELS. 


TOTAL CLEARANCES. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


Cherrystone 




















Richmond 


603 
466 
984 
161 
80 
135 


463,709 
409,505 
909,845 
82,177 
59,382 
125,459 


14,345 
11,358 
26,042 
2,455 
1,880 
3,617 


34 
11 
©0 

32 

1 


4,796 

2,017 

11,595 

7,832 

45 


170 

74 

445 

209 

3 


637 
477 
1,074 
193 
81 
135 


468,505 
411,522 
921,441 
90,009 
59,427 
125,459 


14 515 


Petersburg 


11 43^ 


Norfolk and Portsmouth 

Alexandria 


, 26,487 
2 6?4 


Tappahannock 


1 883 


Torktown 


3,617 












Aggregate 


2,429 


2,050,077 


59,697 


168 


26,286 901 1 2,597 


2,076,363 


60,593 



The clearances of 1872 were l-23d, with l-14th of the tonnage of all that 
occurred in the Union for the year. The increase over 1871 was more than 12 per 
cent, in the number of vessels and nearly. 15 per cent, in tonnage. The increase of 
tonnage from Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk and Alexandria is noteworthy. 



144 



No. 5. 



2]ntrances into Virginia Customs Districts, in the Coastwise Trade, during the fiscal 

year 1873. 





STEAMERS. 


SAILING VESSELS. 


TOTAL ENTRANCES. 


■CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 










3 

1S2 

3 

117 

24 


Ill 
30,092 

219 

17,338 

6,917 


10 

1,025 

12 

653 

176 


3 

70S 
367 
1,287 
213 
88 
132 


Ill 
493,961 
389,566 
1,155,407 
104,125 
66,620 
134,914 


10 




526 
364 
1,1T0 
189 
88 
130 


463,869 

389,347 

1,138,069 

9T,208 

66,620 

134,792 


12,577 
9,647 

31,501 
2,766 
2,015 
3,505 


13,602 


Petersburg 


9,659 


Norf olK and Portsmouth 


32,154 

2,942 




2,015 


TTorktown 


2 


122 


8 


3,513 






Aggregate 


2,46T 


2,289,905 


62,011 


331 


54,799 


1,884 


2,798 


2,344,704 


63,895 



Eighteen hundred and seventy-three gave, in the entrances to Virginia ports, 
;about l-27th of the vessels and l-15th of the tonnage of the coasting trade of the 
Federal Union. The tonnage entrances of Chicago and Milwaukee alone were 
greater. The diminished aggregates show the effects of the great panic of 1873, 
that prostrated the trade of the whole country. The tonnage that entered Norfolk 
was greater than that which entered Baltimore or Boston. 



No. 6. 

Olearances from Virginia Customs Districts, in the Coastwise Trade, during the fiscal 

year 1873. 





STEAMERS. 


SAILING VESSELS. 


TOTAL CLEARANCES. 


CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. ♦ 


Crews. 


No. 


Tons. 


Crews. 






















Ulchmond 


509 
835 
866 
190 
83 
129 


450,997 
363,323 
918,948 
97,208 
67,468 
133,781 


11,743 
9,013 

25,057 
2,766 
2,010 
3,477 


34 

5 

48 

23 


6,762 
1,083 
4,724 
6,875 


211 

26 

209 

161 


543 
340 
914 
218 
88 
131 


456,759 
364,406 
923,672 
108,588 
67,468 
138,853 


11,954 
9,039 


ISforfolkand Portsmouth 

JUexandria 


25,266 
2,927 




2,010 


Yorktown 


2 


122 


8 


3,485 






Aggregate 


2,117 


2,031,675 


54,066 


112 


18,066 


615 


2,229 


2,049,741 


54,681 



The customs districts of Virginia in 1873 cleared about l-38th of the vessels 
and l-14th of the tonnage that was engaged in the coastwise and fishing trade of 
•the United States. The clearances, of course, were diminished by the stoppage oi 
irade consequent to the panic. 



145 

* 

Immigration to Virginia, direct from foreign countries, began in 1871, througli 
the port of Norfolk, which, has monopolized this business. 

The following tables, compiled from the United States official returns, embrace 
all the information that is collected. 

Not a single death on ship-board is reported among the immigrants to Virginia 
during the years for which statistics are given. 

The harbors of Virginia possess unsurpassed advantages as landing places for 
immigrants seeking homes in almost any portion of the United States. (See maj)s 
Nos. 3 and 4.) 

No. 1. ■' 





ARRIVALS. 


DEPARTURES. 




SEX. 


Immigrants. 


1 
ho 

a 
1 

o 

1 

cl 
be 


Occupied. 


IV 

a 

B 

a 
o 


B 

< 


o 


be 


TEAES. 


a 

o 


Ages. 


d 

1 
o 


O 

ft 
t^ 
O) 

O 


o 

T 




3 


5 



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in 


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■a 

cS 


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a 
t— { 


18T1 j 


Males 

Females.... 


51 

28 


10 
6 


33 

12 


6 
4 


2 
6 


9 

8 


42 
20 


96 
96 


34 
37 


62 
59 


96 
96 




Total.. 


79 


16 


45 


10 


8 


17 


62 


192 


71 


121 


192 


1872 J. 


Males 

Females.... 


438 
226 


68 

84 


337 

122 


33 
20 




26 
22 


412 
204 


128 
115 


60 

57 


68 
68 


12S 




115 




Total.. 


664 


152 


459 


53 




48 


616 


243 


117 


126 


243 


f 


Males 

Females.. . . 


730 
460 


190 

179 


454 

232 


66 
49 
















1873 ■} 






































Total.. 


1,190 


369 


6S6 


135 




153 


1,037 




















C 


Males 

Females.. . . 


296 
212 


83 

72 


191 
126 


21 

14 


*1 














1S74 -l 




































Total.. 


508 


155 


317 


35 


1 


129 


379 





















The immigration in 1871 was l-2,080th, in 1872 l-309th, in 1873 l-39th, and 
1874 l-226th of the whole of the intending settlers that came to the United States-. 
These comparative figures show that a fair and growing business has been done in 
turning a portion of the tide of immigration into Virginia ports. There is no reason 
why steady progress should not be made and the State be thereby materiallly 
enriched. 



* Citizen of the United States. 



19 



146 



No. 2. 

Table of the Number and Nationality of Immigrants that Arrived in Virginia during 

the years named. 



From 



England 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Germany 

France 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Belgravia .... 
Nova Scotia. 



Total immierants . 



1871. 



71 



71 



1872. 



643 



664 



. 1873. 



1,075 

13 

8 

84 

4 

6 



1,190 



1874. 



431 

8 

6 

15 

18 



29 



507 



It appears that England has furnished the largest number of immigrants, 
Germany the next, and Sweden comes third, corresponding thus in the element of 
nationality with the influx into the United States. Fully 9,000,000 immigrants 
have come into the Union since 1790, and over half of these have been of British 
and one-third of German origin ; lately many Swedes and other Scandinavians have 
arrived. The United States Commissioner * of Immigration says of these people 
the British " speak our language and a large part are acquainted with our laws and 
institutions, and are soon assimilated with and absorbed into our body-politic ;" the 
Germans, " being at once an industrious and an intelligent people, a large propor- 
tion settling in rural districts and developing the agricultural resources of the West 
and South, while the remainder, consisting largely of artisans and skilled workmen, 
find profitable employment in the cities and manufacturing towns ;" the Scandi- 
navians are "industrious, economical and temperate — their advent should be 
especially welcomed." 

Fr. Kapp, one of the New York Commissioners of Emigration, in a work pub- 
lished in 1870, after a careful investigation, estimates the value of each male emigrant 
at $1,500, and of each female $750, making an average of $1,125, considered merely 
as laborers, as it will cost the country that much to rear them. 

Special Report on Immigration by Edward Yomig, Chief of Bureau of Statistics, "Wash 
ington, D. C. — to be had on application. 



147 



No. 3. 

Tahle of Occupations of Immigrants that Arrived in Virginia from 1871 to 1874.' 



OccuPATioisr. 


1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


Architects 




1 






Blacksmiths 




6 


3 


Butchers 




1 

2 

6 

40 

1 


1 


Clergymen 




9 

8 
20 




Clerks 


3 


7 


Carpenters 


1 


Engineers 






Engine-makers 




8 
142 




Farmers 


32 


155 


113 


Grocers 


5 


Iron workers 






9 




Joiners 




24 

39 
1 
3 

36 
6 

18 




Xiahorers 


4 


92 


17 


Mariners 




Masons 




18 


1 


Mechanics, not specified 

Miners 




3 




3 

63 
4 










Macliinists 


4 


Spinners 




5 




ShoemalvCi'S 




15 
2 
2 

10 
1 
1 


1 


Shipwrights 








Seamstresses 








Tailors 




14 




Tinners 






Wlieelwrio'hts 








Occupation not stated 


28 
4 






Without occupation* 


312 


777 


351 






Total 


71 


664 


1,190 


507 







The large percentage of " skilled labor " represented among these tabulated occu- 
pations is worthy of note. It is di ilicult to estimate the value of such labor, coming 
as it does from old countries where sJcill has been accumulating for centuries, when 
introduced into a comparatively new and sparsely peopled country. 

* Those classed as having "no occupation" are mostly women and children. 



148 



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149 

In 1874 Virginia had about l-32nd of the vessels of the United States, under 
the above classification, and l-171th of the tonnage. Many of the vessels belonging 
to the State are engaged in the oyster trade, which does not require vessels of a 
large size, and besides the extensive tidal waters of this State are so protected that 
smaller vessels can be more advantageously employed than where rougher waters 
are to be encountered. 

No. 2. 

Statement showing the Number and Tonnage of Enrolled and Licensed Iron Vessels in 
Virginia at the close of the fiscal years named. 





Enrolled, 


Licensed 






YEABS. 


Permanent. 


Under 20 Tons. 


Total. 


• 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1873 


7 
9 


728.03 
884.19 


1 
1 


16.48 
16.48 


8 
10 


744.51 


1874 


900,67 







The above are all included in the General Statement of Registered, Enrolled, &c., 
Vessels— Table No. 1, 

There are no returns of iron vessels in Virginia previous to 1873, Only 205 
iron vessels belonged to the entire United States in 1874, and Virginia about l-20th 
of all, 

No, 3, 

Statement of the Steam Tonnage of Virginia at the close (June 80th) of each of the fiscal 

years named. 



_ . YEARS, 


REGISTERED. 


ENROLLED, 


LICENSED 
UNDER 20 TONS. 


TOTAL. 




NO. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons, 


No, 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons, 


1858* 








4,691.63 
4,215.73 
4,474.75 
4,645.54 
4,814.84 
5,363.66 
5,092.28 
5,204.83 








4,691.63 


1868 


5 
4 
5 
2 
3 
4 
2 


1,076.8T 
1,279.27 
1,255.53 
299.42 
528.95 
306.35 
219.93 


45 
46 
50 
50 
55 
54 
59 


T 
10 
9 
9 
10 
15 
13 


116.47 
157.16 
143.00 
139.16 
153.13 
222.44 
180.29 


58 
60 
64 
61 

68 
73 

74 


5,409.07 


1869 


5,911.13 


18T0 


6,044.12 


18T1 


5,253.42 


1872 


6,045.74 


18T3 


5,621.07 


18T4 


5,605,05 







The above are all included in the General Statement of Registered, &c.. Vessels. 
*Only tonnage is given in the report for 1858, and the fractions of tons for that year are 95ths. 



150 



No. 4. 

General Statement showing the Number and Tonnage of Sailing and Steam Vessels, Barges 
and Canal Boats in Virginia Customs Districts at the close of the years named. 





Sailing Vessels. 


Steam Vessels. 


Canal Boats. 


Barges. 


Total. 


TEAES. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. . 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1868 


814 
798 
756 
830 
927 
923 
917 


26,840.41 
18,467.13 
20,343.84 
18,423.67 
20,702.10 
20,875.36 
20,796.46 


53 
60 
64 
61 
68 
73 
T4 


5,409.07 
5,911.18 
6,044.12 
5,253.42 
6,045.74 
5,621.07 
5,605.05 


23 

23 

26 

119 

143 

92 

4 


2,051.36 
1,727.73 
1,934.55 
7,156.88 
8,795.31 
5,910.95 
140.43 


15 
30 
11 
15 
19 
21 
22 


1,271.47 

3,327.65 

949.14 

1,258.81 
1,535.07 
1,548.51 
1,871.97 


910 
911 

857 
1,025 
1,157 
1,109 
1,017 


35,572.31 


1869 

1870 


29,438.74 
29,271.65 


1871 


32,097.78 


1872 


37,078.22 


1873 


33,955.89 


1874 


28,413.91 







No. 5. 

Statement showing the Class, Number and Tonnage of Iron Vessels in Virginia at the close 

of the fiscal years named. 





Yeaes. 


Steam Vessels. 


Barges. 


Total. 




No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1873 .•. 


S 
8 


744.51 
744.51 






8 
10 


744.51 


1874 


2 


156.16 


900.67 







The above are all included in the General Statement — Table 1 — of Number, 
&c., of Sailing Vessels, &c., in Virginia. 

The Merchant Marine of Virginia — that is, the number and amount of ton- 
nage of merchant vessels belonging to the several customs districts and ports of the 
State — has been increasing in a satisfactory manner, as appears from the following 
table showing its condition at the close of each of the fiscal years named : 

No. 6. 



YEARS. 


Sailing Vessels. 


Steam Vessels. 


Uneigg'd Vessels 


Total. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1870' 


791 
832 
900 
926 
■ 791 


U,778:07 
16,343.86 
17,538.57 
17,311.54 
15,487.41 


57 
61 
67 
67 
73 


4,055.23 
6,094.05 
5,811.71 
4,966.53 
5,209.01 


29 
135 
159 
123 

28 


2,213.56 
8,378.95 
9,950.62 
8,987.93 
1,927.12 


877 
1,028 
1,126 
1,116 

892 


21,046.86 
29,316.86 
33,800.90 
31,266.05 
22,623,54 


1871 


1872 


1873 


1874 







* The reports in this form began to be made in 1870. 



151 

The depression in trade incident to the panic of 1873 accounts for the decrease 
of tonnage in 1873 and 1874, in which Virginia suffered in common with the other 
States. Only six of the twenty Atlantic and Gulf-coast States had any increase in 
tonnage, and the leading commercial State, New York, had a larger proportional 
decrease than Virginia. 

The following table shows how the Merchant Marine of Virginia was distri- 
buted among the Customs Districts of the State June 30th, 1874 : 

No. 7. 





Sailing Vessels 


Steam Vessels. 


Unrigg'd Vessels 


Total. 


CUSTOMS DISTKICTS. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 




81 

211 

304 

4 

6 

8-i 

101 


2,096.70 
4,410.26 
4,556.11 
37.00 
248.20 
2,077.38 
2,061.76 


14 

1 

48 
8 
6 


497.50 

21.45 

4,371.47 

34.00 

268.11 






96 

212 

367 

7 

25 

84 

102 


2,594.20 








4,431.71 

9,339.90 

71.00 


Norfolk and Portsmoutli* 


15 


1,012.32 






13 


914.80 


1,431.11 




2,077^ 
2,078.24 




1 


16.48 














Aggregate... 


791 


15,487.41 


73 


5,209.01 


23 


1,927.12 


892 


22,623.54 



Virginia had in 1874 about l-24th of the merchant vessels held on the Atlantic 
and Gulf coasts, and l-32nd of all belonging to the Union ; her tonnage was about 
l-148th of that of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and l-213th of all held in the United 
■States; her rank was 7th in number of vessels and 11th in tonnage, outranking the 
other Southern States, excepting Maryland, in the number of vessels, and that State 
and Louisiana in tonnage. The merchant marine of Norfolk and Portsmouth alone 
surpassed that of either of the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Alabama or Mississippi; in fact few places in the country have a larger 
number of sailing vessels than either Norfolk or Cherrystone. 

Ship Building ought to be a leading industry in this State, because of the 
abundance of all the materials required both for iron and wooden vessels, and of 
the best quality, at hand, and therefore cheap, while her climate is favorable for 
■active work the year round. The following statement shows a steady progress in this 
important industry, allowing for the anomalous condition of affairs in part of 1873 
and in 1874. 



* The ISTorf oik Landmark of January 16th, 1876, reports that at the commencement of 1876 
that that port had 384 vessels, with a tonnage of 15,803.51, registered, enrolled and licensed, 
and had licensed in the coasting trade 114 vessels, with a tonnage of 8,285.77. The entrances 
from foreign ports in 1875 were 25 vessels, with a tonnage of 14,968, and the clearances to 
foreign ports were 121 vessels, with a tonnage of 53,683 — showing a decided increase over the 
returns of 1874. 



152 



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153 



Section II. — The Commercial Advantages of Virginia. 

Few States are as well provided by the beneficent Creator with the natural 
highways for coast and foreign commerce as Tidewater Virginia, for the reason that 
nowhere have tidal waters a richer development into navigable bays, roads, harbors,, 
inlets, creeks and rivers that, like the menibers of a highly organized body, pene- 
trate and permeate every portion of the country, so that there is at least a linear 
mile of tide-washed shore to every six square miles of its land surface. 

Captain John Smith, of famous memory, whom intercourse with the world had 
made familiar with the business of the merchant, and who spoke from the deck of 
a large experience, was the first enlightened explorer of the wealth of water-ways 
pertaining to Virginia. He says in his history, " There is but one entrance by Sea 
into this Country, and that is at the mouth of a very goodly bay 18 or 20 myles- 
broad. * * Within is a country that may have the prerogative over the most 
pleasant places knowne for large and pleasant navigable Eivers ; heaven and earth 
never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation." 

Chesapeake Bay is the most striking feature, from the commercial standpoint, 
not only on the map of Virginia, but also on that of the United States. 

It should be noted that this is the only great land-locked arm of the Atlantic, the 
ocean of commerce, in the United States ; that it is crossed by the central parallel* of 
popidation, and is therefore nearer to more of the ends of trafiic, the consumers, 
than any other commodious bay on the Eastern seaboard, where " nearness to 
Europe, the abundance of its water-power, the variety and value of its forests, its 
inexhaustible resources in coal and iron, and the excellence of its harbors,"! have 
fixed the commercial and manufacturing centres of the country. 

Ranging through nearly three degrees of latitude, or some 200 miles of north- 
ing and southing in its length, and varying in width from 3 to 30 miles, expanding 
in all directions, and with deep and ever-fluid waters everywhere, this bay lacks no- 
requisite as a magnificent continental harbor. 

It may be remarked that the drainage basin of the Ohio river alone, considered in. 
reference to Chesapeake Bay as a commerciating medium, would warrant the appli- 
cation of the term continental to the advantages for traffic offered by this bay. For 
example, the area of that basin is 207,111 square miles, four times that of England,^ 
its population in 1870 was 7,806,453, it produced in that census-year 146,714,000 
pounds of tobacco, 67,513,000 bushels of wheat, 231,917,000 bushels of Indian corn, 
110,000 bales of cotton, and employed in manufacturing 311,000 horse-powers of 
steam and 132,000 of water.§ All this region and its resources is nearer to the ports 
of Chesapeake bay, by more than a day's run of expensive land carriage, than to 
any other Atlantic harbors. 

In proof that advantages claimed for the Chesapeake waters as the emporia for 

*See article by Prof. J. E. Hilgarcl, Scribner's Magazine, 1872. 
t Statistical Atlas of the U. S. 1874. 
I See Table n, page 7. 

§ A. von Stein wehr in U. S. Statistical Atlas. 
20 



m 

the commerce of the country concentric to it may be realized, the growth of the 
trade of Baltimore, situated almost at its northern extremity and 180 miles from 
the sea, may be cited, as shown in the following official table of the Exports and 
Imports of that city : 



YEAES. 



1851* 
1858., 
1868., 
1870., 
1871., 
1872., 
1873. 
1S74. 



Domestic Exports. 



$ 5,635,786 
9,878,386 
13,857,391 
14,330,248 
15,037,855 
18,325,321 
19,344,177 
27,513,111 



Imports. 



I 6,650,645 
8,930,157 
12,930,733 
19,512,468 
24,672,871 
28,836,305 
29,287,603 
29,302,138 



This unexampled growth, in spite of the great commercial depression of 
1873-'4, shows the advantages of location when utilized by the enterprise and opu- 
lence of great corporations and princely merchants that have opened ways of com- 
munication between the surplus products of such fertile regions as the valleys of 
the Ohio, the Mississippi, the Missouri and the Arkansas, and the wharves from 
which they may be carried, at all seasons of the year, to the lands where they are 
always in demand. 

Seventy miles of the length of Chesapeake bay, where its width is from 14 to 
SO miles, lies wholly within the territory of Virginia; it is not subject to violent 
storms, there are commodious harbors all along its shores, its waters are deep and 
generally free from obstructions. A vessel bound up it, when once fairly within the 
"Virginia Capes," and following the "sailing directions," runs on an air line of N. 
i-° E. for over 50 miles. The exit and entrance can always be easily made, and 
without any delay, through a deep and clear channel, into this broad-armed bay, 
that drains more than 60,000 square miles of country. 

Commodore Maury ,t the noted Geographer of the Sea, remarks : " Naturally, and 
both in a geographical and military point of view, Norfolk with Hampton Roads 
at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay as its lower harbor, and San Francisco inside 
of the Golden Gate in California, occupy — one on the Pacific^ the other on the 
Atlantic — the most important maritime positions that lie within the domains of 
the United States. Each holds the commanding point on its sea front ; each has 
the finest harbor on its coast; and each with the most convenient ingress and egress 
for ships — is as safe from wind and wave as shelter can make them. Nor is access 
to either ever interrupted by the frosts of winter. In the harbors of each there is 

* Retm-ns for the whole State of Maryland, 
t Physical Sm-vey of Yhgiuia, page 4 (1868). 



155 



room to berth not only all the ships of commerce, but the navies of the world 
also." 

The following table, from the United States Coast Survey Heport for 1857, shows 
the character of the channels into Chesapeake bay, and from it to some of the 
harbors and anchorages of Virginia: 



VIRGINIA HARBORS AND ANCHORAGES. 



Between the Capes at entrance to Hampton Roads 

Anchorage in Hampton Roads 

From Hampton Roads to Sewall's Pomt , 

South of Sewall's Point IJ miles 

Up to Norfolk 

From Hampton Roads to James River, entering north of Newport 
News Middle ground 

Same to south of do 

York river from abreast the tail of York Spit up to Yorktown 

Elizabeth river between Norfolk and the Navy-yard 



Least Water in Channel-way 
in feet. 



Mean tides. 



30.0 
59.0 
25.0 
21.0 
23.0 

22.0 
27.0 
33.0 
25.5 



be 



32.5 
61.0 
27.5 
23.5 
25.5 

24.5 
29.5 
35.5 
28.0 



Spring tides. 



29.8 

58.8 
24.8 
20.8 
22.8 

21.7 
2G.7 
32.7 
25.3 



K 



32.8 
61.8 

27.8 
23.8 
25.8 

24.8 
29.8 
35.8 
28.3 



The broad estuary of the Chesapeake receives from Virginia many navigable 
rivers, the tides of which can carry large ships far into the interior, to the great ad- 
vantage of the country. 

The Potomac, a wide and deep riA'^er, the northeastern boundary of Virginia, is 
navigable for 110 miles from where it enters the bay, some 65 miles from the ocean. 

Alexandria^ a flourishing commercial city of Virginia, is on this river, some 
eight miles from the head of navigation at Georgetown and Washington. It is an 
important centre of lines of transportation,* and many advantages for commerce, 
especially the coastwise trade, as its ca.nal and railway communications are with the 
coal, timber, iron, &c., of the interior, that are required at other points on the 
Atlantic seaboard. Alexandria is a port of entry. 

There are many landings on the Potomac, and lines of steamers and sailing 

vessels connect them with all portions of the country, giving great facilities for 

'cheap transportation to a very extensive and valuable portion of the Northern Neck. 

The Rappahannock is navigable to Fredericksburg, ninety -two miles from its 
mouth at the bay, some forty miles from the ocean, for steamers and sailing vessels, 
to which point the channel has eight feet\ at low water, which it is proposed to in- 

*See Chapter on Transportation. jReport of the Chief of the U. S. Engmeers, 1874. 



156 

crease to ten. This river is crossed at Fredericksburg by the great North and South 
Line of railroad from Washington to Richmond, and a partially completed line ex- 
tends westward towards Gordonsville and the Chesapeake and Ohio and Midland 
Railroads. The opening of this traffic route to the interior will doubtless restore to 
this city the commerce it formerly had, and the development of the mineral wealth 
not far from it will lead to an appreciation of its commercial advantages. Freder- 
icksburg is in the customs-district of Tappahannock. 

Port Royal, twenty-two miles below Fredericksburg, is accessible to vessels of a 
larger capacity. 

Tappahannock, the port of entry for the river and the one that receives credit 
for all its commerce, is sixty miles below Fredericksburg, and to it vessels drawing 
eleven and a half feet can ascend. 

Urbanna is a port some twenty-six miles below Tappahannock and seventeen 
miles from the bay. 

Lines of steamers run on the Rappahannock, and touch not only at the ports 
named, but at many landings along the whole length of the river. 

The Pianketank is navigable for some fourteen miles, and Mobjack Bay and 
its rivers furnish deep entrances to the Gloucester Peninsula. 

The York is a wide, deep, and almost straight belt of water, reaching over forty 
miles from the bay to the junction of the Pamunkey and the Mattapony, the rivers 
that form it, and that are themselves navigable for many miles for light draught 
vessels. Ships drawing twenty-seven feet can go to within a short distance of West 
Point, at the head of the York, and those requiring ^thirteen feet to its wharves at 
low water. 

Yorktoivn is about sixteen statute miles from the bay and thirty from the ocean. 
The Coast Survey Report for 1857 says of the approach to this " port of entry " : " No 
one can look at the chart of the lower part of York river, from the entrance up to 
Yorktown, without pronouncing it a harbor of the first class. There is no bar at 
the mouth of this river, and the least water to be passed over in entering it is thirty- 
three feet at low tide, near tlie tail of York Spit, in Chesapeake bay. After passing 
this the water deepens to six, seven and eight fathoms, increasing in passing up the 
channel to eleven and twelve fathoms abreast of Yorktown, where the shore is very 
bold, and wharves carried out a distance of fifty feet would strike four and a half 
and five fathoms of water. The channel of the river is more-than a mile in width, 
and with a few buoys and beacons judiciously placed, the heaviest line-of-battle 
ships could beat up and down the river without the least difficulty. Yorktown is 
situated about thirteenf nautical miles from the entrance of the river into Chesa- 
peake bay. The location is elevated, and it could be easily fortified at moderate 
expense against attack either by land or water. It affords a harbor sufficient for the 
largest navy and commercial marine, and next to Newport, Rhode Island, it is, in 
my judgment, the safest and the most commodious harbor in the United States."- 
Newport harbor is in an island; therefore, in the opinion of Coast Survey authority, 
Yorktown is the " safest and most commodious harbor " in the main land of the 
United States. 

*U. S. Coast Survey Maps, 1866. f A misprint in the Report makes it 30. 



157 



It is proposed to make Yorktown one of the deep water termini of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Railway. In that event it is difficult to realize the future of such 
a harhor so situated in reference to the sea and to the interior that the completion 
of that railway will place it in commercial relations with. 

West Point, at the head of the York, is connected with Richmond by railroad, 
and with Baltimore by a daily line of steamers that call at Yorktown and the other 
landings on the river. A line of steamers plies between Yorktown and Norfolk by 
way of Mathews Courthouse and Cherrystone, the port of entry of the Eastern Shore. 

The Mattapony is navigable to Ayletfs, a place some thirty miles above West 
Point, and the Pamunkey to Oyster Shell Landing, some thirty-five miles above West 
Point. 

The James is navigable to Richmond, a port of entry with a custom-house, one 
hundred and ten miles, for vessels drawing fourteen feet of water, and to City 
Point, at the mouth of the Appomattox, some sixty miles below Richmond, for those 
drawing fifteen feet. It has, as before stated, thirty feet of dej)th, at low water, at its 
entrance at Hampton Roads. 

Richmond occupies a commanding position as a commercial and manufacturing 
city, with superior advantages for transportation in all directions by the many lines 
of railways, canal, steamers, vessels, &c., that have found there a natural centre for 
the accumulation and distribution of the articles of trade. Some of the advantages 
of its location are emphasized by the following *table, showing comparative dis- 
tances between Atlantic ports and principal western railroad centres by all-rail 
travel, by Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and its projected connections, and by 
more northerly routes. 



MILES FROM PORT OF 



lllchmond, via Chesapeate and Ohio 

Baltimore, via Baltimore and Ohio 

PhiladelpWa, via Pennsylvania Railroad 

3^ew York, via Erie Railway 

New York, via New York Central 

Boston, via New York Central 

Washington, via Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad 

Washington, via Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 

Washington, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad 

New York, via Washington and Ches. and Ohio Railroad 

New York, via Erie and A. and G. W 

New York, via New York Central and L. S. and M. S 



573 
591 

S8S 
S61 
SS3 
9il 
593 
613 
616 



t640 
699 
TT5 
99T 
940 
998 
660 
720 
753 
888 
997 
940 



931 

992 

1,201 

1,144 

1,202 

910 

958 

989 

1,138 

1,201 

1,260 



1,017 
1,076 
1,152 
1,354 
1,354 
1,426 
1,037 
1,097 
1,130 
1,265 
1,354 
1,354 



825 

884 

960 

1,182 

1,176 

1,234 

845 

905 

938 



564 

517 
548 
755 
761 
829 



688 
705 
736 
935 
830 



832 
628 
823 



.,038 
852 
852 

842 



1,394 
1,751 
1,694 



There are many landings on the James and the numerous lines of steamers 
and sailing vessels that run regularly between Richmond and Norfolk, Baltimore, 

* Compiled from isamphlet issued by Fisk & Hatcli, Bankers, New York, 1873. 
t Will be shortened thirteen miles by improvements now in progress. 



158 

Philadelphia, New York and other places make the trade of this noble river an 
active one, and furnish the best of facilities for reaching markets to all products 
that come to its shores. 

Several of the branches of the James are navigable rivers — the Appomattox, 
12 miles to Petersburg, a port of entry and a thriving city; the Chickahominy to a 
considerable distance for steamers and vessels of alight draught; Pagan Creek is a 
fine stream to Smithfield; the Nansemond is navigable some fifteen miles to the 
flourishing town of Suffolk, at the intersection of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio 
and the Seaboard and Roanoke Railways; the lower reaches of this river are broad 
and deep. 

The Elizabeth is a broad arm of the Hampton Roads estuary of the James, 
extending for twelve miles, the last four of which are expanded as the superb harbor 
between the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and the Navy Yard of the United 
States — its most important one — at Gosport. Beyond this harbor, navigation is 
extended by ship canals to the navigable sounds and rivers of North Carolina. 
The entrance to the Elizabeth has always a depth of twenty-one feet, which at 
spring tides reaches 23.8, while the harbor of Norfolk and Portsmouth has from 
25.5 to 28.3 feet of water. 

A recent publication,* speaking of Norfolk, says : " The grand current of the 
Elizabeth (opposite Fort Norfolk) is so broad and deep that the largest ship that 
floats can swing around there. * * The trains of the Atlantic, Mississippi and 
Ohio Railroad discharge their freights oi cotton and grain directly upon wharves at 
the steamers' sides, and the unusual facilities are yearly increased and improved. * 
The importance of Norfolk as a port for the future is certainly indisputable ; and 
it is not at all improbable that in a few years it will have direct communication 
with European ports by means of ocean steamers owned and controlled in this 
country. * The Elizabeth river is not so lively now as when at the beginning of 
this century the river could not be seen, so thick was the shipping between the 
Norfolk and Portsmouth shores. In the financial crash which came at that time 
sixty Norfolk firms interested in maritime commerce failed. * * The eastern and 
southern branches of the Elizabeth are superior in depth to the Thames at London, 
or the Mersey at Liverpool. The depth of water in the harbor at Norfolk is twenty- 
eight feet, or nearly twice that regularly maintained at New Orleans, and the harbor 
is spacious enough to admit the commercial marine of the whole country. It has 
been estimated that thirty miles of excellent water-front for wharfage can readily 
be afforded. * Norfolk lies within thirty-two miles of the Atlantic. Northward 
stretch the Chesapeake and its tributaries, navigable nearly a thousand miles; west- 
ward is the James, giving communication with Richmond, and five hundred miles 
of water way ; southward run the canals to Currituck, Albemarle and Pamplico, 
communicating with two thousaiid miles of river channel. She affords naturally 
the best seaport for most of North Carolina and Tennessee, besides large sections of 
Northern Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and the Southwest. A thorough system of 
internal improvements in Virginia, giving lines leading from tide-water in that State 
to the Northwest, would enable Norfolk almost to usurp the commercial pre-emi- 

*Tlie Great South. By Edward King, 1875, 



159 

nence of New York. Pittsburg and Wheeling and Toledo are geographically nearer 
to the Capes of Virginia than to Sandy Hook ; and it is almost certain that in the 
future many of the highways to the sea from the West will run through Virginia, 
and the ports furnishing outlets to the Western cities will be along the beautiful and 
capacious Chesapeake bay."* 

Lines of railways, canals, steamships and vessels of all kinds connect this port 
with all portions of the country. Its commercial advantages — the results of its 
position — can hardly be overestimated, and the growth of its cotton-trade, already 
described, shows that it may aspire to the first rank not only in this, but in all the 
qxport and import trade of the country. 

Hampton Roads, on account of its nearness to the sea, its accessibility, the depth 
and expansion of its waters, the thoroughly land-locked character of its situation^ 
the condition of the surrounding land and its ample security in troublous times, 
may justly be called The Harbor of the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. 
When the storm signals are up all the shipping at sea along the Middle coast of the 
Union flies to Hampton Roads for refuge, and it is no uncommon sight to see 
hundreds of vessels of every class riding here at ease without a strain upon their 
anchor chains, while in sight, without the Capes, a furious storm is raging. Again, 
ships freighted with the precious cargoes of the tropics, but cleared for other ports 
where the climate is damp and uncongenial to their sensitive lading, come here to 
await orders and a favorable season. The London, England, Public Ledger (the 
merchants' journal of that world's mart), of the 13th of January, 1875, had the 
following statement: 

Brazil Coffee in United States Ports December oOtli, 1874. 

New York 8,891 Bags. 

Baltimore 15,786 " 

Hampton Roads 9,612 " 

Eichmoncl 2,500 " 

Charleston 2,500 " 



Savannah 4,000 Bags 

MobUe 1,000 " 

New Orleans 4,733 " 

Galveston 2,000 " 



Total A 51,022 



1873 66,372 " 

The uninformed reader would have inferred that the place reported as second in 
the possession of the stock of coffee on hand, and that held nearly one-fifth of the 
whole of this commodity — which in 1873 was imported into the United States to 
the value of 44 million dollars, or l-15th of the whole import trade of the country, 
and in 1874 to the value of 55 million dollars, or l-18th of the importations for the 
year — must be one of the most active commercial cities in the Union, and he would 
be surprised to learn that it is the magnificent world's-harbor, named from what is 
now the mere village of Hampton. But this leads to the inevitable conclusion that 
from the shores of this broad anchorage — where the Great Eastern had but to run 
out its gang plank to make a landing on the natural shore — this and similar pro- 
ducts, as sugar, molasses, spices, fruits, &c., the growth of the Bahamas, the West 

* These extended extracts from the Great South are given because the articles from which 
the book was made originally appeared in Scribner's Magazine, a leading New York monthly, 
and the writer is an Englishman by birth and a New Yorker by location. 



160 

Indies and the northern portions of South America, where they naturally come, in 
transit* to the chief markets of consumption, they should be sent inland to those 
points of consumption by routes shorter and cheaper than any other. 

f " Commodore Maury, of Virginia, better known to science as Lieut. Maury, 
from his researches on the laws of currents and deep sea lore, speaking of the 
relative merits of Norfolk and New York as commercial harbors, says of the road- 
stead in the vicinity of which the deep water terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Railroad will be located, and which is common to vessels seeking the wharves at 
Norfolk, Yorktown or Newport's News, thus describes it : ' Geographically considered, 
the harbors of Norfolk or Hampton Roads and New York occupy the most important 
and commanding positions on the Atlantic coast of the United States. They are 
more convenient to the ocean than Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston are, because 
they are not so far from the sea. 

" ' Depth of water that can be carried out, and distance of the sea from 

Hampton Roads, distant 15 miles — depth 28 feet. 

New York, " 30 " 3| fathoms, 23 " 

Boston, " 100 " 3^ " 21 " 

Philadelphia, " 100 " 3| " 23 " 

Baltimore, ' " 160 " 2| " 16 " 

" ' Between the three last and the sea there is a tedious bay navigation, but 
-each of the first two is situated upon a well sheltered harbor, that opens right out 
iipon the sea with beautiful offings, those of Hampton Roads surpassing the others 
in all the requirements of navigation, both as to facility of ingress and egress, 
certainty of land fall, depth of water, and holding ground.' 

"He also shows, that to reach the Chesapeake, vessels cross the Gulf Stream at 
its narrower part, and take advantage of tlie eddies on its southeastern edge; going 
in the opposite direction to Europe, by following the Gulf Stream for a longer 
distance, will be helped along their course 50 to 100 miles per day." 

The ship channel from Hampton Roads to the ocean is an air-line of sixteen 
nautical miles. 

The following comparative tables of distances by available routes, from the 
"Report of a Select Committee of the United States Senate on Transportation 
Routes to the Seaboard, 1874," show the advantages of the situation of Hampton 
Roads {and, consequently, of all commercial points in Virginia on the James, the York, the 
Elizabeth, «Scc.), in reference to Western trade, whether export or import, coastwise 
or foreign ; 

MILES. 

Hampton Roads to ISTew York, via ocean 293 

Hampton Roads to New York, via inland:]: route 343 

Hampton Roads to Philadelphia, via ocean and Delaware Bay 300 

Hampton Roads to Philadelphia, via inland|| route .■ 223 

Hampton Roads to Baltimore, via Chesapeake Bay 200 

Hampton Roads to "Washington, via Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River.. 182 

* See maps 3 and 4. 

t From a pamphlet issued by Fisk & Hatch, Bankers, New York, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 1873. 

t Viz : via Chesapeake Bay, Chesapsake and Delaware Canal and Delaware and Raritan Canal. 

I Viz : via Chesapeake Bay and Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 



161 

'he next table was prepared to show the advantages that would accrue to 
;rn 'trade by completing the James Eiver and Kanawha Canal (a work sure to 
ae at no distant day) aftd give an outlet to the sea by cheap water transpor- 
through a route that is but little interrupted by ice. 



DISTANCES FEOM 



Cairo, moutt of Ohio, by rivers and James Eiver and Kanawha Canal 

Cairo, via nearest rivers and canals 

Oairo, via river, gulf and ocean 

LoHisville, Ky., by rivers and James Kiver and Kanawha Canal. 

Xouisville, Ky., by nearest rivers, late and canals 

liouisville, Ky., by rivers, gulf and ocean 

Louisville, Ky., by rail 

Cincinnati, by rivers and James Eiver and Kanawha Canal 

Cincinnati, by nearest canals, lake and river , 

Cincinnati, by rivers, gulf and ocean 

Cincinnati, by rail 

Point Pleasant, West Viiginia, by James Kiver and Kanawha Canal and rivers. 

Point Pleasant, West Virginia, by rivers, gulf and ocean 

Wheeling, by James Eiver and Kanawha Canal and rivers 

Wheeling, by rivers, gulf and ocean 

Pittsburg, by rivers and James Kiver and Kanawha Canal 

Pittsburg, by rivers, gulf and ocean 

Pittsburg, by rail. 

Memphis, by rivers and J ames Eiver and Kanawha CanaL 

Memphis, by river, gulf and ocean 

Memphis, by rail 

Memphis, by rail to Norfolk 

Memphis, by rail to Norfolk and ocean 

Saint Louis, by rivers and James Eiver and Kanawha Canal 

Saint Louis, by river, gulf and ocean 

Saint Louis, by rivers, canals and lake 

Saint Louis, by rail , 






59T 



7T0 



1,540 



921 



1,4T9 



1,522 
3,052 



1,153 
3,421 

88T 



1,004 
3,553 

7TT 



3,756 



4,019 
444 



2,813 
1,123 



1,214 



3,230 
1,962 
1,110 



Norfolk and Portsmouth as a Cotton-Port have advantages for the collection 
and distribution of the larger portion of the immense cotton crop of the United 
States that may fairly be claimed as superior to those of any other, and that, against 
powerful competition, raised it from comparative insignificance a few years ago to 
the fifth rank* in 1872, and the third in 1874, among American ports in the net 
annual receipts of cotton. 



21 



* See following tables of cotton receipts. 



162 

The cotton-belt* of the United States extends from the Valley of the James, in 
Yirginia, on the north, to that of the Eio Grande, in Texas, on the south, conform- 
ing in the line of its extension to the general trend of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts 
and the Appalachian mountains, but bounded on all its northwestern border by the 
isotherm of sixty Fahrenheit that follows the flanks of this mountain system from 
Virginia through the Carolinas and Georgia into Alabama, and then follows them 
northward through Tennessee and Kentucky into the southeastern angle of 
Missouri. 

The largest production of cotton* is in the middle zone of the cotton-belt — that 
in the Atlantic cotton States lies midway between the mountains and the sea, or in 
ihe Midland country; and the same is true of Alabama and Tennessee, while in 
Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana it is in the Valleys of the Mississippi, Yazoo, 
Arkansas and Red rivers, and again in Texas through the Middle country. Of the 
cotton cropt of 1870 (some 3,660,000 bales) 575,000, or about 6-36ths, were produced 
on the waters that flow directly into the Atlantic from the States of Virginia, North 
and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida ; 864,000, or about 9-36ths, on the waters 
that flow into the Gulf, east of the Mississippi, from the States of Georgia, Florida, 
Alabama, Mississippi and a small portion of Louisiana ; 110,000, or about l-36th, on 
the waters that flow into the Ohio from Tennessee and Kentucky ; 1,134,000, or 
about 13-36ths in the comparatively narrow Valley of the Mississippi and on the 
small rivers that run into it from the mere western borders of the States of Ten- 
nessee and Mississippi, and the eastern ones of Missouri and Arkansas, and a strip 
of Louisiana on each side of the river, the area of the whole being but 65,646 square 
miles; 112,000, or about l-36th, on the waters of the Arkansas, in the State of the 
same name and in Missouri ; 340,000, or about 3-36ths, on the waters of Red river, 
iri Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, and 325,000, or about 3-36ths, on the other waters of 
Texas. Memphis, on the Mississippi, in Tennessee, was nearer than any other 
interior city to fully half of the cotton product above enumerated. 

The port of Norfolk and Portsmouth is situatedX in the northeastern corner of 
this cotton-belt, where, if that belt were extended, it would pass into the Atlantic, 
so that geographically in this, with its Hampton Roads, most commodious harbor 
of the American Atlantic, is naturally the pier-head of the cotton-zone, hither the 
bales naturally tend, and hence they as naturally take the steam and sails of commerce 
to bear them on in the same direction they have hitherto pursued, swiftly and 
cheaply, either coastwise, by inland tidal ways and ship canals, or along the safe 
coast to the domestic ports of the great cotton manufacturing centres§ of the United 
States, or to foreign ports, the world's cotton markets, by way of the ever-flowing 
Gulf stream that inclines from its course towards the Capes of Virginia, as if to 
invite and speed them whither the wants of trade require. 

Two extensive systems of railways, that by their connections reach nearly every 
portion of the cotton-growing country, have their termini on the wharves of Norfolk 
and Portsmouth, and furnish ample facilities for the collection at this market of a 

*See Cotton Maps of U. S. Statistical Atlas and of Census of 1870. 

f See Map of Elver Systems of U. S., by Gen. von Steinwehr, in U. S. Statistical Atlas. 

{See Map No, 4. 

I See Report of U. S. Senate on Transportation Routes to the Sea, page 242 (1874). 



163 

large share of the annual cotton crop. The Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, the 
representative of one of these systems, is part of a great trunk line from this port 
to Memphis, passing through some three hundred miles of the cotton-belt in Ten- 
nessee, Alabama and Mississippi, and terminating, as before stated, at the inland 
depot of half the cotton product; this road and its feeders, therefore, reaches all of 
the western and southwestern cotton fields. The Seaboard and Roanoke, the repre- 
, sentative of the other system, is a portion of the Atlantic coast lines of railway that 
penetrate every portion of the Atlantic and Gulf cotton States, and reach, as before 
stated, fully 15-o6ths of the yearly cotton crop. Two ship canals join the waters of 
this port with those of the sounds of North Carolina, that branch into a productive 
cotton region. These lines of internal improvements furnish communication by the 
shortest and cheapest routes of inland transit between the gin-houses of the planters 
and the warehouses and wharves of the factors and shippers, at a port where full 
provision is made for storing, compressing, shipping or selling cotton. The rates'^ 
of transit for cotton to this port from the interior must continue to be cheaper than 
to others, because the distances are shorter and the lines of transportation diverging 
as they do cannot combine to raise rates, at the same time the facilities for traffic 
are ample. 

The requirements for the reception and distribution of cotton at this port are fully 
provided. The railway cars run out upon the wharves, where the largest of mer- 
chant vessels may lay alongside and receive the bales directly into their holds, sav- 
ing thereby the large expense and waste incident to ports where several handlings 
and drayage and lighterage have to be undergone previous to shipment by sea. 
Powerful hydraulic presses are at hand to compress the bales so that ships can carry 
much more than their registered tonnage. Warehouses are provided where, safely 
stored, the bales can await the pleasure of their owners. 

The large cotton-consuming centres of the United States are in the Middle and 
I^ew England sections, where in 1870 three-fourths of all the cotton goods made in the 
country were manufactured ; therefore, the domestic cotton trade is mostly to the ports 
of those States that are in the vicinity of the cotton mills. Norfolk and Ports- 
mouth have the advantage of regular lines of steamers and sailing vessels to Balti- 
more, Philadelphia, New York, Providence and Boston — the ports of these manu- 
facturing centres — by which the spinners may receive the raw material directly from 
the quays of the Virginia port, brought loithout loss of direction a considerable portion 
of the way between them and the producer by cheap water carriage, and burdened by 
a minimum of way charges. It is evident 'that this arrangement, that enables the 
consumer and the producer of cotton to meet half way with the least intervention 
of expense, delay or middlemen, must be highly advantageous to both, and must 
ultimately lead them to seek the market so located. The statements of the coast- 
wise trade that follow show that the advantages of this port for carrying on the home 
cotton trade have not been exaggerated. 

That the enormous /orei^ii cotton exportation of the country can be best conducted 
through this port hardly admits of question in the light of the statements that 
follow. It is of the first importance to a foreign consumer, like England, that 

*See Report of U. S. Senate on Transportation Routes to the Sea, page 242 (1874). 



164 



manufactures nine-tenths of the world's cotton goods and imports all of its raw 
cotton, to obtain the raw material as cheaply as possible. To do that, it must em- 
ploy the largest vessels; load them to their utmost capacity, and have them make 
the speediest of voyages, after they have obtained their cargoes where the producer 
will furnish them for the least money. It is clear that these demands of the foreign 
Cotton-trade can be more fully met here than elsewhere. This port has deeper 
water at its wharves, and is more easily reached by large vessels than any other* 
American port. Its climatef is mild at all times, and there is neither ice nor snow 
to delay in the winter and spring months, when most of the cotton is shippe-d. The fa- 
cilities for the rapid delivery of cargo on shipboard, and in the best condition for stow- 
age, have been noted. And then the highways of the sea are but a few hours distant, 
and there is always unobstructed exit to as well as entrance from them. What has 
been done is but an earnest of what will be done hereafter, and now that the advan- 
tages of this port for the foreign cotton-trade have become known, it will doubtless 
speedily attain to the position of pre-eminence to which, in all respects, in this trade, 
it is justly entitled. 

The tabular statements that follow have been compiled from the most reliable 
sources of information to confirm by facts the foregoing generalizations. 

Previous to the ivar of 1861-5, Norfolk and Portsmouth were hardly known as a 
cotton-port, simply because there were no lines of continuous railways that penetrated 
tlie cotton-zone to bring the crop to that market. The following statement| shows 
the condition of this trade at that time, when it was a mere neighborhood business: 

No. 1. 
Movement of Cotton at Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1858 to 1861. 





YEARS. 


Eeceipts 
(Bales). 


Exports. 




Coastwise. 


Foreign. 


1858 "9 


6,174 

17,777 
33,193 


6,174 

17,488 
32,941 


§ 
289 
252 




1859 "60 




I860 '1 










57,U4 


56,603 


541 





Since the \var the consolidation of existing lines of railways, the opening of new 
ones, the extension of ship canals, the establishment of direct trade with Europe, 
increased facilities for coastwise trade, the erection of powerful cotton j)resses, and, 
above all, the knowledge of the fact that the trade can be more cheaply carried on 
here than elsewhere, have given an impetus to the movement of cotton from this 
port, and raised it from the eighth to the third rank. 

* See description of the harbor of ISTorf olli in this volume. 
t See chapter on Climate. 

J Report of Grandy &, Sons, Cotton Factors, ISTovfolk. 

§In 1858 Riclimond exported 213,351 pounds (495 bales), valued at §28,976, and this was the 
orily cotton exported from Virginia. 



165 



'So. 2. 

Statement* of the Direct Exportation of Cotton fi^om Norfolk and Portsmouth, 

1868 to 1875. 



YEAKS. 


Bales. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1868 




4,038,525 
2,643,851 
4,289,611 
2,414,300 
1,750,416 
3,414,918 
9,253,710 


$986,358 
713 076 


1869 




1870 

1871 


9,652 
5,354 
3,854 
7,569 

20,524 
67,212 


1,038,304 

327,109 
372 470 


1872 


1873 


658 833 


1874 


• 1,434,203 


1875 t 


4 578 638 









The Virginia cotton trade during this period was confined to this port, with the 
following exceptions: Richmond exported 69,985 pounds in 1868, valued at 
$19,870, and in 1873 Petersburg exported 94,781 pounds (222 bales), valued at 
$17,550. 

No. 3. 

The Cotton-Trade (in Bales) of Norfolk and Portsmouth for the Cotton-years 

{ending August Slst) named. 





Total Net t 
Receipts. 


EXPORTATION. 


Taken on 


cotton-years. 


Coastwise. 


Direct. 


On through 

bills, via 
other ports. 


Total foreign 
export. 


Local 
Account. 


lS5S-'9 


6,1T4 

1T,77T 
33,193 
59,096 
126,287 
155,591 
164,789 
178,352 
302,930 
258,730 
405,412 
472,44611 
392,235 


6,174 

17,488 
39,941 










1859-'60 


289 
252 
733 

14,168 
8,279 
7,527 
4,745 
5,142 
4,687 
8,282§ 
20,346 
67,312 








1S60-'1 








1865-'6 








1866-'7 










186T-'S 










1868-'9 










1869-'T0 










18T0-'l 










18Tl-'2 


254,043 

397,130 
418,328 
309,636 






55,000 


18T2 -'3 






75,000 


18T3-'4 


28,897 
16,645 


49,243 
83,457 


95,000 


18r4r-'5t 







* From the Reports of the U. 8. Bureau of Statistics. 

t Furnished by Mr. Miller, of the Collector's office, through Col. W. H. Taylor. 
1 1865 to 1S74— report of Messrs. Grandy. 1853 to 1861— Merchants and Mechanics Exchange Report, 
§ Messrs. Grandy point out an error in the Report of the U. S. Bureau of Statistics. 
1 The Norfolk Landmark makes this 467,571. 

i[ Furnished by A. Tredwell, Secretary and Superintendent Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange, througH 
Col. W. H. Taylor. 



166 

No. 4:.— The receipts for 1871-'2 reached this port — 

By Atlantic, Mississippi and Oliio Eailroad 125,598 bales. 

By Seaboard and Eoanoke Eailroad 108,746 " 

By Albemarle and Chesapeake and Dismal Swamp Canals.. 28,386 " 



Total receipts 258,730 " 

No. 5. — The exportation^^ of Cotton during the cotton-y earl's] A.- b, from Norfolk and 
Portsmouth, was as follows : 

f Direct 63,629 

Via New York 3,000 

Via Baltimore 1,363 

Via Boston 11,463 

Via Philadelphia 500 



To Great Britain., 



89,955 


bales 


119 


(( 


200 


(( 


2,180 


(( 


1,403 


(( 



To Havre, via Philadelphia , 

To ^ntwerp, via Philadelphia , 

To Amsterdam, direct , 

To Bremen, direct 

To New York, direct., 127,549 " 

To Boston and Providence, du-ect 112,4.35 " 

To Baltimore, direct 48,466 " i 

To Philadelphia, direct 21,186 " | 

t 

Totalexport 393,493 " | 



On hand September 1st, 187.5 179 " 

This port has lines of steamers running to Boston, Providence, New York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c., that aggregated a tonnage of 32,082 in 1874, furnishing 
facilities for the large trade indicated ahove. 

The trade of the cotton-year 1875-'6, for three months (September 1st to December 
Sd, 1875,) for this port is reported* as follows ; 

No. 6.— Stock on hand August 31st, 1875 179 bales. 

Transit receipts for the quarter 145,310 " 

Local receipts for the quarter 64,278 " 



Total 209,767 " 

Ikports. 

To Great Britain, direct 31,908 

To the Continent, direct 1,817 

To New York, direct 88,661 

To Philadelphia, direct 10,027 

To Baltimore, direct 19,744 

To Boston, du-ect 25,093 

To Providence, direct 14,972 

192,222 bales. 

On hand and shipboard Dec. 3d, 1875 17,545 " 

* Furnished by A. Tredwell, Esq., Secretary and Superintendent Norfolk and Portsmoutli Cotton Bxcbange, 
througli Col. W. H. Taylor. ' ^ > j ^^ -= ' 



167 



The United States cotton crop* for the year ending September 1, 1875, was 
■5,827,845 bales, of which 2,674,448 were exported to foreign countries and 1,200,473 
were taken by home spinners, of which 129,613 were consumed in the South, The 
average weight of the crop was 408 pounds per bale. 

The Norfolk Virginian, of December 3d, 1875, furnishes the following facts : 
On the second of December, the ship H. S. Gregory, drawing 21 7-12ths feet, was 
cleared by Messrs. Reynolds Brothers from this port for Liverpool, England, with a 
cargo consisting of 7,176 bales of cotton, weighing 3,221,971 pounds; 10,000 tree- 
nails and 3,000 staves. This was the largest cargo of cotton that ever left Norfolk, 
and is thought to be the largest that ever left any United States port. The tonnage 
of the ship was 2,207 tons, and it had not the slightest difficulty in clearing its 
moorings. 

The same day the brig R. B. Grove was cleared by Messrs. Ricks & Milhado, 
for Havre, with a cargo of 1,817 bales of cotton, weighing 830,898 pounds. The 
tonnage of this vessel is only 463, and its cargo was the largest, compared with ton- 
nage, that ever left the port. On a voyage from New Orleans, two years ago, this 
brig carried 1,545 bales (707,316 pounds), so it carried from Norfolk 272 bales 
(23,572 pounds) more than it did from New Orleans. This was the first cargo of 
cotton ever shipped direct from Norfolk to Havre. 

The three powerful hydraulic cotton presses that have recently been erected 
here have contributed largely to the above results; one of them, belonging to 
the Messrs. Reynolds, can compressf 800 bales a day. 

The following quarterly statement is from the same — Virginian: 

No. 7. 
Cotton-Trade of 1874-'5 and 1875-'6 compared. 





COMPARISON OF EXPORTS. 




1st Quarter of Cotton Thak 1875-'6. 


1st Quarter of Cotton Tear 1874^ '5. 




Bales. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Bales. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


September 








93 

1,462 

11,546 


40,808 

667,044 

5,227,862 


6,323 


■October , 


4,440 
18,463 


1,975,802 
8,493,160 


276,612 
1,183,351 


100,056 


November 


784,147 






Total 


22,903 


10,473,9S2 


$1,409,963 


13,101 


5,935,714 


$890,528 








9,802 


4,538,238 


$519,435 










'" 







The above does not include the shipment of December 2d, before given. 

The export trade in cotton to foreign countries from American ports has under- 
gone many changes, as is shown by the following, but the tendency appears to be 
to ship from the Atlantic j)orts. 

*Kichmoiid Enquirer January 19, 1876. 

t Cotton pamphlet of Southern Fertilizing Company, of Richmond, tlirougli QqI, Joha 
Qtt, Secretary. 



168 



No. 8. 
Bales of Cotton Exported from United States Ports to Foreign Countries, 1870 to 1873. 



FROM 


18T0. 


1S71. 


1872. 


1873. 




1,005,530 

200,833 

9T,109 

265,631 

152,559 

50 

9,660 

413,701 

1,67T 


1,302,535 

287,074 

175,650 

464,369 

221,242 

70 

5,417 

667,958 

3,005 

1,380 

37,567 

475 


888,976 
137,977 
111,388 
295,798 
116,597 


1,177,058 




132,130 




160,169' 




375,895 




210,433 




1,682 




3,807 

373,071 

13,123 

. 2,108 

14,811 

143 

12 


7,722 




573,493 




11,128 




6,79a 




32,162 


20,943: 




2,257 - 






. 324 












2,178,917 


3,166,742 


1.957,314 


2,679,986 







No. 9. 

Cotton* Exported from the United States, and to what Foreign Forts, year ending 

August 2>lst, 1873. 



exported to 



Liverpool 

Lonclon 

Glasgow ■ 

Queenstown, Corl:, &c 

Cowes, Falmouth, <fec 

Havre 

Rouen 

Amsterdam 

Bremen 

Hamburg 

Antwerp 

Rotterdam 

Gottenburg and Stockholm. 

Uddevella 

Barcelona 



Bales. 



1,842,117 

386 

701 

50,487 

11,455 

251,172 

1,731 

32,404 

191,586 

24,691 

25,387 

15,706 

10,136 

1,650 

52,194 



EXPORTED to 



Santander 

Malaga 

San Sebastian, &c. 

Genoa 

Trieste 

Salerno 

Narva 

Cronstadt 

Revel 

Helsingfors 

Mexico 

Other ports 



Total Export . 



Bales. 



1,280 

7,753 

2,543 

36,470 

2,947 

344 

5,90S 

56,22T 

51,425 

1,060 

99T 

783 



' United States Bureau of Statistics— Cotton pamphlet of Southern Fertilizing Company, Richmond. 



Ko. 10. 

Export of Cotton, Foreign and Coastwise, from Southern Ports, for Cotton-Year 1873. 





Bai.es. 


Shipping Ports. 


To Foreign Ports. 


To Coast's\ise Ports. 


Charleston, South Cfirolina 


160,169 


225 016 


Fernandina, St. Marks, &c., Florida..* 


14 068 


Galveston, Texas 


210,438 
132,130 

1,177,058 
1,632 

375,895 
7,722 


133 304 


Mobile, Alabama 


197 131 


!N^ew Orleans 


228,968 
59 898 


North Carolina ports 


Savannah, Georgia 


248 752 


Virginia ports ,, 


724,791 








2,065,044 


1,831,928 



No. 11. 
The Cotton Crops* of 1873-'4 and 1874-'5 and Receipts at the several Ports. 



STATj:8 


Actual. 
(Bales.) 


Estimated. 
(Bales.) 


PORTS 
WHERE MARKETED, &G. 


Actual. 
(Bales.) 


Estijiated,- 
(Bales.) 


WHERE GROWN. 


Year end- 
ing Sept. 1, 
1ST4. 


Tear end- 
ing Sept. 1, 
1S75. 


Year end- 
ing Sept. 1, 
1874. 


Year end- 
ing Sept. 1- 
1875. 


Texas. 


500,000 
420,000 
675,000 
575,000 
75,000 
600,000 
400,000 
225,000 
400,000 
300,000 


550,000 
430,000 
610,000 
650,000 
100,000 
665,000 
400,000 
275,000 
360,000 
210,000 


Galveston, &o 


889,045 

1,221,693 

299,578 

14,185 

625,357 

438,194 

57,895 

505,876 

251,962 

237,572 

128,526 


400,000 


Louisiana 




1,230,000 

375,000 

25,000' 

675,000 


Mississippi 




Alabama. 


Florida 


Piorida. , 




Georgia 


Charleston 


475,000' 


South Carolina 




90,000 
450,000 


North Carolina 




Artansas 

Tennessee 


New York, Boston & Baltimore. . 


250,000 
200,00ft 






130,000 








* Total crop 


4,170,000 


4,300,000 


Total crop 


4,170,388 


4,300,000 







The above statement shows that in 1874 Norfolk was the third market in the 
United States. 

* Financial Chronicle, ]N"ew York, in Cotton pamphlet of Southern Fertilizing Company. 
t Norfolk received 472,446 bales of the 505,876. 

22 



170 

No. 12.— The excellent and suggestive Cotton-port Map of the Norfolk Land- 
mark gives the following as the net receipts of cotton at the United States ports in 
1874. By net receipts it means cotton sen-t direct to a port and that has not been 
■counted at any other port. * 



1. New Orleans 1,186,032 bales. 

2. Savannah 634,088 " 

3. Norfolk and Portsmouth 487,571 " 

4. Charleston 428,352 '• 

5. Galveston 367,053 " 

6. Mobile ; 296,731 " 

7. New York 210,820 " 

.S.Philadelphia 43,203 " 



9. Boston 40,465 bales. 

10. Wilmington (N. C.) 20,729 " 

11. Baltimore 16,272 " 

12. Port.Koyal(S. C.) 9,643 " 

13. Providence 6,038 " 

Total 3,726,997 bales. 



The following table* gives the Production, Home Consumption, Exports, &c., of 
the Cotton of the United States during the period embracing the returns given 



for Virginia : 



No. 13. 







• 




Home 

Consumption. 

Bales. 


Exports. 
Bales. 


Average 

net weight 

PER Bale. 

Lbs. 


Middling Upland. 


years ending 

august 31. 


Pkoduction. 
Bales. 


Average price 
per lb. in New 
York in cents 
and lOOths. 


Average price 
per lb. in Liver- 
pool, in pence 
and lOOths. 


1858-'9 


4,018,914 
4,861,292 
.R.S49.4fi9 


927,651 
978,043 
843,740 


3,021,403 
3,774,173 
3,127,568 


447 
461 

477 


12.08 
11.00 
13.01 
31.29 
67.21 
101.50 
83.38 
43.20 
31.59 
24.85 
29.01 
23.98 
16.95 
20.48 
18.15 


6.68 


1859-'60 

1860-'l 


5.9T 
8.50 


1861-'2 




No trustwor-" 

thy statistics 

for these 

vears. 


■ 


18.37 


1862-'3 








22.46 


1863-'4 








27.1T 


1864- '5 








19.11 


1865-6 


2,269,316 
2,097,254 
2,519,554 
2,366,467 
3,122,551 
4,362,317 
3,014,351 
S.930.Kns 


666,100 

770,080 

906,636 

926,374 

865,160 

1,110,196 

1,237,330 

1,201,127 


1,554,664 
1,557,054 
1,655,816 
1,465,880 
2,206,480 
3,166,742 
1,957,314 
2,679,986 


441 
444 
445 
444 
440 
442 
443 
464 


15.30 


1866-'T 

l<S67-'8 


10.98 
10.52 


ia6S-'9 


12.12 


1869-'70 

1870-1 


9.89 
18.55 


1871-'2 


10.78 


1872-'3 


9.65 













Great Britain is the Cotton Market of the World, because she manufactures 9-lOths 
of the cotton goods that are made; therefore, in considering the cotton trade of any 
point, it is a matter of interest to know the facts of demand in the country that 
regulates the trade in this great staple. 



* By B. F. Nourse, of Boston — From Cotton pamphlet of Southern Fertilizing Company, 
Kichmond, 1875. 



171 



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l72 

The European Consumption of Cotton, and the Sources of Supply for 1872-73, in 
bales, are summed up by M. Ott-Truempler,* of Zurich, an eminent statistician, as 
follows: 

No. 15. 




* Appleton's American Cyclopedia, ISTl. 



No 3 



100 IS>0 




Snunw l( &aanfi^am. LiQiotfraphrrs BicfanujiulVk 




\ 



I 



p 



VIRGIITIA 



fjlRtii—foliticjlL summary. 



CHAPTEE, VII — The Population of thj^; State. 
CHAPTER VIII— Religious Advantages. 
CHAPTER IX — Educational Advantages. 
CHAPTER X — Internal Improvements. , 
CHAPTER XI— Government. 



• CHAPTER VII. 

The Population of Virginia. 

The statistics of the population of Virginia, compiled from the official Reports 
of the Censuses of the United States for 1860 and 1870, are here presented for each 
of the great Natural Divisions of the State as described in this summary. The re- 
sults of two decades are given for comparative purposes, but it should be borne in 
mind that the census of 1870 followed a long and exhausting war, in which Virginia 
suffered a great loss of human life and destruction of the means of subsistence, as 
well as a dismemberment, by which she was deprived of 23,000 square miles of 
territory and 442,014 of population. 

On the 1st of June, 1860* and 1870, the Population of the Sections of Vir- 
ginia, hy Numbers and Race, were as follows : 

Table I. 



Tidewater 

Middle 

Piedmont 

Blue Ridge , 

Valley , 

AppalacMa 

Vii'2:inia 



Aggbegate. 



1860. 



(a) 

344,782 

(c) 

371,035 
209,132 

24,500 

(f) 
194,290 

76,901 



(j) 
1,219,630 



1870. 



(b) 

346,297 

(d) 
363,932 

(e) 

207,204 

28,550 

(g) 
197,967 

(i) 

81.197 



(k) 

1,225,163 



Whites. 



1860. 



167,129 
164,800 
115,236 

23,117 
153,517 

67,974 



691,773 



1870. 



168,650 
101,996 
12i,107 

26,479 
159,927 

73,922 



712,089 



Blacks. 



1860. 



177,570 

206,235 

93,896 

1,383 

40,772 
7,817 



527,763 



1870. 



177,475 

201,905 

86,085 

2,079 

38,027 

7,270 



512,841 






. Including— (a) 83 Indians; W 170 Indians and 2 Chinese; <«) 2 Chinese; W 29 
Indians; (®) 12 Indians; (^ 13 Indians; (^) 1 Indian; (^) 10 Indians; W 5 Indians; 
<j) 106 Indians and 2 Chinese;. ^) 229 Indians and 4 Chinese. 

The gain'\ of the entire population from 1860 to 18701 was .045 per cent.; the 
gain of the whites was .029 per cent.; the loss of the blacks was .009 per cent. 

* The population is given for the territory of Vu'gmia as it now (1874) is and as it was in 1870. 
•f- In 1863 the State of West Virginia was created, and 50 counties of Vu'ginia were assigned 
to it, but the returns here given are for Virginia as it now is. 
\ This embraces the four years of war. 



176 

The Statistical Atlas of the United States (1874) gives the following as the 
population of the present (1870) territory of Virginia, at each census — it may be 
considered a good approximation : 



1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 



Persons. 



691,737 

801,608 

869,131 

928,558 

1,034,481 

1,015,260 

1,119,348 

1,219,630 

1,225,163 



' Persons 

to a 

Square Mile, 



18.05 
20.92 
22.69 
24.24 
27.00 
26.50 
29.11 
31.80 
31.93 



The population of the United States was 31,443,381 in 1860, and 38,558,371 in 
,1870, in which year Virginia was the 10th State in the number of people. 

The next table gives the Area of each section and of the State and the 
Population to th^ square mile. 

Table II. 



"Tidewater , 

maaie 

Piedmont 

Bhie Ridge 

VaUey 

Appalacliia 

Viriiinia 



Square Miles. 



11,350 
12,470 
G,GSO 
1,230 
7,550 
5,720 



45,000 



l,000tlis 

of 

State. 



.252 

.277 
.149 
.027 
.168 
.127 



1.000 



Population 

to 
Square Mile. 



30.5 
29.2 
32.5 
23.2 

26.2 
14.2 



27.2 



The census of 1870 gives 38,348 square miles as the area of Virginia (this, 
stated elsewhere, is incorrect), and on that basis gives it a population of 31.95 
the square mile. The number in 1870, in the United States, omitting the territori- 
was 19.21, and, including them, 10.70 to the square mile. The centre of populat' 
in the United States, according to the Statistical Atlas, was in 1820 sixteen n: 



177 

north of Woodstock, in Virginia; in 1830 it had passed to nineteen miles west south- 
west of Moorefield; in 1840 to sixteen miles south of Clarksburg; in 1850 to twen- 
ty-three miles southeast of Parkersburg, and in 1870 to forty-eight miles east by 
north of Cincinnati. . The land-surface area of the United States, omitting territo- 
ries, was, in 1870, 1,984,467 square miles, and including them 3,603,884. The area 
of land and water is about 4,000,000, So Virginia had about one forty -fourth of the 
area of the States and one-eightieth of the whole country. 

Table III. 





NATIVE. 


FOREIGN BORN. 


Having one 

or both 
parents for- 
eign. 


Having 

foreign 
fatlier. 


Having 

foreign 
mother. 


Having f or- 
eicn father 
and mother 




1860. 


1870. 


1860. 


1870. 


1870. 


1870. 


1370. 


1870. 


Tidewater 


335,040 
367,492 
208,124 

24,454 
192,194 

75,213 


339,440 
359,983 
206,140 

28,512 
193,397 

80,937 


9,232 
4,543 
1,003 
4S 
2,096 
1,538 


6,817 
3,977 
1,084 
46 
1,590 
260 


14,526 
9,092 
2,241 

148 
3,990 

797 


14,109 
8,693 
2,172 

143 
3,800 

755 


12,560 

7,140 

1,707 

83 

2,758 

503 


12,143 
6,756 
1,628 
78 
2,568 


lliddle 


Piedmont 


Blue Eido'e 


Yalley 








Virginia 


1,201,117 


1,211,409 


18,513 


13,754 


30,794 


29,677 


24,7il 


23 634 







By this table (III) it appears that in 1870 over 988 out of every 1,000 of the 
population of Virginia were born in the United States, or that less than 12 in each 
thousand were foreign born. The table also shows that the f'^reign fathers were 
more numerous than the mothers — as it should, because more males come to the 
country than females, and marry here. The foreign population is most numerous 
In the sections near the sea. 

Table IV is Selected Nativities' of the Native Population of Virginia in 1870, 
showing ivhere most of the people were born. 

Table IV. 





NATIVES— WHERE BORN. 


' 


Whole 
Number. 


Virginia or 
West Va. 


North 
Carolina. 


Maryland. 


New York. 


Ten'essee 


Pen'sylva'a 


Tidewater 


339,500 
359,964 
198,460 

28,512 
196,397 

80,947 


302,620 
347,539 

198.005 

■ 

26,194 

183,755 

74,401 


7,202 
3,222 
633 
2,105 
1,425 
2,251 


2,950 

2,038 

726 

7 

952 

64 


2,130 

1,345 

402 

2 

243 

26 


77 

124 

83 

71 

1,195 

2,578 


1,257 
1,114 
1,413 

35 
1,172 

74 


Middle 


Piedmont 


Blue Ridge , . , 


Valley 


Appalachia. 




Virginia 


1,203,780 


1,137,574 


16,843 


7,328 


4,643 


4,138 


4,070 





23 



ITS 

Table IV reveals the fact that nine hundred and forty-five in every thousands 
of the population (1870) were born in Virginia or West Virginia — the latter State- 
having so recently been taken from Virginia — and that thirty of the remaining 
fifty -five of the one thousand were born either in North Carolina, IMaryland, New 
York, Tennessee or Pennsylvania — states, three of which now border on Virginia,, 
and Pennsylvania did before West Virginia was separated. Trade with the great 
commercial city of New York has promoted intercourse and interchange of residence 
with the state in which it is situated. North Carolina touches the State a long dis- 
tance, bordering most of the sections, and her children are found in all. The same 
is true of Maryland, save that she is remote from Blue Ridge and ApjDalachia^ 
Tennessee has sent her people to the Valley and Appalachia, which adjoin her. 

Table V gives the Selected Nativities of the Foreign-Born Population of the- 
Sections of Virginia in 1870. 

Table "V. 





a 

O 


03 

o 
"SB 


a 

OS . 


73 
id 


1 
o 
o 


a ^ 


(4 


a> 
o 

a 


OS f- 

a o 


■a 
o 




■a 
fl 

03 

'^ 

0) 
N 

'% 
(11 


03 


Tidewater 

Middle 


6,815 
3,999 
1,036 
46 
1,550 
2S0 


111 

120 
34 

51 

8 


737 
850 
198 

16 
198 

41 


3,258 

1,535 

385 

18 

714 

173 


349 
215 

82 


3 

1 


2,505 

869 

239 

11 

419 

■ 10 


253 
50 
11 


26 

17 
2 


40 

183 

6 


121 

18 

10 

1 

11 

1 

162 


67 
41 
18 


55; 

10' 


Piedmont 

Blue Ridge 

Valley 




50 
14 


1 


44 
6 


1 


2 


21 
1 


11 


Appalachia 










Virginia 


13,T26 


324 


2,040 


6,080 


710 


5 


4,053 


364 


46 


231 


148 


76i 



Of the foreign population, Ireland furnished nearly one-half, Germany one- 
third, England one-sixth and Scotland one-twentieth. The foreign population has- 
been gathered from more than fifty different foreign States, representing all the 
leading nationalties of the world. Forty-nine of the foreigners are blacks from 
Africa, Euroj)e, West Indies and Canada, and there are four Chinese from China, 
The native population is gathered from forty-one States and Territories, so that 
more than ninety different States are here represented. 

Over 49 per cent, of the foreign-born population were found in Tidewater, 

■where they are located in the seaport cities. Over 29 per cent, lived in the Middle 

country, and nearly 8 per cent, in Piedmont, while the Valley had over 11 per 
cent. 

Of the population born in the Virginias, 659,230 were whites and 503,368 blacks, 

so 9,424 blacks were born in other States, of which Maryland furnished 1,679, 

North Carolina 6,373, South Carolina 223, and Tennessee 287 ; they are gathered 

from thirty States of the Union. 



179 > 

Table VI shows the condition of the Population of Virginia in 1870 in respect 
to Sex, Race and Nativity. 

TalDle YI. 





TOTALS. 


NATIVE. 


FOREIGN. 




Whole 

No. 


Males. 


Females. 


Whole 
No. 


Males. 


Females. 


Whole 
No. 


Males. 


Females. 


Whites 


712,089 

440,593 

72,248 

512,841 

229 

4 


348,720 

214,758 

33,470 

248,228 

106 

4 


368,369 

225,835 

38,778 

264,613 

123 


698,388 

440,553 

72,239 

512,792 

229 


340,736 

214,731 

33,465 

248,196 

106 


357,652 

225,822 

38,774 

264,596 

123 


13,701 

40 

9 

49 


7,984 
27 
5 
32 


5,717 


Blacks 


13 


Mulattoes 


4 


Total Negro 


IT 




4 


4 
















Total of allEaces.... 


1,225,163 


597,058 


628,105 


1,211,409 


559,038 


622,371 


13,754 


8,020 


5,734 



This table shows that 419 out of each 1,000 of the population belong to the 
colored races, and 581 to the white races — in other words, seven-twelfths of the 
people are white and five-twelfths colored; 58 per cent, of the population being 
white and 42 per cent, colored. 

Of the negroes, 14 per cent, are mulattoes, or mixed, and 86 per cent, blacks, 
or unmixed. The mulattoes generally intermarry, expressing a decided preference 
for the mixed over the pure negro, consequently the tendency is to increase the 
mixed race. 

The females in. all cases, except in that of foreigners, are considerably in excess 
of the males. Of the whites nearly 49 per cent., of the negroes a little over 48 per 
cent., and of the mulattoes 46 per cent., are males. 

The Indians are the remnant of the once powerful Pamunkey tribes, living on 
a reservation. 

The next tabular statement (VII) gives the statistics of what the census calls 
the School, the Military and the Citizen or Voting Population. 

Table VII. 





School Population- 


5 to IS. 


Military 

Population, 

18 to 45. 


Citiz-^n 
Population, 
21 and over, 


o 




Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Male. 


5^ 
o 




114,561 

85,510 

32 


111,026 

85,644 

39 


225,587 

171,154 

71 


123,124 

83,488 

42 

4 

202,072 

4,586 


■ 161,500 

107,691 

47 

4 

261,948 

7,294 


















199,665 
438 


196,289 
440 


395,934 

878 












All classes 


200,103 


196,709 


396,812 


206,658 


269,242 


597,053 







• 180 

The School Population of the State, by Report of the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, for 1872-3, was — 

Table THI. 



"White. 
Black . 



Males. 



128,967 
87,399 



Females. 



124,444 
83,297 



Total. 



253,411 
170,696 



Aggregate. 



424.107 



The average percentage of these in attendance at public schools in 1872-'3 was, 
of whites, .255 per cent.; of blacks, .154 per cent.; or .215 for all — so that over one- 
fifth of the Virginia School Population, which includes all between b and 21 years of 
age (not 5 and 18 as in the census), actually attended the 'public schools — so that 
if all that attended are considered, over one-fourth of this class were receiving in- 
struction. According to Table VII, the males of this vigorous class — the hope of 
the Commonwealth, those between 5 and IS* — formed I63 per cent, of the whole 
population, that is, nearly one-sixth of all the people, while the females were 16 l-12tli 
per cent. Nearly one-third of all the people in the State were between 5 and 18, a 
most striking fact, illustrating the vigor of the population, the healthfulness of the 
State, &c. 

The arms-bearing population — the vigorous and active men, the bread-winners — 
those between 18 and 45, constituted over one-sixth of the population, and that, too, 
after this class had been more than twice decimated by war during the decade. The 
V)hite males were nearly 60 per cent, of this class. 

The voting population of Virginia includes all males over 21, except idiots and 
lunatics, persons convicted of bribery in any election, of embezzlement of public 
funds, treason or felony, and officers, soldiers, seamen or marines of the United 
States army or navy merely stationed in the State. The citizens, those that have the 
right to vote, are cdl males over 21 ivho are citizens of the United States, who have resided in 
Virginia one yeojr and in the election district three months before the election at ivhich they 
may desire to vote, excepting as above. This brings the number of voters to 266,680, 
or .217 per cent, of the population — over one-fifth. At the State election of 1869 
the vote cast was 220,739, so that about .83 per cent, of the voters exercised their 
electoral privileges. 

Tlie total male population of Virginia (1870) was 597,058; that of all the 
United States was 19,493,565 ; so Virginia had over .03 per cent, of the whole, while 
of the natural militia (18 to 45), she had over 27 in each 1,000 of all, ranking as 
the 12th State, while she ranks as the 9th in the militia of native population. 

Of the citizenship population of the United States — 8,425,941 — Virginia had 
.03i per cent., holding the 10th rank. 

The school population of the United States (5 to 18) was 12,055,443 (males, 
6,086,872; females, 5,968,571); so Virginia had one-thirtieth of this class. 

* The census states that of the school and military ages the Jirst years are inclusive^ the last 
exclusive. 



181 



The following table (IX) gives the Ages of the population, in 1870, for the 



State ; 



Table IX. 



Population of Virginia . 



Tinder one year old 

One year old 

Tinder tioo years 

Tioo years old 

Under tliree years 

Three years old 

Tinder four years 

Four years old ." 

Tinder five years 

Five to nine 

Under ten years 

Ten to fourteen 

Under fifteen 

Fifteen to seventeen 

Under eighteen 

Eigliteen to nineteen 

Under twentj' 

Twenty 

Under twenty-one 

Twenty-one to twenty-four. 

Under twenty-five 

Twenty-five to twenty- nine , 



Under thirty 



Thirty to thirty-four 

Under thirty-five., 

Thkty-five to thirty-nine. 

Under forty 

Forty to forty-four 

Under forty-five 



In 100,000. 



2,922 
2,960 
5,882 
3,159 
9,041 
3,026 

12,067 
2,908 

14,975 

12,377 

27,352 

13,258 

40,610 
6,754 

47,364 
4,163 

51,527 
2,214 

53,741 
7,476 

61,217 
7,190 

68,407 
5,808 

74,215 
5,509 

79,724 
4,624 

84,348 



Total, 



Male. 



1,225,163 



35,802 

36,261 

72,063 

38,700 
110,763 

37,081 
147,844 

35,625 
183,489 
151,638 
335,107 
162,436 
497,543 

52,738 
580,281 

51,006 
631,287- 

27,122 
658,409 

91,596 
750,005 

88,090 
838,095 

71,162 
909,257 

67,488 
976,745 

56,652 
1,033,397 



597,058 



18,071 
18,480 
38,551 
19,790 
56,341 
18,436 
74,777 
18,089 
92,866 
76,737 

169,603 
82,976 

252,579 
40,390 

292,969 
23,946 

316,915 
10,901 

327,816 
42,892 

370,708 
38,803 

409,511 
31,880 

441,391 
31,723 

473,114 
26,513 

499,627 



Female. 



628,105 



17,731 
17,781 
35,512 
18,910 
54,422 
18,645 
73,067 
17,53S 
90,603 
74,901 

185,504 
79,460 

244,964 
42,348 

287,312 
27,060 

314,372 
16,221 

330,593 
48,704 

379,207 
49,287 

428,584 
39,282 

467,866 
35,765 

503,631 
30,139 

533,770 



182 



Table IX — Continued. 



Forty-five to forty-nine 

Under fifty 

Fifty to fifty-four 

Under firty-five 

Fifty-five to fifty-nine 

Under sixt}' , .... 

Sixty to sixty-four 

Under sixty-five 

Sixty- five to sixtj'-nine 

Und'.r scve:ity 

Seventy to ^eveuty-four , 

Under sovi iity-five 

Seventy-five to seventy-nine 

Under eiglity 

Eighty to e;.^hty-nine 

Under ninety ■ 

Ninety to ninety-nine 

Under one lumdred 

One liundied, &c 



In 100,000. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female, 


4,025 


49,313 


24,987 


24,326 


88,373 


1,082,710 


524,614 


558,096 


3,580 


43,860 


22,250 


21,610 


91,953 


' 1,126,570 


546,864 


579,706 


2,249 


27,566 


14,440 


13,126 


94,202 


1,154,136 


561,304 


592,832 


2,305 


28,221 


14,652 


13,569 


96,507 


1,182,357 


575,956 


606,401 


1,380 


16,916 


8,806 


8,110 


97,887 


1,199,273 


584,762 


614,511 


1,053 


12,904 


0,315 


6,589 


98,940 


1,212,177 


591,077 


621,100 


525 


6,433 


3,120 


3,313 


99,465 


1,218,610 


594,197 


624,413 


435 


5,325 


2,410 


2,915 


99,900 


1,223,935 


596,607 


627,328 


81 


998 


386 


612 


99,981 


1,224,933 


596,993 


627,940 


19 


230 


65 


165 



There were 890,056 ten years and over in age, and of these 412,665, over 46 
per cent., had occupation of some kind. Of the 96,439 males between 10 and 15, 
over 35 per cent., or 33,954, were employed ; and of the 93,576 females of the same 
class, 14,392, or about 15 per cent., had occupation. Of the 295,262 males between 
16 and 59, 275,501, or over 93 per cent, were actively employed, and of the 333,752 
females of same age, 58,026, or over 17 per cent., had occupation. Of the 35,754 
males that were 60 and over, 28,009, or about 80 per cent., were still of the occupied 
class, while of the 35,273 females, only 2,783, or less than 8 per cent., were of the 
busy class. Of all that were 10 and over, 244,550, or more than 59 per cent, were 
engaged in agriculture; 98,521, over 23 per cent., were in professional and personal 
service; 20,181, about 5 per cent., in trade and transportation; and 49,413, about 
12 per cent., in manufactures and mining. 



183 



Table X. 

Population of Virginia by Ages and Sexes. 



AGES. 



'Under 1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 to 9 

10 to 14 

15 to 17 

18 to 19 

20 

■21 to 24 

"25 to 29 

..-30 to 34 

.35 to 39 

40 to 44 

-45 to 49 

■50 to 54 

55 to 59 

m to 64 

•65 to 69 

70 to 74 

•75 to 79 

80 to 89 

•90 to 99 

100 and over 



In 100,000. 



2,922 

2,96a 

3,159 

3,026 

2,908 

12,377 

13,258 

6,754 

4,163 

2,214 

7,476 

7,190 

5,808 

5,509 

4,024 

4,025 

3,588 

2,249 

2,305 

1,380 

1,053 

525 

435 

81 

19 



100,000 



Total. 



35,802 

36.261 

38,700 

37,081 

35,625 

151,638 

162,436 

82.738 

51,006 

27,122 

91,596 

88,090 

71,162 

67,488 

56,652^ 

49,313 

43,860 

27,566 

28,221 

16,916 

12,904 

6,433 

5,325 

998 

230 



Male. 



1,225,163 



18,071 

18,480 

. 19,790 

18,436 

18,089 

76,737 

82,976- 

40,390 

23,946 

10,901 

42,892 

38,803 

31,880 

31,723 

26,513 

24,987 

22,250 

14,444 

14,652 

8,806 

6,315 

3,120 

2,410 

386 

65 



Female. 



597,058 



17,731 

17,781 

18,910 

18,645 

17,536 

74,901 

79,460 

42,348 

27,060 

16,221 

48,704 

49,287 

39,282 

35,765 

30,139 

24,326 

21,610 

13,126 

13,569 

8,810 

6,589 

3,313 

2,915 

612 

165 



628,105 



This table (X) is instructive, showing at a glance the number of peoj^le in the 
•State at twenty-five different periods of human life, and the same for each of the 
.sexes. It also shows the composition of any 100,000 of the inhabitants, from which 
the proportion or percentage those of any given age bear to the whole may be 
readily ascertained. 



184 

If space permitted, comparisons could be made with other states, which would 
ehow that the climate of Virginia must be exceedingly favorable to the duration of 
life, compared with other sections. A few examples, taken from the old settled, 
states, must suffice. Selecting the period of 21 to 24 years of age, in 100,000, Vir- 
ginia had 7,476; Maryland 7,202; New Hampshire 7,071 ; New York 7,059; Illinois 
7,367; North Carolina 6,840; and the average for the United States was 7,475.. 
Again, taking the period of 50 to 54 years of age, Virginia had, in the same ratio, 
3,580, Illinois 3,228 ; Kentucky 3,089 ; and the United States 3,548. The average of the- 
United States, from 75 to 79, was 455 ; the number in Virginia Avas 525 ; in Maryland 
458; Kentucky 388; North Carolina 464; Tennessee 358; Texas 169, and Penn- 
sylvania 15. Taking the age from 90 to 99, the United States average in 100,000 
was 43 ; the number in Virginia was 81 ; in Pennsylvania 38 ; in Ohio 38 ; in New 
York 43 ; in Kentucky 45 ; in Connecticut 65 ; in Maryland 49, and in Missouri 17» 
Of those over 100 years old, Virginia had 19 in the 100,000; the average in the 
United States 9 ; Connecticut had 4; Massachusetts 3; Maryland 12; Pennsylvania 
3, and New York 4. 

The next table (XI) shows the population of the State in 1870, by Ages and 
Colors. The census does not give the numbers for each 100,000 in these cases. This 
table (XI) embraces the same persons as table X, only they are here separated so 
as to show the numbers of each race. 

Table XI. 



All ages. 
Under 1. 

1. 
Untler 2. 

2. 
Uiicler 3. 

3. 
Under 4. 

4. 

Under 5. 

5 to 9. 

Under 10 

10 to 14 

Under 15 



Whites. 



Total. 



712,089 
20,043 
19,952 
39,995 
21,424 
61,419 
20,233 
81,G52 
19,304 

100,956 
83,701 

184,057 
93,060 

277,717 



Males. 



348,720 
10,227 
10,280 
20,507 
11,114 
31,621 
10,088 
41,709 
9,939 
51,618 
42,750 
94,398 
47,652 

142,050 



Females. 



Blacks. 



363,369 

9,816 

9,672 

19,488 

10,310 

29,798 

10,145 

39,943 

9,365 

49,308 

40,951 

90,259 

45,408 

135,667 



Total. 



512,841 
15,755 
16,302 
32,057 
17,271 
49,328 
16,842 
66,170 
16,313 
82,483 
67,908 

150,391 
69,352 

219,743 



Males. 



248,228 

7,842 

8,195 

16,037 

8,674 

24,711 

8,344 

33,055 

8,146 

41,201 

33,975 

75,176 

35,314 

110,490 



Females, - 



264,613' 

7,913> 

8,107 

16,020- 

8,597' 

24, 617' 

8,498- 

33,115 

8,167" 

41,282' 

33,933: 

75,215' 

84,038 

109,253 



185 



Table XI — Continued. 



15 to 17 

Under 18 

18 to 19 

Under 20 

20 

UndLr21 

21 to 24 

Under 25 

25 to 29 

Under 30 

30 to 3-1 

Under 35 

35 to 39 

Under 40 

40 to 44 

Under 45 

45 to 49 

Under 50 

50 to 54 

Under 55 

55 to 59 

Under 69 

60toG4 

Under 65 

65 to 69 

Under 70 

70 to 74 

Under 75 , 

75 to 79 

Under 80 

24 



Whites. 



Total. 



'48,826 
326,543 

30,267 
356,810 

14,903 
371,773 

55,857 
427,630 

51,493 
479,123 

42,701 
521,824 

39,935 
561,759 

32,621 
594,380 

30,206 
624,586 

26,615 
651,201 

18,267 
669,468 

16,840 
686,308 

10,773 

697,081 

7,684 

704,765 

3,943 

708,708 



Males. Females. 



24,159 
166,209 

14,423 

180,632 

6,5SS 

187,220 

26,431 
213,651 

23,029 
233,680 

19,091 
255,771 

18,526 
274,297 

15,036 
289,333 

15,145 
304,478 

13,478 

317,956 

9,499 

327,455 

8,621 

336,076 

5,508 

341,584 

3,739 

345,323 

1,887 

347,210 



24,667 
160,334 

15,844 

170,178 

8,375 

184,553 

29,423 
213,979 

28,434 
242,443 

23,610 
266,053 

21,409 
287,402 

17,585 
305,047 

15,061 
320,108 

13,137 

333,245 

8,768 

342,013 

8,219 

350,232 

5,265 

355,497 

3,945 

359,442 

2,056 

361,498 



Blacks. 



Total. Males. Females 



33,894 
253,637 

20,728 
274,365 

12,151 
286,515 

35,726 
322,242 

33,579 
358,821 

28,447 
387,268 

27,539 
414,807 

24,010 
438,817 

19,095 
457,912 

17,236 

475,148 

9,296 

484,444 

11,378 

495,822 

6,142 

501,964 

5,215 

507,179 

2,490 

509,669 



16,221 

126,711 

9,517 

133,228 

4,399 

140,537 

16,454 

153,991 

15,767 

172,758 

12,787 

185,545 

13,191 

198,736 

11,403 

210,199 

9,839 

220,038 

8,767 

228,805 

4,940 

233,745 

6,029 

239,774 

3,297 

243,071 

2,573 

245,644 

1,233 

246,877 



17,673^ 

126,926- 

11,211 

138,137' 

7,842 

145,979 

19,272 

165,251 

20,812 

186,063- 

15,600 

201, 723^ 

14,348 

216,071 

12,441 

228,618 

9,256 

237,874 

8,469 

240,343 

4,356 

250,699 

5,349- 

258,048 

2,845- 

258,893 

2,642- 

261,535' 

1,257 

262,792: 



186 



Table XI — Concluded. 



80 to 89.. 
Undergo.. 

90 to 99.. 

Under 100 

100, &e., 



"Whites. 


Blacks. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Males. 


2,955 


1,345 


1,610 


3,370 


1,065 


7I1,6G3 


348,555 


363,108 


512,039 


247,942 


398 


156 


242 


600 


230 


712,061 


348,711 


363,350 


512,639 


248,172 


2S 


9 


19 


202 


56 



Females. 

1,305 
264,097 

370 
264,467 

146 



By this table (XI) among the whites the males exceeded the females for all 
ages up to 15, except in the class of 3-year olds; from 15 to 45 the females were in 
excess; from 45 to 70 the males exceeded, and from 70 on the females. Among the 
blacks the females were in excess mider 1; the males from 1 to 3; the females at 3 
-and 4; the males from 5 to 18; the females from 18 to 45; the males from 45 to 70, 
and the females from 70 on. These returns are by no means as reliable for the ages 
of the blacks as for those of the whites. 

The white males between 15 and 17 exceeded the black 7,938; the white males 
under 21 exceeded the black 46,683, and under 45 the excess was 79,134. Of the 
whole male population the whites were in a majority of 100,492. Among the whites 
the males were 48.9 per cent, of all, and among the blacks they were 48.4 per cent. 

In this connection it may be well to note the deaths in Virginia, by ages, 
■during the census year 1870, as stated in the United States mortality tables of that 
year. 



AGE. 


Males. 


Females. 


AGE. 


Males. 


Females. 


TJnknown 


6 

1,798 
680 
397 
225 
124 

3,224 
365 
239 
306- 
362 
241 
207 


3 
1,575 
624 
406 
199 
143 
2,947 
328 
291 
385 
471 
365 
330 


35 to 40 


230 
229 
257 
290 
224 
301 
255 
277 
188 
196 
80 
41 
34 


309 


!Under 1 


40 to 45 


263 


1 


45 to 50 


202 


2 


50 to 55 


244 


3 


55 to 60 


162 


4 


60 to 65 


278 


Total under 5 


65 to 70 


230 


5 to 10 


70 to 75 


266 


10 to 15 


75 to 80 


183 


15 to 20 


80 to 85 


188 


■20 to 25 


85 to 90 


87 


25 to 30 


90 to 95 


44 


^0to35 


95 and over 


55 




Total 






7,552 


7,631 












15,183 









Over 42 per cent, of the males that died were under 5, while of the females ot 
this class but 38 per cent. died. In Missouri over 48 per cent, of the male and 47 
per cent, of the female deaths were of those under 5, and in Illinois over 50 per 
-cent, of the deaths, both of males and females, were of those under 5. 



187 

The following table (XII) gives the number of people in Virginia over 80 years 

-of age, by sexes : 

Table Xn. 



All Ages. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


SO and over 


6,553 

2,319 

388 

437 

390 

443 

573 

244 

240 

172 

114 

4G1 

88 

75 

56 

63 

111 

45 

29 

49 

21 

230 


2,861 

973 

207 

207 

200 

217 

246 

111 

113 

79 

57 

188 

35 

24 

22 

29 

31 

20 

15 

16 

6 

65 


3,692 


80 


1,346 


SI 


181 


82 ,' 


230 


S3 


190 


S4 


226 


85 


327 


86 ' 


133 


87 


127 


88 


98 


Sd 


57 


90 


273 


91 


53 


-92 


51 


93 


34 


94 


34 


95 


80 


96 


25 


97 


14 


98 


33 


'99 


15 


100 and over 


165 







The males were in excess of the females di 81, S3 and 85, and of equal number 
at 89. The whole number of this class in the United States was 149,252 (68,250 
males, 81,002 females); so Virginia had .044 per cent, of all. Of the population 
of the United States, .003 per cent, belonged to this class of persons over 80, while 
Virginia had over .005 per cent, of her population in it.. 

The Blind Population of Virginia was, in 1870, as follows: 



IMales 455 

Females 440 

White males 272 

White females 214 

"Total whites 486, 



Black males..... 175 

Black females 192 

Mulatto males 8 

Mulatto females 34 

Total neOToes 409 



188 

These were all natives of the United States but 18 males and 2 females, white,- 
who were born in Great Britain and Ireland (14 of them in Ireland, 13 males); all 
the rest were born in Virginia and West Virginia, except 7 whites and 2 negroes in 
Maryland, 1 white in Massachusetts, 2 in New York, 1 in Ohio, 5 in Pennsylvania^ 
3 in Tennessee, 1 in Vermont, 3 in the District of Columbia, and 9 whites and 4 
blacks in North Carolina. 

The proportion of this unfortunate class to the whole population was .0007 per 
cent.; in the whole United States it was .0005. The number in Virginia over the 
average is readil}^ explained. Her excellent Institution — a State charity — for this- 
class brings them to the State to be educated. (See Education). 

Forty blind attended that Institution in 1872-'3. "The ages of the blind of all 
classes were: 1 under 1 year; 12 from 1 to 5; 29 from 5 to 10; 55 from 10 to 15; 
46 from 15 to 20; 89 from 20 to 30; 73 from 30 to 40; 100 from 40 to 50; 91 from 
50 to GO; 119 from 60 to 70; 148 from 70 to 80; 85 from 80 to 90; 35 from 90 to 
100, and 11 over 100. The State has made most liberal provision for the education 
of all the young blind, v/hether rich or poor, belonging to it. 

The Deaf-Mute Population of Virginia in 1870 was — 



A2:.2;re2:ate . 



Males 

Females 

White males.... 
"White females , 
Total whites..., 



53-1 

298 
23G 
223 
178 
401 



Black males 

Black females.... 
Mulatto males..., 
Mulatto females . 
Total nearoes.... 



65 

52 

10 

G 

133 



Total in United States 10,205 



These were all natives of the United States, except one male and one female- 
born in Ireland, and all born in Virginia or West Virginia, except 1 white in 
Alabama, 1 in Louisiana, 4 in Maryland, 1 in Mississippi, 2 in North Carolina, 1 
in Pennsylvania, 1 in Tennessee, and 1 mulatto in Maryland. Provision is alsa 
made for the education and training of this class of unfortunates by Virginia. (See 
Education). The ages of the deaf and dumb were: 14 from 1 to 5 years; 41 from 
5 to 10; 106 from 10 to 15; 75 from 15 to 20; 116 from 20 to 30; 73 from 30 to 40 j 
51 from 40 to 50; 24 from 50 to 60; 21 from 60 to 70; 12 from 70 to 80; and 1 
between 90 and 100. Eighty deaf-mutes attended the State Institution in 1872-'3. 

The Idiotic Population of Virginia in 1870 was — ■ 



Males 691 

Females 439 

White males 4-28 

White females 280 

Total white 708 



Black males 212' 

Black females 131 

Mulatto males 51 

jMulatto females 28. 

Xeo-roes — total 422 



A2:2,Te2,-ate 1,130' 



These were all born in the United States but 1 white male from Australia, and 
the rest in the State and West Virginia, except 2 from Kentucky, 2 white and 3- 
black from Maryland, 1 from Missouri, 1 from New Jersey, 2 from New York, 14 
white and 2 black from North Carolina, 5 from Tennessee, 1 from Texas and 1 from 
the District of Columbia. 



189 



No provision has been made for this class in Virginia, but there are private 
institutions for training them in the United States. 
The Insane in Virginia in 1870 were — 



Aggregate l,12o 



Males , 

"Females 

White males.... 
Wliite females , 
Total white 



595 
530 
475 
393 

868 



Black males 99 

Black females 117 

Mulatto males , 20 

Mulatto females 20 

Total negroes 256 

Indian males 1 

Insane in United States 37,432 



Of these, 17 white males and 1 female were born in foreign countries (6 males 
^nd 5 females in Germany, and 11 males and 1 female in Great Britain and Ireland). 
■Of the natives. 2 were born in Alabama, 1 in Indiana, 4 whites and 1 black in Mary- 
land, 1 each in Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania and South Carolina, 4 in North 
Carolina, 7 in Tennessee; all others were born in Virginia and West Virginia. Two 
•of the insane were under 5 years old; 1 from 5 to 10; 24 from 10 to 15; 46 from 15 
to 20; 216 from 20 to 30; 230 from 30 to 40; 246 from 40 to 50; 174 from 50 to 60; 
108 from 60 to 70; 53 from 70 to 80; 21 from 80 to 90; 3 from 90 to 100, and 1 
over 100. 

The Commonwealth of Virginia has made liberal provision for this class of her 
people. 

The Eastern Lunatic Asylum of Virginia, at Williamsburg, in Tidewater, the 
•oldest institution of the kind in America, has been in existence over 100 years. 
This asylum treated 311 patients in 1873. Of the 62 admitted that year for the first 
time, 17 died and 21 were discharged recovered. The report of the superintendent 
for the year ending September 30th, 1875, states that at that time there were 305 
patients in this asylum (140 males and 164 females). Eight of these paid in full 
-a,nd five in part for their support, while 292 were cared for by the State. Of the 33 
"discharged, over 71 per cent, were cured. The deaths among those under treatment 
were 5.1 per cent. This asylum has a farm, garden and work shops attached. 

The Western Lunatic Asylum at Staunton, in the Valley, has been in operation 
45 5^ears. This asylum treated 449 patients in 1872 and '3. There were admitted 
in the 2 years 107 ; discharged recovered 68, and 38 died. From the opening of 
this asylum in 1828, to September 30th, 1875, it had treated 2,614 (1,549 males and 
1,065 females), of which 1,125 were discharged as cured of insanity, 240 as im- 
proved, 155 as not improved, while 738 d.ied and 356 remained. The percentage 
.of recoveries to admissions was 43.03 (41.58 of males and 45.16 of females). The 
■deaths in 1875 were but 4 per cent, of the patients. 

The Central Lunatic Asylum, at Richmond, is the first one established in America 
Jor tlie colored people exclusively. In 1872-'3 there were treated there 250 patients; 35 
were discharged and 21 died. 

All these great charities are well conducted and compare favorably with the 
t)est. 



190 



The census of 1870 gives the number of persons born in each month of that 
census year and surviving at the end of the year, v,dth the following results for 
Virginia : 



When Born. 



1869— June 

Jvly 

August .... 

September 

October.... 

November 

December. 
1870 — Jamiary ... 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 



Number 
Born. 



423 
1,101 
1,955 
2,576 

2,805 
2,853 
3,955 
3,611 
3,822 
4,152 
4,254 
4,295 



3,479 1 



[ 11,713 1 



8,234 



35,802 for the year^ 



11,388 1 



1 

y 12,701 J 

I 
J 



24,089 J 



It appears from this tabulation that of the vigorous children begotten in Vir- 
ginia the month of May produced the most, nearly 12 per cent, of all, and June 
the least, or about 1.1 per cent. Considering the production by seasons, spring had 
over 35 per cent, of the year's product, while summer had but about 9. More than 
half the births of the " surviving " infants occurred in winter and spring. It seems 
that in Connecticut and Massachusetts May is the birth-month, as in Virginia, while 
in Maine, Ohio and Missouri it is in. March, 

In the last 9 months 32,324 were born; the number in 1860, for the year, was 
35,244. The number of living persons in the State to each one of these that 
survived was 34.22 in 1870 and 34.61 in 1860. 

By table IX there were 2,922 in the 100,000 of the population of Virginia in 
1870 that were under 1 year old. The proportion for the United States was 2,854 ; 
for England and Wales in 1861 it was 2,959; for France (1861), 2,169; for Italy 
(1861), 3,319; for Norway, 3,042. The observed number for the United States is 
given; but the adjusted number is 3,212, in which proportion the Virginia number 
would be 3,288 — a most favorable showing for the State. The same comparison: 
could be made for other ages. 



191 



PoPTTLATiON OF THE CiTiES AND TowNS OF VIRGINIA Containing over 1,000 inhabitants- 

in 1870. 

The cities in the following table (XIII) are assigned to Tidewater, because they 
are mostly commercial ones, although some of them belong to Middle Virginia- 
counties and have most of their territory in that section. 

Table Xin. 





T. 


COUNTT. 


AOGEEGATE. ' 


White. 


Negko. 


Natite 


POR'GN,,. 


GIT 












4 












1860. 


18T0. 


1860. 


18T0. 


1860. 


1870. 


1870. 


1870. 




r 

Eiclimond 


Henrico 


37,90T 


51,038 


23,632 


2T,928 


14,275 


23,110 


47,260 


3,778:. 


Middle 


Petersburg 


Dinwiddle... 


18,266 


18,505 


9,342 


8,T44 


8,924 


10,185 


18,505 


445^ 


and 


Alexandria 


Alexandria.. 


12,652 


13,5T0 


9,851 


8,269 


2,801 


5,300 


12,763 


SOT 


Tidewater. 


Fredericksburg 


Spotsylvania 


5,022 


4,046 


3,309 


2,715 


1,713 


1,331 


3,867 


179- 




Mancliester 


Chesterfield. 


2,T93 


2,599 


1,828 


1,517 


965 


1,082 


2,559 


40 




Norfolli 


Norfolk 


14,620 


19,229 


10,290 


10,462 


4,330 


8,766 


18,490 


739 




Portsmouth 


Norfolk 


9,483 


10,492 


8,011 


6,874 


1,477 


3,617 


10,016. 


476- 


Tidewater, -i 


Hampton 


Elizabeth C'y 


1,848 


2,300 


993 


460 


855. 


1,840 


2,282 


18- 




Williamsburg. . 


James City.. 


2,T32 


1,392 


9T4 


893 


137 


499 


1,340 


52 



The first group, located at the head of tide, at the lower falls of the rivers, and 
in two sections, are manufacturing as well as commercial cities. They all have a great 
supply of water power to turn machinery, and at the same time the advantage of 
the tides that float shipping to the very doors of the manufactories and open the 
way for commerce. No places can be more favorably situated for these purposes^ 
having communications inland to the sources of supply of raw material and being 
in a climate where frost rarely clogs the wheels of machinery or closes the water- 
ways of navigation. Richmond and Manchester are really but one city, separated 
by the James river, which is spanned by several bridges. 

The second group includes the purely commercial cities of the State. Norfolk 
and Portsmouth are in reality but one — they have the same harbor; they are most 
favorably located for commerce, having a harbor that is deep, commodious, land- 
locked, always accessible, at the sea, and yet so far inland that they have 10 hours 
advantage over most others in nearness to the Great West. 

A study of the tables will give the character of the population; it is rarely 
that cities have so few foreigners. Richmond and Petersburg are largely engaged 
in the manufacture of tobacco, and as most of the labor employed in that important, 
and valuable industry is negro, so those cities have a large number of that class in 
their population. 

In Middle Virginia proper the towns of any size are few — it is a planting region;, 
but, as before stated, it has a claim to all the first group just given; it also has an. 
interest in Lynchburg on its Piedmont border. 



192 

Table XIY. 

Cities and Towns of Middle Virginia. 





COUNTY. 


Aggkegate. 


Whites. 


Blacks. 


NATIVES. 


Foreign. 


TO WIN. 


1860, 


1870. 


I860. 


ISTO. 


I860. 


1870. 


1870. 


1870. 








3,463 
1,543 




1,398 
598 




2,065 
945 


3,433 
1,518 


30 


Farmville 


Prince Edward 


1,536 


683 


S5S 


25 



Danville is an important tobacco manufacturing city. 

The Piedmont cities and towns are subjoined in Table XV of Population: 



CITY, &C. 


COUNTY. 


Aggbegate. 


White. 


NEGKO. 


Native. 


FOKEIGN. 


1S60. 


1870. 


1860. 


1870. 


1880. 


1870. 


1S70, 


1870. 


Lyncbburg 

■Charlottesville. 

Culpeper 

Warrenton — 

Liberty 

aLeesburg 


Campbell 

Albemarle 

Culpeper 

Fauquier 

Bedford 

Loudoun 


6,853 

1,056 
604 
722 

t 


6,825 
2,838 
1,800 
1,256 
1,208 
1,144 


3,802 

* 

519 

564 

399 

1,083 


3,472 
1,365 

1,000 
704 
519 
791 


3,051 

« 

537 
40 
323 
t 


Sj353 
1,473 
800 
552 
6S9 
353 


6,554 
2,748 
1,740 
1,214 
1,202 
1,134 


271 
90 
60 
42 
6 
10 



As before stated, Lynchburg belongs to both Middle and Piedmont; it is largely 
engaged in tobacco manufacture, and therefore employs a large negro population. 
Charlottesville is the seat of the University of Virginia. 

The next table (XVI) presents the Cities and Toivns of the Valley: 



CITY, &c. 



■Staunton 

Winchester 

Lexington 

Harrisonburg.. 

Wy theville 

Salem 



COUNTY. 



Augusta 

Frederick... 
Rockbridge.. 
Kockingliam 

Wytlie 

Roanoke 



Aggregate. 


Whites. 


Negroes. 


Native. 


I860. 


1870. 


1860. 


1870. 


I860. 


1870. 


1870. 


3,875 


5,120 


2,865 


3,585 


1,010 


1,535 


4,895 


4,392 


4,477 


3,004 


3,100 


1,388 


1,377 


4,375 


2,135 


2,873 


1,438 


1,982 


697 


891 


2,810 


t 


2,036 


1,023 


1,409 


t 


627 


1,978 


1,111 


tl,G71 


1,069 


1,198 


42 


473 


1,635 


612 


1,355 


?590 


855 


§22 


500 


1,346 



FOREIGN. 



225 
102 
63 

es 

36 
9 



All these towns have of late increased in population. Staunton is reckoned a 
€ity in the State organizations; it owes much of its prosperity to the 3 female 
colleges and 2 State asylums there located. 

Harrisonburg, Winchester, and Wytheville are count}^ towns of large counties. 
Lexington is the seat of Washington and Lee University and the Virginia Military 

"♦ 2^0 census, f Blacks not separated. 1 3 Indians included. § Does not include all the blacks. 



193 



Institute, making it an important town. Salem is the seat of Roanoke College. la 
all these towns the white population exceeds the negro. 

The Appalachian country and Blue Ridge are pastoral regions, having no 
towns of any size. 

Pauperism and Crime. 

The census of 1870 gives the statistics of these two social evils, with the 
following figures, for Virginia: 



Population 1,225,163 

Whites 712,089 

Negroes 512,841 

Natives 1,211,409 

Toreiffners 13.754 



Number supported by public charity 

in the year 3,890 

Cost of supporting $303,081 

Cost of each (average) $77.91 

Number receiving support June 1, 1870 3,280 

Natives (whites 3,254, negroes 1 ,942)... 3,254 

Foreigners 2& 



These statistics show that only some 317 in each 10,000 of the inhabitants were- 
Tinder the necessity of asking for public charity — a very small proportion when 
contrasted with other states, and proving how abundant are the means of livelihood 
and how small a burden is laid upon the tax payers for the support of paupers. 
Beggary is almost entirely unknown. The cost of pauperism is only 24 cents to 
each of the population. 

The tables of crime show that there were only 1,090 convictions during the 
year, or less than 9 for each 10,000 of the population. On the 1st of June there 
were in all the prisons of the State 1,244 prisoners; of these 1,232 were natives (331 
whites and 901 negroes) ; 12 were foreigners — so that only 10 in 10,000 were held in 
jails or prisons. Of course many of these were for minor offences and persons 
awaiting trial. 

These facts indicate that in Virginia there is an exceptional freedom from these 
too great national curses, an elevated and healthy condition of public morals and 
a general independence in living. 

The report of the Superintendent of the Virginia Penitentiary — the only prison 
in the State — for 1872-3, shows that only 216 persons were committed to it during 
that year; 33 of these were whites and 181 were negroes. This is only about 1 in 
5,000 of the population. . Only 54 of these were committed for crimes against the- 
person. The remaining 162 were for crimes against property ; 10 for petit larceny,, 
the second offence; 36 for house-breaking; 13 for house-breaking and larceny; 26. 
for burglary ; 39 for grand larceny ; 10 for felony ; 10 for murder in the second de- 
gree (none in the first degree); 1 for unlawful voting; 3 for obtaining goods under- 
false pretences ; 15 for rape and attempt at rape. 

The whole number confined in the Penitentiary for the same time was 759, of 
which 150 were whites and 609 negroes. Virginia punishes with imprisonment for 
a number of off'ences that in other states are accounted among minor delinquen- 
cies ; her laws are very stringent for all offences against the person, even debarring 
from the rights of citizenship those that act as seconds in duels, as veil as the prin- 
cipals, even when no fatal results follow. 
25 



194 

These facts, taken in connection with the statement that the State has a terri- 
tory of 45,000 square miles, one and a fourth million people, and a city with sixty 
"thousand inhabitants, speak volumes for the moral condition of the body politic in 
Tirginia. Taine says : " the aim of every society is that each one should be always 

lis own constable, and end by not having any other." Virginia can claim as 
3iear an approach to this as any known country. 



195 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Religious Advantages. 

In proportion to its population, there is no portion of the United States* better 
supplied with church organizations and churches than Virginia, and in none is there 
a more "generous provision for the ordinances of the gospel," a more able and zeal- 
ous ministry, or a moje conscientious observance of religious duties, including the 
consecration of the Sabbath, 

The following table gives the census returns of all the denominations in the 

State : 

Table I. 



Methodists (Episcopal) 

Baptists (Regular) 

Baptists (other) 

Presbyterians (Regular) 

Presbyterians (other) 

Episcopal (Protestant) 

•Christian 

Xutheran 

United Brethren in Christ 

Keformed Church in U. S. (German). . . 

friends 

:Koman Catholic 

Jewish 

,Keformed Church in America (Dutch) . 

Moravian (Unitas Fratrum) 

'New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) 

TJniversalists 

XInknown (Local Missions) 

Unknown (Union) 



1,011 
795 
54 
204 



1S5 
100 
80 
42 
24 
12 
19 
8 
1 
1 
3 



901 
749 
44 
200 



ITT 
88 
T3 
30 
16 
13 
17 
7 
1 
1 
3 



2,405 



2T0,61T 

240,0T5 

16,T55 

T0,065 



60,105 

29,225 

25,350 

7,700 

5,900 

4,925 

9,800 

1,890 

100 

350 

650 



150 
21,570 



765,127 



$1,449,565 

1,279,048 

66,000 

83T,450 



843,210 

92,1T0 

160,800 

23,300 

38,500 

35,625 

343, T50 

35,300 

350 

1,500 

2,200 



6,000 
62,600 



$5,277,368 



o 



1,403 
787 

41 
290 

10 
188 

73 

69 



Eg 



438,244 
298,029 
19,475 
117,304 
3,100 
68,493 
24,085 
24,675 



4,000 

5,800 

16,650 

700 



350 
100 
750 



1,067,840 



$1,619,010 

1,243,505 

38,925 

901,020 

20,075 

873,120 

72,500 

156,600 



24,400 
37,950 
329,300 
10,500 



1,000 

500 

10,200 



121,000 



$5,459,605 



* See Plate XXXI of Statistical Atlas of the United States ; also address of Dr. Hoge to Evangelical Alliance 1873. 



196 

In 1860 there were " accommodations " for over 87 per cent, of the entire popu- 
lation, and in 1870 for over 62 per cent. The average for the United States in 1860 
was 69 per cent. There was in Virginia in 1860 a church to each 394 of the popu- 
lation, and in 1870 one for each 507. In New England in 1870 there was 1 churcb 
for 643 people. In the United States in 1860 there was a church to each 584. The' 
sects in Virginia are not numerous when compared with other sections, and nearly- 
all are included in 8 leading denominations. The most cordial relations exist be- 
tween the different denominations, and they often unite their efforts in Christian, 
labor. Sunday schools are diligently maintained by all for the religious instructioni 
of the young, and the best talent in the churches is enlisted in their work. The 
clergy, with rare exceptions, confine themselves to the duties of their calling, or 
kindred work, the sentiment of the people being opposed to their taking part iix 
politics, &c. 

The census returns of 1860 and 1870 differ in their church statistics; the former 
give only the number of churches, making no distinction between organizations and 
churches ; the latter give both, and show that nearly every organization in Virginia 
has a. place for worship. 

The leading denomination, it appears from these statistics, is the Methodist 
Episcopal, the American organization of the church of Wesley and his followers in. 
England. This denomination has two colleges and numerous high schools in the- 
State. The Baptists are second in number of sittings, and, like the Methodists, are- 
widely and generally diffused throughout the State; they have a college and 
numerous high schools. The Presbyterians rank as the third ; they claim descent 
from the Scotch church; one college, a Theological Seminary and many high 
schools are under their control. The fourth in order is the Protestant Episcopal, 
the American form of the Church of England, which was in Colonial times the es- 
tablished church in Virginia; a college, a Theological Seminary and numerous high 
schools pertain to this church. The table gives the details of the other religious 
bodies ; only it should be stated that the Lutherans and Roman Catholics have each 
a college, and that nearly every denomination has excellent preparatory and high 
schools fostered by it. 

The next table gives the distribution of the 8 leading denominations, all that 
are given by the census of 1870, in the grand divisions of the State. 



197 






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198 

The Protestant Episcopal church has its greatest numbers in Tidewater, Middle? 
and Piedmont, the portions of the State first settled by Englishmen, and many of 
its church edifices are those that were erected in colonial times for the established 
church. This denomination generally has churches in all the larger towns of the 
State; the same is true of the Presbyterians. The other leading denominations are- 
also found in these centres of population, but they also occupy every other portion 
of the field of Christian effort more thoroughl}^ than these. The Christian denomi- 
nation is somewhat Baptist in its peculiarities, but it is a distinct church ; it is quite 
influential in Tidewater, Middle and Valley Virginia. The Lutherans are numerous 
in portions of the Valley, where the original population was of German origin ; the- 
German Reformed church is found in the same localities, as is also the United Brethren- 
(which, from resemblances, may be called the German Methodist church). The 
Roman Catholic churches are found in the large towns and cities, as a general rule,. 

The Friends have a number of churches, mostly in the northeast part of the 
State and in Richmond. Jewish synagogues are found in the large cities. 

The Constitution* of the State — the supreme law. Article V, Section 14 — provides: 
that " No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place 
or ministry whatsoever, nor shall any man be enforced, restrained, molested or 
burthened in his body or goods, or otherwise suffer, on account of his religious 
opinions or belief; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to main- 
tain their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in no wise affect, di- 
minish or enlarge their civil capacities. And the General Assembly shall not pre- 
scribe any religious test whatever or confer any peculiar priyileges or advantages on. 
any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious 
society or the people of any district within this Commonwealth to levy on them- 
selves or others any tax for the erection or repair of any house of public worship^ 
or for the support of any church or ministry, but it shall be left free to every per- 
son to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private 
contract as he shall please." 

Article XI, Section 14, of the same constitution, secures to ecclesiastical bodies- 
the right to all church property regularlj^ convej^ed to them. 

Clause 18 of the Bill of Rights, a portion of the organic law, declares "That 
religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging- 
it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not hj force or violence; and„ 
therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion according- 
to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice 
Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other." 

Thus it will be seen that the State has nothing whatever to do with religious matters^ 
except to see that every man is left entirely free to follow the dictates of his own conscience 
and to secure to religious bodies their rights in such property as they have properly obtained, 
for church purposes. 

* Cod® of 1873, page 82. 



199 



CHAPTER IX. 

Provision for Education. 

Through public and private liberality the most ample provision is made in Vir- 
ginia for the education, both primary and advanced, of all the children of her 
people; and it may be stated, as an established fact, than an education, be it the 
simplest or the fullest, is within the reach of any one in the State that has the desire 
and the mental capacity to obtain it. 

There are in Virginia, as in all countries where the benefits of a thorough edu- 
cation are understood, two systems of schools, public and private; the first supervised 
and provided for, wholly or in part, by the State ; the second controlled and sustained 
by private enterprise;, acting in" individual or corporate capacit3^ 

Section I. 

The Public School System of Virginia provides for instruction — ■ 

1st. Primary^ in Public Free Schools. 

2nd. Intermediate, in Graded and High Schools, which are also free. 

3rd. Aclvanced,in. the Military Institute, the Agricultural and Mechanical College 
and the Normal and Agricultural Institute. 

4th. Higher, in the University of Virginia, with its literary, scientific, technical 
and professional schools. 

In all these provision is made for the free, or comparatively free, instruction of 
the whole or of a portion of the youth of the Commonwealth. 

Primary and Intermediate Instruction. 

The* Public Free School System of the State, that has for its object the primary 
and intermediate instruction, /ree of direct charge, of all persons residing in the- 
State between the ages of 5 and 21, completed the fifth year of its existence on the 
1st of September, 1875, and it is conceded, by those most capable of judging, that 
it is one of the best managed and most efficient, all things considered, in this country 
of public free schools. 

Organization. — The system is in charge of a Board of Education, composed of 
the Governor of the State, the Attorney General and the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, the latter being the Executive officer of the System. 

*In this educational summary free use is made of tlie able and exhaustive annual reports of 
Pr. Kuffuer, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 



200 

The 99 counties of the State form 87* divisions, each having a county Superin- 
tendent of Schools, who has the general charge of the system for his county; there 
are also 6 cities that have Superintendents of Schools. 

The counties of the State are subdivided into townships, some 454 in number, 
each of which constitutes a School District, and has a Board of three Trustees, 
•charged with the local control of the system and its property, under the supervision 
of the County Superintendent. 

It is evident that ample provision is here made for thorough supervision and 
^t moderate expense, as only the Superintendents are salaried. The Trustees pro- 
vide the place and name the teacher; the County Superintendent examines, and, if 
found capable, commissions the teacher, and then sees that his duties are properly 
discharged. 

The only requisite for admission to the schools is the proper age and that the 
father, if alive and resident in the school district, and not a pauper, shall have paid 
the capitation tax, about one dollar, for the current year, this tax going to the school 
fund. 

The system is supported by — 1st, a capitation tax on every male citizen 21 years 
old and over, that may not exceed one dollar per capita; 2d, the annual interest of 
-a fund belonging to the State, and known as the Literary Fund ; 3d, an annual tax, 
on all the property in the State, that may not be less than 1-lOth or more than i of 
one per cent.; and, 4th, any school district may levy an additional tax, but no tax 
to exceed i of one per cent, in a 3^ear. 

The Results of the Free School System. 

The following condensed table, showing the condition of the system for each of 
the five years that it has been in operation, gives a good idea of what is here done 
for primary and intermediate education : 



Namber of public scliools 

Number of graded schools 

Number of pupils enrolled 

Pupils in average daily attendance 

Percentage of school population enrolled 

Percentage of school population in average daily attendance. . 

Number of teachers employed in public schools 

Number of school-houses owned by districts 

Value of public school property 

Average number of months schools in session 

Cost of tuition per month per enrolled pupil 

Average monthly salary of teachers , 

Whole cost of public education for current expenses 



isn. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


3,04T 


3,695 


3,696 


3,902 





107 


123 


155 


131,088 


166,377 


160,859 


173,875 


75,722 


95,488 


91,175 


93,657 


31.8 


40.5 


37.9 


39.8 


18.8 


23.2 


21.5 


22.6 


3,084 


3,853 


3,757 


3,96-2 


190 


504 


764 


1,034 


$211,166 


$389,380 


$524,638 


$682,500 


4.66 


5.72 


5.22 


5.40 


$ 0.74 


$ 0.70 


$ 0.75 


$ 0.74 


$29.86 


$25.81 


$32.00 


$32.64 


$587,472 


$816,812 


$814,494 


$873,145 



1875.* 



4,185 
155 

184,486 

103,927 

38.2 

21.5 

4,262 

1,256 

$757,181 

5.59 

$ 0.70 

$30.48 

$&24,113 



* Two counties In some cases having but one Superintendent. 



201 

School Population. — The school population embraces all persons between five 
.and twenty-one years of age, and all these may attend the schools if they desire to. 
In 1872 the average age of those that actually attended was from 10 to 13. 

School population of Virginia, 1873 : 

xYhite /Males 128,9671 q^qill 

^^^™^ I Females 124,444/ 3o3,411 

Polnrpri /Males 87,399\ Vrn por 



. Aggregate 424,107 

The table before given shows that 160,859 of these were enrolled for attendance — 
that is, indicated that they would attend, and did so, probably, with more or less 
regularity, they formed 37.9 per cent, of the school population ; a large proportion 
when the ages it includes are regarded: 91,175 were in average attendance during 
the 5.22 months of the session for the year, or 21.5 per cent, of the school popula- 
tion ; largely over one-fifth, showing that good use is made of the advantages so 
freely offered. 

The school population of 1875* was : 

White 280,149 1 . ^ 

Colored 202,040/ ^bZ.lbJ. 

The preceding table furnishes the details of enrollment, &c. 

The public schools of Virginia have derived much advantage from asssistance 
rendered from the " Peabody Education Fund," through its able, efficient and sym- 
pathetic General Agent, Dr. Barnas Sears, who, in his annual report to the Trustees 
of that fund, in 1875, says, " The Public Schools of Virginia are constantly improv- 
ing in character and increasing in number. The attendance is about ten thousand 
greater tlian it was last year. In a short time it may be expected that all the 
smaller and more remote country districts will feel their beneficent influence. The 
system of public instruction seems to be well grounded in the general sentiment of 
the people." 

In 1875 there was contributed to Public Education in Virginia from the Pea- 
body Education Fund $23,750, in aid of graded schools, teachers' institutes, and 
the, Virginia Educational Journal. 

* In 1875 there were in Virginia 99 counties, 6 cities of the first class and 4 of the second ; 
•89 county and 8 city superintendents of schools, 458 school districts, 1,371 school trustees, and 
444 school district boards. The white public schools were 3,121 in number, and .the colored 
1,064. In cities the schools were taught 9.69 and in the country 5.42 months, on an average, 
during the year. The enrolled pupils were 129,545 white and 54,941 colored. There were 
74,056 white and 29,871 colored pupils in average daily attendance. Of the school population, 
46.2 per cent, of the white and 27.1 per cent, of the colored were enrolled. The average cost 
of tuition was 70 cents, currency, a month to the enrolled pupil. The teachers were 3,723 white 
(2,360 males and 1,363 females), and 539 colored (351 males and 188 females). 

The private scliools of the State were attended by 23,285 pupils (19,466 white and 3,819 
cplored), taught by 1,229 whits (454 males and 775 females), and 90 colored (33 males and 57 
females) teachers. 

There were in the colleges of the State 1,830 white students. 

The entire school attendance in Virginia in 1875 was 207,771 pupils (149,011 white and 
58,760 colored), or about 16 per cent, of the population. 
26 



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In 1872 there were 106 graded schools in operation, and in 1873 the number 
was 123, showing that the tendency is to improve the character of the schools. 

The report for 1873 gives the following facts in regard to the school houses and 
aids to instruction, viz : ■ 

Of the 3,421 in use, 1,914 were built of logs (the usual comfortable pioneer 
building material in America); 1,329 were frame, 143 were brick, and 28 were of 
stone; 2,732 had grounds attached, 1,287- had good furniture, 167 were provided 
with wall-maps, 85 with globes, 106 with reading charts, 95 with arithmetical charts, 
and 2,180 with black boards ; 315 new school houses were built during the year. 
It is evident that the day is not distant when there will be in every neighborhood 
a well taught and well provided public free school. In fact the Constitution of the 
State provides that "a uniform system of public free schools" shall be fully intro- 
duced into all the counties of the State "by the year 1876 or as much earlier as 
practicable." It is proper to add that these schools are greatly assisted by dona- 
tions from the "Peabody Education Fund," an*! also that they are patronized by all 
classes of citizens. 

Advanced Instruction. 

The Virginia Military Institute, located at Lexington, Rockbridge County, 
in the Great Valley, has completed the 34th year of its existence, and deservedly 
stands at the head of the State Institutions for advanced instruction. This is a 





.ji^ 




, <VA'*Si'!', 



THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, LEXINGTON, VA. 

^military and scientific school of a high grade, with the following Departments: (1) 
Mathematics; (2) Latin Language and English Literature; (3) Practical Engi- 
neering, Architecture and Drawing; (4) Animal and Vegetable Physiology, applied 
to Agriculture ; (5) Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery Tactics, Military History and 
Strategy; (6) Natural and Experimental Philosophy; (7) Civil and Military 
Engineering and Applied Mechanics; (8) Practical Astronomy, Physics, Descrip- 
tive Geography and Geodesy; (9) Mineralogy, Geology and Metallurgy. These 
departments are in charge of 18 or more professors and assistants, with all needful 
appliances for illustration, &c. The organization is strictly military, the students are 
cadets, uniformed, divided into companies, officered, and drilled in the use of arms ; 



204 

tliey perform all the duties of a soldier in camp, and are at all times subject to 
military laws and regulations; the professors are officers. 

The Institute has proven itself a most valuable training school for army officers, 
and many of its graduates were distinguished during the late Confederate war; but 
it is as a school of general and applied science that it has a distinct place in the educa- 
tional system of the State; it educates the civil and mining engineers, chemists, 
&c. — the skilled directors of practical industry. 

Though a State institution, the Institute is open to all, and in 1872 the 139 
students of Virginia met there 173 from other States, the very flower of their youth 
attracted by its reputation for discipline and training for active and professional life. 

The Institute receives an annuity from the State, and in return furnishes hoard 
-and instruction, without charge, annually to fifty 5^oung men, between the ages of 16 
and 25, selected from every part of the Commonwealth. The State requires that 
these young men shall, after leaving the Institute, teach for not less than two years 
in the State: in this way it becomes an essential part of the public school system, 
giving advanced instruction and furnishing teachers of a high grade. The cost per 
year for a pay cadet is about $350. 

The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College is located at Blacks- 
burg, Montgomery county, in the southwest of the Great Valley. This is a new in- 
stitution, opened for the first time in October, 1872, with five instructors and 132 stu- 
dents;* it is endowed by a donation of public lands from the General Government, 
and is designed as a school for the advanced training of the "industrial classes" — 
for those that '^handle tools^ 

The course of instruction is as follows : 

I. A Literary Department, in which are taught the English Language and Litera- 
ture, the Ancient and the Modern Languages, and Moral Philosophy. 

II. A Scientific Department, in which Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chem- 
istry, Mineralogy, Geology, Botany and Zoology are taught. 

III. A Technical Department, for Agriculture and Mechanics. 

The study of Ancient Languages is not obligatory ; French or German is ; the 
Moral Philosophy course is a short one ; in the other subjects named the instruction 
is intended to be thorough and adapted to the wants of the trained and skilled 
agriculturest and machinist. The degrees conferred, upon examinations, are Grad- 
uate in Agriculture, or in Mechanics. 

A farm of 245 acres is attached to this college, and on it practical instruction 
is given in Agriculture, and students have an opportunity for engaging in remunera- 
tive manual labor. Provision is also made for practical mechanical training. Mili- 
tary drill is also required, and to promote efficiency in this the students dress in 
uniform. 

This institution, as part of the school system of the State, educates without 
cliarge for tuition, use of rooms, laboratories, &c., a number of students equal to 
the number of the members of the House of Delegates (138 at this time), selected 
by the school trustees of counties, &c. (the districts of the Delegates), " with refer- 
ence to the highest proficiency and good character," " from the white male students 

* 197 the next year, and 222 the third. 



205 

of the free schools," or others if the trustees elect. The expenses of these " State 
etudents," including uniform, are from $100 to $150 for the school year, which 
(owing to the character of the school) embraces all the year, except two months 
from Christmas. The expenses of a " pay student" are $45 more for the session. 

The course of study adopted is intended for three years, and during all that 
time farm and work-shop labor of a certain amount are required. 

The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is located at Hampton, in 
Elizabeth City county, in the Tidewater country, and is designed, as its charter states, 
" For the instruction of youth in the various common school, academic and col- 
legiate branches, the best methods of teaching the same, and the best mode of 
practical industry in its application to agriculture and the mechanic arts." 

This Institute is for the exclusive benefit and use of the colored people of the 
State, and subserves a most important end in providing an advanced education and 
industrial training for this large class of the population of the State, which furnishes 
BO much of its manual labor. One-third of the proceeds of the land donated to the 
State for agricultural colleges was given to this school, and in return it annually 
receives, free of charge for tuition, rooms, &c., 100 colored youths, selected for 
Intelligence and character, from the free schools of the State. 

A large farm is attached to this school, and it has shops of several kinds and 
a printing office, where the pupils are trained to labor, and at the same time they 
contribute largely to their own support. 

This school is most ably and successfully managed, and is furnishing a large 
number of good teachers to the colored schools of the State. 

It now has over 100 of the colored youth, of both sexes, of Virginia under its 
care. The system followed gives four days of school and two of labor in each week 
to the student. 

The enrollment of students in 1874-'5 was 245 — all.. between 14 and 25 years 
of age, one-third females ; Virginia sent 144 that were educated free of charge for 
tuition and worked out half of their personal expenses. The total charge for every 
thing but books and clothing is $10 a month. The students earned in the session 
$6,750, at from 5 to 10 cents an hour, for work on the farm, in shops, &c. The 
expenses per scholar for the year averaged $105. 

The University of Virginia is the worthy head of the State system of public 
instruction and supplies, iii the fullest and best manner, the means for obtaining 
the Higher Education. 

This institution, now in the fiftieth year of its existence, holding a foremost 
place among the Universities of America, is located near Charlottesville, Albemarle 
county, in the lovely Piedmont section of the State. 

The system of instruction is by independent schools for all the chief branches of 
human learning, leaving the student free to select and attend such as are suited to 
his tastes or adapted to his proposed pursuits in life. This elective system, inaugu- 
rated,* at the opening of this University, for the first time in America, has been so 
fruitful in results that all the leading institutions of the country are now adopting 
it. It seems superfious to dilate upon the wisdom of a plan of teaching that en- 

*By Thomas Jefferson. 



206 

ables each one to perfect himself in that he is best fitted for, gives him credit and 
honors for his success, and does not clog his course with studies that " edify not." 
The independent schools of the University now in operation are — 
I. In the Literary and Scientific Department : (1) Latin; (2) Greek; (3) Modern 
Languages; (4) Moral Philosophy; (5) History, General Literature and Rhetoric; 
(6) Mathematics; (7) Natural Philosoi3hy; (8) General and Applied Chemistry; 
(9) Applied Mathematics, Engineering and Architecture; (10) Analytical and Ag- 
ricultural Chemistr}'-; (11) Natural History, Experimental and Practical Agriculture. 
II. The Medical Department: with schools (1) of Medicine; (2) of Physiology and 
Surgery; (3) of Anatomy, &c. III. The Law Department: with schools (1) of In- 
ternational and Constitutional Law; (2) of Statute and Common Law. And, IV. 
The Agricultural Department. ' Each has the sub-division into such schools as are 
demanded by the nature and present development of the subject. 




■^'STnT'FW??"!^ 




UNIVERSITY OF VIKGINIA,* CIIARLOTTESVILIiE, VA. 

Each of these schools is in charge of an able profess(5r, who, with his assistants, 
instructs by lectures, text-books and daily examinations.' 

The Universit}^ confers no honorary degrees but to those that prove by exam- 
inations, generally in writing, that they understand not only the general principles, 
but also the details of the subjects taught in the schools, or in any school, and to such 
only are awarded its honors and certificates of scholarship — attainments, not time or 
a round of studies, are considered. It results from this high standard of require- 
ments that the certificates of the University of Virginia are everywhere accepted as 
evidences of substantial acquirements, and their possession opens the way to position 
and influence for their possessor. 

The academic degrees conferred at the University are : (1) Proficient, (2) Grad- 

* Copied by permission from Scribncr's Magazine, New York. 



207 

mate in a school, (3) Bachelor of Letters, (4) Bachelor of Science, (5) Bachelor o/ J.?'fe, and 

u(6) Master of Arts; the professional degrees are: Bachelor of Law, Doctor of Medicine, 

"Civil Engineer, Mining Engineer, and Civil and Mining Engineer. 

The session is a continuous one of nine months — from October to July — and 

■ihe expenses for the session are : 

For Academic students from - - - - $261 to $351 

For Law students from - - - - - $266 to $356 

For Engineering students from .... $276 to $366 

For Medical students from .... $296 to $386 

As part of the system of public instruction in Virginia, the University draws 
--an annuity from the State, and in return it educsites, without payment of matriculation 
■or tuition fees or rent, forty "meritorious young men of limited means," one from 
■«ach senatorial district, for two years, the State requiring that these young men shall 
Tteach in some public or private school in Virginia for two years after leaving the 
TJniversity, the emoluments of such service enuring to their own benefit. This 
■^'aid" is worth from $120 to $150, and reduces the cost of attending the University 
to that extent. The University has some thirteen scholarships, open to all by com- 
petitive examinations, and it extends a credit of three years after leaving to any- 
worthy students not able to pay on entering ; no tuition fees are charged to needy 
young men, of any religious denomination, preparing for the ministry. Thus it is 
seen that provision is made by which the benefits of this great University, with all 
its extensive appliances for educational purposes, are ]3laced within the reach of the 
iiumblest. 

As this is a State institution, where there is no State church, there is here no 
-established form of worship, but, by common consent, each of the four leading de- 
nominations in the State — Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians — 
in rotation, seniis a chaplain to the University for a term of two years, who daily 
conducts worship in the chapel, at set times, which the students are free to attend 
if they think proper — there are no requirements made. Results show that in no 
institution is there a higher standard of Christian morality or more church mem- 
■bers among the students in proportion to numbers. 

The number of students for the session of 1872-'3 was 342, of whom 157 were 
from Virginia and the others from 22 different states ; the number of instructors 
was 21. The number for 1873-'4 was 353, and for 1874-'5, 373. The graduates 
of the Law School can practice in any of the courts of the State without further 
license. 

The general control of the University is confided to a Board of nine Visitor^, 

.appointed by the Governor of the State, serving 4 years — 3 from Piedmont, 2 from 
Tidewater, 2 from the Valley and 2 from Appalachia. The Board elects one of its 

number Rector. 

This is but a meagre outline of the plan and work of this great and in all re- 

igpects amply provided University — the worthy and cherished head of Virginia's 

Educational System, and (in the language of its Board of Visitors for 1873-'4) "the 

Wormal School of the South — the Educator of Southern Educators." 



208 

By a recent (1876) act of the General Assembly the State has granted an an- 
nuity to the University, " on condition that the said institution during its continu- 
ance shall educate all students of the State of Virginia over the age of eighteen who- 
shall be matriculated under rules and regulations prescribed by the Board of Visi- 
tors, without charge for tuition in the academic* department." * * ^^ Provided, that 
no person shall be admitted as a student free of charge for tuition fees, under the 
provisions of this act, unless the faculty shall be satisfied, by actual examination of 
the applicant or by a certificate of some college or preparatory school, that he has 
made such proficiency in the branches of study which he proposes to pursue as will 
enable him to avail himself of the advantages afibrded by the University." The 
effect of this is to open the doors of the University, without fee for tuition, to every 
young man in the State, because the free high schools furnish the requisite prepara- 
tory education. 

A recent writer ,t speaking of this institution, says : " Jefierson planned the 
University, and it still retains the characteristics which he gave it. In the depart- 
ments of languages, literature, science, law, medicine, agriculture, and engineering^ 
it has to-day 18 distinct schools. For more than half a century it has been pre- 
eminent among the higher institutions of learning in the country, and Northern 
colleges and universities have borrowed from it the feature of an elective system of 
study. It has laterally established excellent agricultural and scientific schools, has 
a fine laboratory, with an extensive collection of raw and manufactured materials^ 
and an experimental farm inferior to none in the country. The institution bestows 
no honorary degrees, and makes the attainment of its ' Master of Arts ' so difl&cult, 
that it will serve as a certificate of scholarship anywhere. Nearly one hundred and 
fifty of the graduates of the several schools are now professors in other colleges. 
The University is by no means aristocratic in its tendencies ; a large proportion of 
the students pay their expenses with money earned by themselves, and, since the 
war, there have been many ' State students ' who are provided with gratuitous in- 
struction. The alumni form an army fourteen thousand strong." 

The Virginia Institution for the Deaf, the Dumb and the Blind is located at- 
Staunton, Augusta county, in the middle of the Valley, and makes ample provision 
for the education of these unfortunates of her population. This educational and 
industrial school has been in successful operation for 33 years and is second to none- 
in the country in its efiiciency. 

The 47 boys and 42 girls in the Deaf-mute department in 1873 w^e taught the- 
ordinary English Branches, with history, moral science, drawing and painting and 
the use of the "sign" language. The 26 boys and 10 girls of the blind department 
were taught the higher mathematics, natural sciences, French and vocal and instru- 
mental music, in addition to the English Branches, history, &c. The boys are 
trained in shoe, cabinet, chair, mattress, broom and mat-making; in carpentry,, 
tailoring, printing and book-binding. The girls are taught sewing, knitting, fancy 
work, &c., and make clothes, bind shoes, &c. The course of training occupies six 
years, and the entire charge a year, for everything but clothing, is $200 for those able 
to pay, but everything is free to the indigent mute and blind children of the State. 

♦This includes all the schools of the Literary and Scientific Department, except (9) and' 
(10), as hefore enumerated. j Edward King, of New York, in "The Great South J^ 



209 






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210 



Section II. — The Peivate and Coeporate School System of Virginia. 

Like the public school system just treated of, this has — 

1st. Primary — private, church, and endowed schools ; 

2nd. Intermediate — private, church, and endowed high schools; 

3rd. Advanced — private, church, and endowed colleges, &c.; 

4th. Higher — in endowed University and Professional schools. 

There were in operation in the State, for the educational year 1871-72, some 
647 primary schools of this kind, 610 for white and 37 for colored children, attended 
by 8,884 whites and 1,476 blacks — 10,320 in all, having an average length of session 
of 6.75 months, at an average charge of $1.90 per month for tuition. The number 
of teachers engaged was 715. Some of these schools belong to the different churches, 
but most of them are private enterprises. The schools are well conducted. It is 
likely that as the public free school system becomes general the number of these 
will be reduced. 

The schools of this State for Intermediate Instruction are of a very high order, 
many of them comparing favorably, in all respects, with institutions that elsewhere 
rank as colleges. 

The number of high schools in the State (and they are found in every portion 
of it) in 1871-'2 was 181, with 574 teachers and 7,491 pupils; the average length of 
the sessions was 8.33 months, and the rate of tuition averaged $4.91 per month. 

The high schools for boys, most of them the result of private enterprise (although 
there are some endowed academies), will compare, as preparatory schools for College 
and University, most favorably with those of any country in the character and 
number of their teachers, their courses of study and the efficiency of their training. 
Some of these are boarding schools, kept at the country homes of the principals; 
others are day schools, in the larger villages and towns. 

Some of these schools de&erve special mention; no doubt some omitted are 
equally as worthy. 

In Albemarle county are the Veridam and BrooMand schools and the Charlottes- 
ville Institute ; in Alexandria, St. John's and Alexandria and Potomac academies ; in 
Bedford, the Bellevue High School; in Culpeper, the Virginia High School; in Augusta, 
the Staunton Academy; in Fairfax, the Episcopal High School; in Fauquier, the Clif- 
ton school and Piedmont and Bethel academies ; in Frederick, the Shenandoah Valley 
Academy; in Hanover, the Hanover Academy; in Loudoun, leesburg Academy; in 
Louisa, Aspen Hall Academy; in Madison, Locust Dale Academy; in Nelson, Norwood 
College and Elmington Classical and Military School; the Norfolk Academy, at Norfolk; 
University School, at Petersburg; the University School, Richmond Male Academy, 
ShocJcoe Hill Academy, German High School, and a half dozen others known by the 
names of their principals, at Richmond; Fancy Hill Academy and Lexington Academy, 
in Rockbridge county; Fredericksburg Academy, in Fredericksburg; the Goodson and 
Abingdon academies, in Washington county. In every portion of the State are 
academies and high schools, taught by graduates of the Universities, Colleges or 
Military Institute, in which boys are prepared for college. Many boys from other 
states attend these schools. 



211 

Female Collegiate education has been most amply provided for in Virginia by- 
private and denominational schools. The numerous female colleges in the State are 
not only organized on nearly the same plans as the universities and colleges for 
males, but they are as liberally patronized from other states. 

Of denominational female high schools that, in their buildings, courses of study, 
number and character of teachers, &c., deserve to rank as colleges, the following 
may be named (1871-2) : 

The Presbyterians have five: the Augusta Female Seminary, at Staunton; Ann 
Smith Academy, at Lexington ; Stonewall Jackson Institute, at Abingdon ; Leavenworth 
Seminary, at Petersburg, and Southsicle Institute, at Danville. 

The Baptists have three : the Hollins Institute, in Roanoke county ; Richmond 
Female College, at Richmond, and Roanoke Female College, at Danville. 

The Episcopalians have four: the Virginia Female Institute, at Staunton; the 
Southern Female Institute, at Richmond ; the Piedmont Female Institute, at Charlottes- 
ville, and St. PcmVs Church School, at Petersburg. 

The Lutherans have the Staunton Female Seminary, at Staunton. 

The Roman Catholics have three : Monte Maria Academy and St. JosepNs Asylum, 
at Richmond, and St. Mary''s Academy, at Alexandria. 

The Christians have a Collegiate Institute at Suffolk. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church South has four : the Wesleyan Female Institute, 
at Staunton; Martha Washington College, at Abingdon; Mountain View Seminary, at 
Bristol, and Danville Female College, at Danville. 

These 21 large and flourishing schools, situated in all parts of the State, most 
of them with large buildings, apparatus, &c., and with numerous teachers, provide 
fully for higher female education. Besides these, there are hundreds of smaller and 
more private female schools in the numerous villages, towns and cities of the State, 
many of them conducted by ladies of refined taste and cultivation. 

The Colleges for advanced instruction are all excellent institutions, well pro- 
vided with buildings, apparatus and able professors ; many of them are well en- 
dowed, and all offer special advantages to those in need of aid in obtaining a collegiate 
education. 

The Superintendent of Public Instruction says, in his Report for 1872: "The 
denominational character of several of our colleges is no objection whatever. It is 
a blessed fact that all our higher institutions are earnestly Christian without any of 
them being narrow in their spirit. Pligh culture is liberalizing irj religion as in 
everything else. It is both natural and proper that the Christian people of the 
several denominations should establish and maintain colleges where the special 
influence shall be in harmony with their own religious sentiments." 

William and Mary College, at Williamsburg, James City county, under Pro- 
testant Episcopal influence, is the oldest collegiate institution in Virginia, dating 
from the time of England's sovereigns, William and Mary, who contributed to its 
endowment, and were honored by having it named for them. This is especially the 
college of the Tidewater Region. It stands high as a training school; its roll of 
alumni includes many of the most noted Americans of the last 180 years. 



212 




WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBUEa, VA.* 

Hampden Sidney College, in Prince Edward county, Middle Virginia, a Pres- 
byterian seat of learning, next in age, enjoys a high reputation as a training school 
for professional studies and business life. Its system is that of a curriculum : it 
has a President, who is professor of Moral Science, and Professors of Natural Science, 
of Latin and German, of Greek and French, and of Mathematics. This college is 
situated in the country, away from any town. 

Emory and Henry College, a Methodist Episcopal institution, in Washington 
county, in the southwestern part of the Great Valley, is one of the two very flourish- 
ing colleges belonging to that leading denomination. This institution adheres to 
the curriculum method of training, and has the usual number of chairs found in 
all well conducted colleges. This institution receives annually, selected from all 
portions of the State, sixteen young men (not able to incur the expenses of a col- 
legiate course) without charge for tuition, board or lodging, in return for a grant 
made it by the State ; these young men are required to teach the same as the State 
students of the University or Military Institute. 

Kandolph Macon College, at Ashland, Hanover county (not far from Rich- 
mond city), is the other college under the care of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
The course of study is elective, and it has schools of Latin, Greek, English, French, 
Germali, Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Natural Science, Chemistry, 
Physiology and Hygiene, Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics, Biblical Literature 
and Oriental Languages ; it also has a preparatory or introductory course in charge 
of the professors. This is a very flourishing and popular institution. 

Richmond College, at Richmond city, belongs to the Baptists. By the zeal and 
liberality of its friends, this institution has been most liberally provided for and 
placed in the front rank among Virginia colleges. Its organization is into eight in- 
dependent, academic schools and a Law school — making its system an elective one, 
modeled after that of the Universit}^ of Virginia. Its schools are : Greek, Latin, 
Modern Languages, English, Mathematics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Philosophy and 
Law. The student can, upon examination, graduate in any school or obtain the 
usual degrees by graduating in a required number of schools. 

* Copied by permission from Scribner's Magazine, New Tork. 



213 

Roanoke College is a Lutheran institution, located at Salem, Roanoke county^ 
in one of the most attractive portions of the Valley. Though one of the youngest 
colleges, it is one of the most flourishing. Its system is the regular college curri- 
culum, its students being divided into Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Senior 
classes for a four years' course of study; it has also a Normal course for teachers of 
public schools — a select one for a mere business education, and a Preparatory 
Department for training boys for the college classes. 

St. John's College, at Norfolk, is a lately established Roman Catholic college, 
with a full corps of Professors. 

The Union Theological Seminary, near Hampden Sidney college, is the divinity 
school of the Presbyterians. It is a well endowed and ably conducted professional 
school. 

The Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary, near Alexandria, is the 
flourishing and well ordered divinity school for training the clergy of the Episcopal 
church. 

Colver Institute, in Richmond, is a theological school belonging to the colored 
Baptists. 

The Virginia Medical College, at Richmond, is an excellent school of medi- 
cine, with two courses of lectures each year, and the usual professors found in well 
conducted institutions of its kind. It has a hospital attached, where its students 
are familiarized with the diseases of the country. 

The Polytechnic School, at New Market, in the noted Shenandoah Valley, is 
a recently organized high school, with an advanced scientific course, designed for 
training farmers, mechanics, &c. It is quite flourishing. 

The Commercial College, the Old Dominion Business College, the School op 
Telegraphy, and the Normal School, at Richmond, offer facilities for special 
training for accountants, telegraph operators, &c. 

There is also a colored Normal School at Richmond; for in no educational ar- 
rangements of any kind whatsover, in Virginia, are the tico races mixed or even sent to the 
same institutions. Unless mention has been made to the contrary, all the institutions 
that have been spoken of are for white persons exclusively; full provision is made 
for the colored people, but, in all cases, it is for them alone. 

Washington and Lee University, located at Lexington, in Rockbridge county, 
in the heart of the Great Valley, stands at the head of the institutions for Higher 
Culture as fostered and developed by private and corporate liberality and enterprise. 
It is not denominational or sectarian in its character, but is controlled by a self-per- 
petuating Board of Trustees, composed of eminent and worthy citizens. 

The plan of independent schools is followed, as at the University of Virginia — in 
fact, the organization, courses of study, &c., are much the same at these two great 
institutions of higher learning. 

The schools are (1873) : (1) Latin, with three classes ; (2) Greek, with three 
classes; (3) Modern Languages, with two classes in both French and German; (4) 
English Language and Literature, with two classes ; (5) Mora^l Philosophy, with two 
classes; (6) History and Political Economy, with two classes; (7) Mathematics, 
with three classes ; (8) Applied Mathematics, with the division into Civil and Mili- 
tary Engineering and Astronomy, with three classes in Engineering and two in 



214 

Astronomy ; (9) Natural Philosophy, with three sections and three courses ; (10) 
Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology; (11) Applied Chemistry, with two courses. 
The Courses of Oivil and Mining Engineering extend over three years, and include a 
number of the schools iust named; the Course of Agriculture extends over two years, 
and includes a number of the classes of the schools. The Department of Law and 
Ecfuity includes (1) the School of Common and Statute Law, and (2) the School of 
Equity and Public Law, each with two classes. 







WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA.* 

There is also a Business school, and arrangements are being made for a distinct 
course of Commerce and one of Mechanical Engineering. 

Students are graduated and degrees conferred as in the University of Virginia, 
as before stated. 

The necessary expenses for the yearlj'- session of nine months are from $230 to 
$300, This University offers a number of free scholarships, as prizes, to the most 
distinguished pupils of the high schools of Virginia; it aids young men by a credit 
of a number of years after completing their studies; it gives free tuition, when 
asked, to all young men studying for the Christian ministry ; it grants special privi- 
leges to those intending to teach or to follow the profession of journalism ; it offers 
a post-graduate course, with substantial emoluments, to its most distinguished 
graduates. 

During the session of 1872-'3, AVashington and Lee had 263 students — 81 from 
Virginia and 182 from 20 other states. This University has large endowments, the 
benefactions of individuals and societies, and to these additions are being made 
every year. It has a high reputation as a school for higher culture and training — 
one that does its work thoroughly well. 

The annexed table presents the statistics of the advanced^ technical and higher 
schools — not state institutions — for the year 1872-'3. 

* Copied by permission from Scribner's Magazine, New Yorli. 



215 



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216 

The educational work done in Virginia in 1871-2 is summed up by the Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction in this way — 

Number of Public Schools 3,695 

JiTumber of Private Primary Schools 647 

mimberof High Schools 181 

IN'nmber of CoUeges 10 

l^Tumber of Technical Schools 12 

850' 

Whole number of Schools in State 4,545 

ISTumber of Teachebs in Public Schools 3,853 

]S"umber of Teachers in Private Primary Schools 715 

]^Tumber of Teachers in High Schools 574 

IsTumber of Teachers in Colleges. 124 

Number of Teachers in Technical Schools 66 

1,479 

Whole number of teachers in State 5,332 

Number of Pupils in Public Schools 166,377 

Number of Pupils in private Primary Schools 10,320 

Number of Pupils in High Schools -. 7,491 

Number of Pupils in Colleges 1,813 

Nimiber of Pupils in Technical Schools 853 

■ 20,477 

Wliole number attending schools 186,854= 

Average cost of tuition per month in Public Schools, per enrolled pupil $0.70 

Average cost of tuition per month in Private Primary Schools 1.93- 

Average cost of tuition per month in high Schools 4.91 

Average cost of tuition per month in Colleges and Technical Schools 7.00' 

Average cost of tuition per month in all grades, per enrolled pupil $3.62 

Average leng-th of session of Public Schools, in months 5.72 

Average length of session of Private Primary Schools, in months 6.75 

Average length of session of High Schools, in months 8.33' 

Average length of session of Colleges and Technical Schools, in months 9.00 

Average time for all grades, in months 7.45' 



The school population — those between 5 and 21 — was 411,021 ; so over 45 per 
cent, of the whole of this class attended schools of some kind during the year, 
showing that the ample facilities furnished were well made use of. 

The Reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction furnish the following 
facts in regard to collegiate education in Virginia : 

The number of students attending her colleges has been as follows : in 1860 
there were 1,738; in 1870 there were 1,936; in 1871, 1,930; in 1872, 1,799; in 1873^ 



217 

the numbers were 2,087, and in 1874, 2,168, The number of students from Virginia 
in 1872 was 909; in 1873 it was 1,235, and in 1874, 1,287. 

The following table presents the statistics of college attendance in 1872 for the 
leading states : 



New York 

Virginia 

OMo 

Pennsylvania.. 
Massachusetts 
Connecticut.., 





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1,301 


338 


409 


1,710 


1,622 


1,145 


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1,669 


1,186 


656 


530 


246 


902 


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244 


643 


88 


332 



Number Belonging to State. 

IN Proportion to 

Population Attending 

College. 



To White 
Population. 



1 in 1,773 
1 in 722 
1 in 1,521 
1 in 2,011 
1 in 1,5SS 
1 in 1,529 



To Whole 
Population. 



1 in 1,790 
1 in 1,233 
1 in 1,557 
1 in 2,110 
1 in 1,615 
1 in 1,630 



In Scotland the number at college is said to be 1 in 1,000, in Germany 1 in 
2,500 and in England 1 in 5,800 of the population. In 1872-'3 there were, omitting 
Hampton, 1,937 students in the Virginia colleges — 1,124 from the State and 813 
from other states. These statistics show that Virginia stands in the front ranh, for 
the whole world, in higher education. 



218 



CHAPTER X. 

Section I. — Internal Improvements and Transportation. 

Virginia is well supplied with lines of railways and canals now in operation, 
and when those that are in progress or projected are completed, every portion of the 
State will be accessible by such improvements. Numerous turnpikes have been 
constructed by the State between important points in all sections, but more especially 
in the Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachian ones; so there is no portion of the 
mountain region that has not been penetrated by well constructed highways. 

The common roads of the State are very numerous, but the wear and neglect 
of a long war left most of them in a bad condition; they are, however, being im- 
proved under a "road law" that in due time will give to every part of the country 
good roads. In navigable waters the State is unrivaled, and lines of transportation, 
for both coastwise and foreign commerce, reach every portion of the large Tidewater 
country. 

The Railway system of the State should first be regarded as a whole not only 
in reference to the State, but to the great through lines and general system of the 
United States, of which they form a part. 

The Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad (A., M. & 0.), is the longest line 
in the State. Commencing at the splendid harbor of Norfolk (which is but a few 
miles from the sea and accessible at all seasons to the largest vessels afloat, where 
it meets lines of steamers and sailing vessels plying in all directions, especially lines 
of steamers that run in connection with it to New York and to Baltimore, and with 
the Seaboard Railroad to the south) it runs northwest, west and southwest for 408 
miles, across Tidewater, Middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge and for 150 miles along the 
Great Valley to Bristol, on the Tennessee line, where it connects with the railways 
that extend south, southwest and west to Mobile, New Orleans, Memphis, &c., 
making it part of a grand trunk line from the ocean westward and southward; its 
through cars run to the Gulf of Mexico and to the Mississippi river. 

The -first division of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio — the Norfolk and Peters- 
burg — is the 81 miles across Tidewater between those cities, running southwest for 
23 miles to Suffolk, a flourishing town at the head of navigation, on the Nansemond, 
near which it intersects the Seaboard and Roanoke Road to Weldon, in North Caro- 
lina, and south ; then its course is northwest, nearly parallel to the James, through 
the middle of the Southside peninsula, by Windsor, Zuni, Ivor, Wakefield, Waverly 
and Disputanta stations, to Petersburg, at the head of tide on the Appomattox, a 



219 

flourishing manufacturing and commercial city, where it meets the City Point 
branch of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, down the Appomattox to the James, 
"the Richmond and Petersburg and the Petersburg and Weldon Railroads. 

The Southside Division of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Road extends north- 
west from Petersburg, through the Middle Country, to Lynchburg, 123 miles, passing 
through Sutherland's Church Road, Ford's, Wilson's, Wellville, Blacks and Whites, 
Nottoway courthouse, Burk's (where it is crossed by the Piedmont Air-Line Road, 
formerly the Richmond and Danvilk, a through line from Richmond to the south 
and southwest), Rice's, High Bridge, Farmville (a flourishing place near Hampden 
Sidney College), Prospect, Pamplin's, Evergreen, Appomattox, Spout Spring, and 
Concord — giving railway facilities to a large and productive region, abounding in 
forest resources and mineral wealth. 

The Tennessee Division of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio extends from 
Lynchburg to Bristol, 204 miles, across Piedmont and along the Valley. At Lynch- 
burg this railroad is crossed by the line of the Washington City, Virginia Midland 
and Great Southern Railroad — usually called the Virginia Midland — running from 
Washington City, where all the lines of the United States meet, southwest along the 
border of Piedmont and Middle Virginia to Danville, where it joins the Piedmont 
Air- Line, before mentioned. At Lynchburg this railroad also connects with the 
James River and Kanawha Canal, that follows the James River up from Richmond 
to this important and flourishing manufacturing city, and then continues on to 
Buchanan, in the Great Valley, beyond which it is projected to the Ohio River, and 
the General Government contemplates completing it. The stations beyond Lynch- 
burg are Halsey's, Clay's, Forest, Goode's, Lowry's, Liberty (the county seat of the 
rich county of Bedford), Thaxton's, Lisbon and Buford's in Piedmont; the railway 
then crosses the Blue Ridge into the Valley, in which are Blue Ridge, Bonsack's, 
whence lines of stages run to Lexington; Gish's, Big Lick, whence a line of stages 
runs to Franklin ; Salem (the flourishing county seat of Roanoke county and the 
location of Roanoke College, and where the Valley Railroad, now in course of con- 
struction, will meet the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, giving a connection north- 
east through Lexington, Staunton, &c., to Baltimore); Dyerle's, Lafayette, Big 
■Spring, Shawsville, Alleghany, whence stages run to Alleghany Springs ; Big Tunnel, 
from which a tramway runs to the Montgomery White Sulphur Springs ; Christian- 
burg, the county town of Montgomery county and the station for the Virginia Ag- 
ricultural and Mechanical College, and for the Yellow Springs; Vicker's, Central, 
from which a railroad is projected down the Kanawha or New River 68 miles, to 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad; New River, Dublin, the station for Newbern, 
the shire-town of Pulaski county; Martin's, Max Meadows, Wytheville, the fine 
county town of Wythe county; Rural Retreat, Atkins', Marion, the flourishing 
county seat of Smyth; Seven-Mile Ford, Glade Spring, from which a branch rail- 
way runs to Saltville and its great salt works and plaster banks ; Emory, the seat of 
Emory and Henry College; Abingdon, the fine county town of Washington county, 
with its two female colleges — Martha Washington and Stonewall Jackson; and 
Goodson-Bristol, on the Tennessee line, a growing town, the seat of King's College 
and a flourishing female seminary. 



220 

This railway passes through as fine an agricultural region as any in the State, 
embracing lands of every variety and suited to every sort of culture : the " truck " or 
market garden lands of the Norfolk peninsula and the oyster beds and fishing grounds 
come first; then the sweet potato, peanut, corn, cotton and timber lands; then the 
fine corn and tobacco lands of the Middle country and the mineral lands of th& 
gold belt; the rich grain lands and iron ore beds of Piedmont, the fruit lands of 
the Blue Ridge and its treasures of iron ore, the fertile grassy plains and hills, of 
the Valley — the land of the stock raisers, of great corn and wheat fields, with met- 
aliferous bands of lead, iron, zinc and copper and beds of salt, plaster and coal 
on either hand. It would require a volume to give the details of the unbroken 
stretch of 408 miles of east and west country, or more than 16,000 square miles, 
tributary to this great, well-built, well-equipped and well-managed railway. 

By Report of 1874, the charges on this railway are : for through passengers, all 
classes, 3.07 cents a mile, and for way passengers 3.68. For through emigrant passengers 
the charge is two cents per mile; the average passenger rate is 3.54 cents. The 
average rate per ton per mile, on all classes of freight, is 2.41 cents. 

Steamships from Liverpool connect with this line at Norfolk, and it conveys 
immigrants on to the west. This railway conveyed over 193,000 bales of cotton to 
Norfolk in 1874, or 42 per cent, of the 467,561 bales received by that city. 

The Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio is to be extended from Bristol, west, along 
the state line, 100 miles to Cumberland Gap, where it will meet a system of rail- 
ways from Kentucky. This will be a very valuable extension, opening up a country 
rich in farming and grazing lands and in metallic wealth. It is also proposed to 
.extend the line from Saltville across to Pound Gap, on the Kentucky line, to meet 
railways coming up from the Ohio river. This will bring the iron and coal of Ap- 
palachia into market. A charter has also been granted for a road from the Atlantic,. 
Mississippi and Ohio down New River to the Chesapeake and Ohio, opening a way 
for the interchange of iron ore and coal with West Virginia, and developing a fine 
agricultural region. Lands of every variety and price are for sale along the whole 
length of this road — far cheaper than any of the wild lands of the West. 

The second line in length in Virginia, the Washington City, Virginia Mid- 
land AND Great Southern Railroad (W. C, V. M. & G. S.), or Virginia Midland 
(the consolidated Orange and Alexandria, Manassas Gap and Lynchburg and Dan- 
ville Railroads), now runs from Alexandria southwest, along the line of the Middle 
and Piedmont and through the Piedmont and Middle country, 216.5 miles to Dan- 
ville. The cars of this company run from Washington City, and they pass over a 
portion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad; so this may, with propriety, be con- 
sidered a line of 240 miles from Washington to Danville — the real Piedmont Railway 
of the State. It is now^ a part of the great mail line to the south and southwest. 
At Washington, the Capital of the United States, it meets lines of railways from all 
directions and ships and steamers near the head of tide on the Potomac. At Alex- 
andria, 7 miles below, its next station, it meets the terminus of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal, that has come down the Potomac from Cumberland; the Washington 
and Ohio Railway, that runs to Round Hill, in Piedmont, and is projected to the 
Ohio by way of Winchester, and crosses the railway from Washington to Rich- 



221 



raond. Alexandria is a flourishing commercial city, from which steamers and 
vessels go up and down the Potomac. The stations, in order, are Springfield, Burke's, 
Fairfax, Clifton, Manassas (at which point the branch Manassas Gap Railroad leaves 
the main line and runs 61 miles across Piedmont and the Blue Ridge to the Valley 
Railroad at Strasburg), Bristoe, Nokesville, Catlett's, Warrenton Junction (from which 
a branch runs northwest 10 miles by Melrose to Warrenton, the county town of the 
fine county of Fauquier), Midland, Bealeton, Rappahannock, Brandy, Culpeper (the 
growing county seat of Culpeper county), Mitchell's, Rapid Anne, Orange Courthouse 
(the seat of justice for Orange county), Madison Run, Gordonsville, where it meets the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, and runs over its line 21 miles past 
Lindsay's, Cobham, Keswick and Shadwell stations to Charlottesville, the county 
seat of Albemarle county, and near which is located the University of Virginia; it 
there leaves the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio, which crosses the Blue Ridge and 
the Valley, via Staunton, and Appalachia on to the Ohio river, &c. At Charlottes- 
ville the Midland Road is fairly into Piedmont, and thence it passes Red Hill, North 
■Garden, Covesville, Faber's Mills, Rockfish, Elmington, Lovingston or Montreal (near 
the courthouse of Nelson county), Arrington, Tye River, New Glasgow, Amherst 
(the county town of Amherst county), Mclvor's and Burford's to Lynchburg, where 
are the James River and Kanawha Canal and the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio 
Road, before described, giving connections East, West and South. From Lynch- 
burg the stations are Lucado, Lawyer's Road, Covington, Otter River, Lynch's, Staun- 
ton River, Sycamore, Ward's Springs, Galveston, Whittles, Chatham (the county 
town of the large county of Pittsylvania), Dry Fork, and Fall Creek, to Danville,* a 
flourishing manufacturing town on the Piedmont Air-Line Road, from Richmond 
south and southwest. 

The Manassas branch of the Midland passes through the following stations 
from Manassas : Gainesville, Hay Market, Thoroughfare, Broad Run, The Plains, 
Salem, Rectortown, Piedmont and Markham in the Piedmont country; Linden on 
the Blue Ridge, and Happy Creek, Front Royal (county town of Warren county), 
Riverton (where the Shenandoah Valley Railroad crosses it), Buckton, Water Lick 
and Strasburg, to Strasburg Junction, in the Valley. 

*The following statistics of the thriving town of Danville are compiled from a letter by J. 
T. Averett, Esq., in the Kichmond Dispatch of January 6th, 1876 : 

Danville, Pittsylvania County, Virginia. 





Population. 


Value of per- 
sonal property. 


Value of real 
estate. 


Tobacco Teade. 


Tears. 


Pounds sold at 
warehouses. 


Value of offi- 
cial sales. 


Average 

per 
hundred. 


Internal rev- 
enue receipts. 


ISTO 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 


3,464 
3,990 
4,320 
5,130 
5,552 
6,183 


$524,155 
527,691 
658,722 
921,906 
813,627 
919,844 


$1,020,620 
1,141,030 
1,229,710 
1,337,375 
1,421,725 
1,506,735 ■ 


10,621,557 
13,191,406 
14,065,639 
14,181,890 
18,582,389 
15,018,640 


$1,301,140 73 
1,582,968 72 
1,746,413 10 • 
1,694,524 96 
2,707,231 82 
2,761,154 35 


$12 25 
12 00 
12 34 
11 94 
14 5S 
18 33 








$ 948,377 49 
1,311,822 71 
1,041,591 T6 



(See table, continued, foot of next page.) 



222 

This very important railroad, operating 2872- miles and owning 337 J miles of 
line, and having over 10,000 square miles of country tributary to it, is becoming a 
most valuable auxiliary in the development of the State, as it not only passes through, 
or near a fine farming, grazing or planting country for its whole length, branches in- 
cluded, but it runs for a long distance in one of the most attractive and promising iron 
producing regions in the State. Asa through line it is the m ost direct from the National 
Capital for the whole of the great Piedmont country of Virginia, North Carolina^ 
South Carohna and Georgia, on to the Gulf. As a State line it passes through the 
brown-stone quarries and good wheat lands of Manassas ; has tributary to it all the 
Piedmont country, with its exceedingly rich and productive lands, among them the 
noted "red lands" of Amherst, Nelson, Albemarle, Orange, &c.; it has penetrated 
the fine timber lands of Campbell and Pittsylvania; it enters the Shenandoah 
Valley, crossing the Blue Ridge; it crosses the valleys of the Roanoke and the Dan, 
famed for their crops of tobacco, corn, &c. The abundant magnetic, hematite and 
specular iron ores of Culpeper, Orange, Albemarle, Nelson, Amherst, Campbell 
and Pittsylvania counties are along its line for nearly 200 miles, not to mention the 
lead, manganese and other ores here also found. This company has obtained, by 
grant or purchase by permission of the State, large tracts of land within five miles 
of its lines, which it will sell to intending settlers on long time and at reasonable 
rates. The rates of fare of this railway, per mile, are 4 cents for first class through 
and 4i- for first class way passengers, and 2J and 3 cents for second class through 
and way respectively, averaging 4 cents a mile. The charges for freight average 
4.44 cents a ton per mile, ranging from .94 of a cent to 7.55 cents. 

The afiairs of the company are well managed, and it has a future, as a great 
through line across the State, of great prosperity and usefulness before it. 

The Chesapeake and Ohio Railkoad (C. & 0.) has 222 miles of its 423 be- 
tween Richmond and Huntington, on the Ohio, in Virginia. This is part of a great 
through line from some harbor of " The Peninsula," on or near Chesapeake bay, 
to the Mississippi at St. Louis, all completed but about 80 miles in Kentucky and 
the line down The Peninsula from Richmond. The road now in operation runs 
northwest from Richmond across the Middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and 
Appalachian country to West Virginia, and then across the Trans-Appalachian 
country in that State to the valley of the Ohio. 

The Eastern Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio extends from Richmond to 



These figures show more forcibly than words i;he prosperity of this city : 
Danville — Its December Tobacco Trade. 





Decembek Sales of Leaf Tobacco at Warehouses. 


Years. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Average 
per humlred. 


Internal 
revenue receipts. 


1ST2 


50T,"343 


$ 40,028 62 


$ 8 89 


$45,293 30 


1ST3 


24T,806 


15,035 00 


6 06 


82,214 20 


18T4 


951,689 


196,798 43 


20 67 


58,265 10 


1S75 


1,240,847 


114,450 00 


9 24 


47,784 18 



223 

Staunton, in the Valley, 136 miles. It begins at new wharves belonging to the 
company, at the Harbor of Richmond, Avhere ample arrangements have been made 
for shipping the immense quantities of coal, iron, timber, &c., that will pass over 
the road. It meets at Richmond the various lines that are named as terminating 
there. Vessels drawing 14 feet of water ascend the tides of the James to this point. 
The stations of this Division are Atlee's, Ashcake, Peake's, Hanover Courthouse, the 
county town of Hanover county; Wickham's, South Anna, Hanover Junction, 
where it crosses the line of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Washington Rail- 
road ; Anderson's, Noel's, Hewlett's, Beaver Dam, Green Bay, Bumpass', Buckner's, 
Frederick's Hall, Tolersville, Louisa Courthouse, the county seat of Louisa county ; 
Trevilian's, Green Springs, Melton's and Gordonsville, in the Middle country. At 
Gordonsville, as before stated, it meets the Midland Railroad from Washington City, 
and to the same point the Fredericksburg and Gordonsville Railroad is nearly com- 
pleted ; thence the road skirts Piedmont by Lindsay's, Cobham, Campbell's, Keswick 
and Shadwell, when it turns across Piedmont by Charlottesville — the seat of the Uni- 
versity of Virginia and county town of the great county of Albemarle, where the 
Midland Railroad diverges to the southwest — Ivy and Mech urn's River; then Green- 
wood and Afton on the Blue Ridge ; and in the Valley, Waynesboro' and Fishers- 
ville to Staunton, the thriving county town of Augusta county and the seat of four 
female colleges, where the Valley Railroad from Baltimore crosses the Chesapeake 
and Ohio and runs to the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio at Salem. The Middle 
Division extends from Staunton to Hinton, West Virginia, 136 miles, and the Western 
Division from Hinton to Huntington, 148 miles. The station beyond Staunton, in 
the Valley, is Swoope's ; then in Appalachia, Buffalo Gap, North Mountain, Variety 
Springs, Elizabeth Furnace, Pond "Gap, Craigsville, Bell's Valley, Goshen — from 
which point lines of stages run to Lexington, the seat of Washington and Lee 
University and the Virginia Military Institute and to the Alum Springs of Rock- 
bridge — Panther Gap, Millboro' — from which stages run to the Bath Alum, Warm, 
Hot and Healing springs — Mason's Tunnel, Crane's, Griffith's, Longdale, Peter's 
(whence a narrow gauge railway extends to the Lucy Selina Furnace, of the Long- 
dale Iron Company), Clifton Forge — where it meets Jackson's river of the James 
and the line of the extension of the James River and Kanawha Canal, the Central 
water line, and where a branch line of the Chesapeake and Ohio is proposed down 
the James to Richmond, following the grade of the river ; also a line some 30 odd 
miles long to the present terminus of the canal at Buchanan — Jackson's River, Low- 
moor — from which a short branch runs to the Lowmoor iron mines — Covington, 
the county town of Alleghany county, from which stages run to the Healing, Hot 
and Warm Springs; Callaghan's and Alleghany (from which stages run to the 
Sweet Chalybeate and Sweet Springs), where the railroad passes into West Virginia. 
As a through line, with railway, steamboat and steamship connections east and west 
to all important points, with the lowest grades of any line in the United States across 
the Appalachian system of mountains, with its course in the mild latitude of Virginia, 
and with its shorter distances from the seaboard to all points in the West and North- 
west, this is to become one of the most important trans-continental lines of the United 
States. This line was opened to the Ohio in 1873. As a state line this crosses the ^Id 
and iron belt of Middle Virginia, the magnetic, &c., iron belt of Piedmont, the spe- 



224 

cular and brown hematite iron belt of the Blue Ridge, the iron and limestone beds of 
the Valley, runs for 70 miles with the brown and red central iron ore belt of the Ap- 
palachian region ; and for 86 miles literally runs through, by the canon of New 
River and the Great Kanawha, in West Virginia, the beds of the Lower, Middle and 
Upper series of the great Appalachian Coal-field, where more than an aggregate of 
80 feet of thickness in these three measures of cannel, splint, shop and other va- 
rieties of Bituminous Coal are exposed in nearly horizontal strata above the water 
level. The onere mention of these facts shows that this is to be one of the largest 
iron producing regions in the United States (see chapter on Geology), where raw 
coals and rich ores may be cast, as they are mined, into the furnace. The farming, 
planting and grazing lands along the whole line are among the best in the State, and 
the country adjacent thereto is rapidly developing. The trade over this railway, 
westward, from the oyster beds, fishing banks and market gardens of Tidewater 
must be large. The open character and unsurpassed excellence of the harbors at its 
eastern termini will bring to it the imports of all lands in and beyond the Atlantic. 
In fact, all the lines that terminate near the capes of Virginia must become the 
^^ grocery"^ lines'''' for the central belt of population of both continents. The Mediter- 
ranean products of Europe, the sweets and cofiee of the West Indies and South 
America, will naturally come here for distribution to the interior of North America, 
and the products of the West for distribution along the Atlantic coasts of the 
Americas and Europe. 

In the 8,000 square miles of country in Virginia that finds its outlet over this 
road there is an abundance of every variety of farming and of iron lands for sale 
at from one dollar and fifty cents to one hundred dollars per acre, depending on 
location, improvements, &c. The rates for first class passengers are 3 cents for 
through and 4 cents for way per mile ; for second class, 2 cents through and 3 cents 
way — averaging 3 cents per mile. The rates for freight are from li to 4 cents a ton 
per mile, averaging 2 1-20 cents per ton a mile. 

The Richmond and Danville Railroad, a portion of the Piedmont Air-Line 
from Richmond to Atlanta, Georgia, extends from Richmond southwest to the state 
line just beyond Danville, 140J miles, passing through the midst of the great Middle 
<30untry, where it is noted as a tobacco producing region. 

At the large and flourishing city of Richmond, the beginning of this line, this 
road meets the numerous lines of railways, canal, steamers, &c., that centre there; 
thence the stations are Manchester, the improving suburb of Richmond across the 
James, the county town of Chesterfield county, whence a branch extends to the harbor 
of Richmond at Rocketts ; Belle Isle, Rockfield, Granite, Coalfield, the heart of the 
■Richmond coal-basin; Tomahawk, Powhatan, Mattoax, Chula, Amelia Courthouse, 
the shire town of Amelia county ; Jetersville, Jennings' Ordinary, Burkeville, where 
it crosses the line of the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, giving connections east and 
west (see Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio); Green Bay, Meherrin, Keysville, the 
junction with the proposed Roanoke Valley Railroad ; Drake's Branch, Mossingford, 
Randolph, Roanoke, Clover, Scottsburg, Wolf Trap, Boston, New's Ferry, Barksdale 
Sutherlin, Ringgold and Danville, where it meets the Midland Railroad from Wash- 

* Colonel James McDonald, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Yirginia. 



225 

ington and Lynchburg and its own extension to Atlanta, Mobile and New Or- 
leans. 

As a through line, this connects with a line from Washington City to Rich- 
mond, and so becomes a very important line for trade and travel to the south and 
southwest; a line especially for bringing the products of the great southern Pied- 
mont region to Virginia markets. As a local line the Richmond and Danville may 
claim the trade of over 8,000 square miles of territory — one of the most productive 
in the Middle country, and at the same time much of the trade of southwest Pied- 
mont and Blue Ridge must also find its outlet by it. It passes through the Rich- 
mond coal-field and the fine granite quarries along the James; its line is near and 
on the combined gold and iron belt; copper, soapstone and other minerals await 
development in its vicinity. Fine bodies of magnetite are near the line of this 
railroad. A line of railway is in course of construction up the valley of the Roan- 
oke from Clarksville to Keysville, on this railroad, which will bring to it the pro- 
ducts of a very, fertile country. There are many farms on this railway for sale at ex- 
ceedingly low prices, and some thriving settlements have been made on or near it by 
English, Dutch and other settlers. The average rate per mile for through passengers 
is 3.39 cents, for 1st class way passengers 4 cents, and for 2nd class way 3* cents — 
averaging 3 63-100 cents per mile. The average charge for freight is 4.0S cents a 
ton a mile. 

The Richmond, Fkedericksburg and Potomac (80 miles) and a portion of the 
Baltimore and Potomac Railroad are run as one line from Richmond to Wash- 
ington City and Baltimore, forming part of the great north and south railway that 
runs along the border between the Middle and Tidewater sections from New York 
city on through Virginia, by way of Washington, Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Rich- 
mond, Petersburg, Weldon, &c., to the south. 

The Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac runs for 82 miles to Quantico, on 
the Potomac river, passing through Boulton, Hungary, Kilby's, Ashland, the seat 
of Randolph Macon College; Taylorsville, Hanover Junction, where it crosses the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Road ; Chester, Penola, Milford, near Caroline Courthouse ; 
Wordford, Guinea's, Fredericksburg, 61 miles from Richmond, and an important 
commercial and manufacturing city at the head of tide on the Rappahannock ; Po- 
tomac Run, Brooke's, Richland, to Quantico, where it meets a line of steamers to 
Washington and joins the line of the Alexandria and Potomac (or Baltimore and 
Potomac Railroad), which continues its rail connection by Cherry Hill, Mount 
Pleasant, Wood Bridge, Long Branch, Franconia, and Alexandria city — where 
it crosses the Midland, Washington and Ohio, &c. — to Washington City. This has 
long been the favorite route for travel to the south, and is noted for its good manage- 
ment and most comfortable accommodations. Its directness will always make it a 
great trunk line. Locally, this passes through much exceedingly fine country, the 
valleys of the branches of the Pamunkey, the Mattapony, the Rappahannock and 
Potomac — all famed for their fertility, fine climate, pure water, &c., where many de- 
sirable homes and most valuable plantations are ofiered for sale at merely nominal 
prices — the result of the destruction incident to war. 

The gold belt, with its valuable ores of iron, is not far away, on one side, and 
the marl beds of the Tertiary are near at hand on the other — both full of promise 



226 

for future operations. The fine water-power of the Rappahannock, at the Falls 
near Fredericksburg, is partially utilized in manufacturing woolens, paper, &c., but 
it has an abundant supply for many operations on a large scale. The line of rail- 
way once completed to Gordonsville, crossing the gold and iron belt and connecting 
by the Chesapeake and Ohio with the coal-fields of Trans- Appalachia, this must 
become a manufacturing centre in the midst of large agricultural resources. The 
average charge for passengers on the Alexandria and Fredericksburg Road is 3 1-20 
cents per mile, and for freight 3.1 cents. The average freight rate on the Richmond, 
Fredericksburg and Potomac was 4.17 cents per ton per mile. The sj)eed of passenger 
trains is from 25 to 30 miles per hour. 

The Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, 23 miles long, is a southern exten- 
sion of the lines just described ; it connects with them by a tunnel under a portion 
of Richmond, then crosses the James, through Manchester, Temple's, Drewry's 
Bluff, Halfway, Chester — near which it has a branch road into the Chesterfield part 
of the Richmond coal-basin and across its line to Osborne's, a landing on the James, 
where the coal is put into vessels — to Petersburg. This is an exceedingly well 
managed road, important as a link fn the liiie of through trade and travel and as 
the outlet for the fine coal on its Clover Hill Branch. There is much land along it 
that needs inhabitants. At Petersburg it finds a flourishing city, the line of the 
Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Road, before spoken of, and the extension of the 
North and South line by the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad. The average fare 
is 31 cents a mile, and the average rate of freight 3 cents per ton. The speed is 
from 23 to 28 miles an hour. 

The Petersburg and Weldon Railroad is another link in the North and 
South railway system, extending from Petersburg 63 miles, through Reams', Stony 
Creek, Jarratt's, Belfielcl, Hicksford, Gaston Junction, where the road branches, 
one branch going by Ryland's to Gaston and on to Raleigh, North Carolina — the 
other to Weldon, through Pleasant Hill and on to Goldsboro', North Carolina, and 
southward. At Weldon it meets the line of the Seaboard Railroad from Norfolk. 
This, like the Richmond and Petersburg, is important as part of the through line, 
the passenger cars running without change all the way from Washington to Weldon. 
It has a large scope of fertile country in the " cotton belt," the valleys of the Notto- 
way, Meherrin and Roanoke and their branches pertaining to it, in which there is 
much valuable land, some farms on the line of the railway being ofi'ered at $10* 
per acre. 

The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad extends from Portsmouth, opposite 
Norfolk and on its harbor, 80 miles southwest to Weldon, in North Carolina, making, 
by bay steamers from Baltimore, a daily line to the south by what is known as the 
"Atlantic Coast Line." At the splendid harbor of Norfolk this road connects with 
lines of steamers from all points and the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad; 
then it passes by Bower's Hill through Suffolk, the active county seat of Nanse- 
mond county, near which it passes under the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio; Buck- 
horn, Carrsville, Franklin, on the Blackwater, where it meets steamboats fipm the 
Chowan ; Murfee's, Nottoway, Newsom's, Boykin's, Branchville, Margaretsville, Sea- 

* Moore & Co.'s Circular for 1873-'4. 



227 

board and Gary's, to Weldon, where it joins the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad. 
This is an important line for trade from the cotton and naval stores region of North 
Carolina, and for cotton and travel from beyond ; its traffic is very large by its line 
of steamers to the great cities. It runs through the heart of the best cotton pro- 
ducing part of Virginia, including the valleys of the Nansemond, Blackwater Not- 
towa}^, Meherrin, &c. In this region the noted sweet potato, truck and cotton lands 
are offered at from $8 and upwards* per acre. 

The Richmond, York River and Chesapeake Railroad runs east from Rich- 
mond 38j miles to the head of York river, the junction of the Mattapony and Pa- 
munkey, at West Point, where it connects with a line of steamers for Baltimore by 
the way of Yorktown, Gloucester Point and other landings on the York, the length 
of the line to Baltimore being 220 miles. The stations from Richmond (where this 
road forms a close connection with the Richmond and Danville) are Fair Oaks, 
Dispatch, Summit, Tunstall's, White House, Fish Haul and Sweet Hall, to West 
Point. The time from Richmond to Baltimore is some 14 hours, giving a fine ride 
over the York and the Chesapeake — as noble a river and bay as can well be found. 
This is an important line for freight and travel, and its tributary country, the valleys 
of the Chickahominy, Pamunkey, Mattapony and York, are among the most fertile 
in Tidewater Virginia. Here, too, are lands and homes at nominal prices. The 
rate of fare is from 2? to 5 cents a mile, averaging 4.36 cents. The average rate per 
ton for freight is 3.37 cents per mile. 

The Washington and Ohio Railroad is a line that is intended to run from the 
harbors of Alexandria and Washington on the Potomac, by way of Leesburg, Win- 
chester, in Virginia, and Capon Springs, Moorefield, &c., in West Virginia, and 
thence westward to Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha on the Ohio, 
a distance of 325 miles, making the most direct line westward from the National 
Capital. Only 55 miles of this road are completed from Alexandria northwest 
across Middle and into Piedmont, passing through Carlin's Springs, Fall's Church, 
Vienna, Hunter's Mill, Thornton, Herndon, Guilford, Farmwell, Leesburg, the 
county seat of the splendid county of Loudoun ; Clark's Gap, Hamilton, Purcell- 
ville. Round Hill, to Snickers ville, where it connects with a line of stages across 
the Blue Ridge by Berryville to Winchester, in the Valley, on, the line of the Valley 
branch of the Baltimore and Ohio. 

This road, when completed, will be one of the most important routes in the 
country, and vfill open a region of unsurpassed mineral wealth. It now runs 
through and into one of the very finest and most productive sections of the State, 
rich in grain and pasture lands, and with deposits of iron, marble, limestone, &c., 
of great value. The lands here are higher in price than in other portions of the 
State, owing to their nearness to markets as well as their excellent .character; but 
they are by no means as high as similar lands in other states. The valuable iron 
ores of the western slope of the Blue Ridge will be crossed by this road 62 miles 
from Alexandria. It soon penetrates the eastern part of the Appalachian coal-field 
in West Virginia. Average fare per mile, for passengers, four cents ; average rate 
for a ton freight, per mile, seven cents, ranging from four to ten and two-thirds. 

Moore & Co.'s Circular for 1873-'4. 



228 

The Valley Railroad, a branch of the great Baltimore and Ohio, that begins 
at Harper's Ferry, on the Baltimore and Ohio, at the mouth of the Shenandoah, and 
extends up the valley of that noted river by Winchester and Staunton to its head^ 
and then across the valley of the James by Lexington, and the Roanoke to Salem, 
following the Great Valley for 213 miles, of which 193 are in the State of Virginia. 
The part in operation is from Harper's Ferry to Staunton ; the rest is being con- 
structed. This road is formed by a combination of the Winchester and Potomac, 
the Winchester and Strasburg, the Strasburg and Harrisonburg part of the Manassas 
Gap Railroad, and the Valley Railroad from Staunton to Salem. 

The stations are Harper's Ferry, 81 miles from Baltimore and 41 miles from 
Washington City ; and Charlestown, in West Virginia, where it crosses the partly 
made Shenandoah Valley Railroad ; in Virginia — Wadesville, Stephenson's, Winches- 
ter, the flourishing county town of Frederick; Kernstown, Bartonsville, Newtown, 
Vaucluse, Middletown, Capon Road, Strasburg, where the Manassas branch of the 
Midland Railroad unites with this ; Tom's Brook, Maurertown, Woodstock, the 
county town of Shenandoah county ; Edinburg, a thriving village ; Mt. Jackson, 
Forestville, New Market, an active business place, the seat of a Polytechnic Insti- 
tute, and the point of departure of stages for Luray and across to Culpeper by 
Sperry ville ; Broadway, Cowan's, Linville, Harrisonburg, a large and flourishing town, 
the county seat of the rich and fertile county of Rockingham, from which point the 
Shenandoah Valley and Ohio Railroad is now being located via Franklin, Pendleton 
county. West Virginia, to some point on the Ohio; and the "Washington City and 
St. Louis Narrow Gauge Railroad " is being constructed by way of Bridgev/ater, 
Monterey, in Highland county, and on through West Virginia, aiming for St. Louis, 
Missouri; Mount Crawford, Rockland Mills, Mount Sidney, Verona to Staunton, 
the thriving county seat of the large and wealthy county of Augusta, where it forms 
a junction with the Chesapeake and Ohio, and to which point the Shenandoah 
Valley Railroad is being constructed. Beyond Staunton the Valley Railroad is under 
process of construction, and will pass through Mint Spring, Greenville, Midway, 
Fairfield, Lexington, the county town of the fine county of Rockbridge, the seat of 
Washington and Lee University and the Virginia Military Institute, and the terminus 
of the North River Branch of the James River and Kanawha Canal; Natural Bridge, 
Buchanan, where it crosses the main line of the James River and Kanawha Canal; 
Botetourt Springs, where Hollins' Institute, a female college, is located, to Salem, 
the seat of Roanoke College, where, as before stated, this railroad connects with the 
Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio. 

A glance at the map will show that this railway is an important part of several 
through lines. When completed to Salem, it will finish a connected line of rail- 
ways from New York to New Orleans, running for nearly eight hundred miles 
along the Great Appalachian Valley (as the one between the Blue Ridge and the 
Kitatinny mountains is often called), by far one of the most beautiful and produc- 
tive valleys in the United States, and abounding in mineral wealth. It also forms 
part of a through Western line by way of the Chesapeake and Ohio, and of a Southern 
one by that and the Midland. As part of the great system of roads owned or 
operated by the Baltimore and Ohio, this will have many advantages for shipment 
to and from all the noted centres of business activity. Locally this road passes for 



229 

its whole length through a rich farming and grazing country, that always sends 
vast amounts of grain, farm products of all kinds and cattle to market. On each 
side of it are the great iron belts of the Blue Ridge and of Appalachia; and as it 
crosses at right angles the roads and canal from the coal-fields, it must become the 
great artery for the distribution of coal and iron ore. The population of the Valley 
is still small compared to its productive area, and so it has much fine land for sale 
at prices ranging from $10 to $150 per acre, according to improvements, location, &c., 
or at from one-fourth to one-half the value of such lands in the more thickly peo- 
pled parts of the same Great Valley in Pennsylvania and other states. 

The Shenandoah Valley Railroad is in process of construction from Hagers- 
town, by Williamsport, in Maryland ; Shepherdstown and Charlestown, West Vir- 
ginia; and Berry ville, the county seat of Clarke; Front Royal, of Warren, and 
Luray, of Page counties; up the valley of the South Fork of the Shenandoah, by 
Port Republic, New Hope, &c., to Staunton ; from that point the road has not been 
definitely located, but it is expected that it will enter Appalachia. and pass through 
Alleghany, Craig, Giles, Tazewell, Russell, Scott and Lee counties, and into East 
Tennessee to the system of railways there in operation. This will form part of the 
system of the Pennsylvania Railroad Companj^, connecting roads under its control, 
making a line of 449 miles from Hagerstown, Maryland, to Russellville, Tennessee. 

The indication of the route is sufficient, coupled with what has been said of 
the country along it in the chapters of this summary, to show that this will become 
a most valuable highway for mineral and agricultural trafiic, as well as for travel. 

A charter has been obtained for extending the Railroad that now runs from 
Hagerstown, in Maryland, to Martinsburg, in West Virginia, on up the valley some 
22 miles to Winchester, connecting important railways. 

The Norfolk and Great Western Railroad has been located through the 
whole southern tier of counties of the state from Norfolk to Cumberland Gap, by 
most of the county towns of this range of counties, and by Danville, Bristol, &c. 
This would make a very direct line from Norfolk to the West, and would open a 
large and fertile portion of the state now distant from railways. A portion of the 
line would pass through the magnificent mineral deposits of Southwestern Virginia. 
Nothing is being done to this road now, but at no distant day the merits of the line 
will secure its construction. Among other proposed lines are : one from Danville by 
Rocky Mount to Salem, one from Farmville to Charlottesville and northeast through 
Piedmont; one from Staunton to Washington City by the most direct route; one 
down the Eastern Shore peninsula, &c. Others have been named in connection 
with the roads of which they will form a part. The Roanoke Valley Railroad is ia 
course of construction from Clarksville to Keysville. 

Horse railroads are in operation in Richmond, Norfolk and Alexandria. 



230 



Table of Railroads in opdration in Virginia January 1st, 1876. 



Name of Eailkoad. 



Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio 

City Point Branch of A., M. & O 

Saltville Branch of A., M. & O 

Washington City,Va. Mid. & Gr. Southern 

Manassas Branch 

Warrenton Branch 

Chesapeake & Ohio 

Longdale (narrow-gauge) Branch 

Lowmoor Branch 

Riclimond & Danville 

Kichmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac. . 

Coal Pits 

Alexandria & Potomac 

Alexandria & Washington 

Eichmond & Petersburg 

Petersburg & Weldon 

Gaston Branch 

Clover Hill 

Seaboard & Eoanoke 

Eichmond, York Eiver & Chesapeake 

Washington & Ohio 

Valley Eailroad 

Fredericksburg & Gordonsvillet 



SB 

S.=i 



Miles. 
408 

9 

10 

243* 

63 

9 

222 

8 

2 

141 

82 

4 

2T 

T 

23 

50 

IS 

2S 

60 

33 

52 

104 

20 



Miles of completed railroad in Virginia 
January 1st, 1S76 1,617 



Terminal Stations in Virginia. 



Norfolk and Bristol-Goodson 

Petersburg and City Point 

Glade Spring and Saltville 

Washington and Danville 

Manassas and Strasburg Junction. 

W. Junction and Warrenton 

Eichmond and Alleghany 

Longdale Junction and Furnace. . . 
Lowmoor Junction and Lowmoor.. 

Eichmond and Danville 

Eichmond and Quantico 



Alexandria and Quantico 

Alexandria and Washington 

Eichmond and Petersburg 

Petersburg and North Carolina Line 



Osborne's and Clover Hill 

Portsmouth and North Carolina Line. 

Eichmond and West Point 

Alexandria and Eound Hill 

Wadesville or W. Va. Line and Staunton 
Fredericksburg and Gordonsville 



Terminus in 
OTHER States. 



Washington. 



Hunt'gt'n,W.Va. 



Atlanta, Ga., 



Weldon, N. C, 
Gaston, N. C, 



Weldon, N. C, 
Baltimore 



- 123 



y 106. 



3& 
52 
20T 
20' 



To summarize the railroad systems of the state in operation — 

Tidewater has a north and south line connecting the "head of tide''^ of its navi- 
gable streams, and another system from the north coming down to the Eastern 
Shore. 

Four lines run down its peninsulas to deeper waters. 

Middle has north and south lines along each side of it, and one passing through 
half its length. The equivalent of six railways crosses the Middle Country. 

Piedmont has a line along its border, and in it for four-fifths of its length, and 
is crossed or penetrated by five lines. 

Three lines cross the Blue Ridge, and the lines along the valley are parallel to it. 

The Valley has a line its whole length nearly completed, and another one-third 
of its length well under way : one road crosses it in the state, and another in West 
Virginia, near by. 

One line runs for some distance with and across Appalachia. 

* Including 7 miles of Alexandria and Washington Eaih-oad, and 21 of Chesapeake and Ohio, 
t But partially completed. 



231 

Eight great through lines of trade and travel either cross Virginia, to and from the 
centres of trade and population in other states, or start from such points in the 
state, and it has the advantage of being so situated as to compel the trade of a large 
portion of the South, Southwest and West of the United States to seek its borders. 

To provide for Transpoktation by Water, Virginia has spent large sums of 
money in improving the navigation of many of her rivers, not only in Tidewater, but 
in other portions of the state : the introduction of railways has done away with the 
use of most of those above tide for purposes of navigation, but the locks and dams 
furnish a large amount of fine water power in all portions of the state. 

The navigable tidal rivers have been, and are being constantly improved, by 
the General Government and the cities of the state, by removing bars, opening 
channels, &c. 

Several canals cross the Norfolk peninsula and connect the waters of Albemarle 
Sound and those of Chesapeake Bay, by way of Norfolk, making that city the 
entrepot for a vast system of inland steam and ship navigation, that will eventually 
embrace a large portion of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. 
These canals are — 

The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, with two cuts — first, the Virginia, eight 
miles long, connects the Southern Branch of Elizabeth river (the harbor of the 
United States Navy Yard, Gosport, a part of the harbor of Norfolk, deep enough 
for any vessel afloat) with the North Landing River that runs into Albemarle sound ; 
and second, the North Carolina Out, a ship canal, open at all seasons, from Norfolk to 
Albemarle sound, and all the tidal waters of North Carolina, The last is a great 
work, in complete order : it has but one lock, 220 feet long and 40 wide, and seven 
feet deep, through which vessels of 400 to 600 tons burden pass ; it has a capacity 
for 30 millions tons a year. From 1860 to 1871, there passed through this canal 
11,292 steamers, 6,832 schooners, 2,030 sloops, 5,812 lighters, 1,991 barges, 209 rafts, 
6,002 boats, or 35,058 in all. Nearly 5,000 of these passages were in 1871. Steam 
is the motive power used. The freight brought to Norfolk by this canal embraced 
large quantities of cotton, salt fish, turpentine, lumber, shingles, staves, railroad ties, 
wood, juniper logs, bacon, peas and beans, wheat, fresh shad, watermelons, &c. 
The forest products of timber amounting to over 60 million feet of board measure. 

The Dismal Swamp Canal connects the same waters by another route, penetra- 
ting more of the swamp region of the Norfolk peninsula, but having the same kind 
of through trade. The receipts* by this canal for 1872 will not only give a good 
idea of the business of these ship canals, but also of the trade and products of the 
" low country ^^ : 1,365 bales of cotton, 8,606 barrels fish, 204,470 bushels of corn, 
61,298 cubic feet of timber, 3,708,980 shingles, 179,975 staves, 166 bushels flaxseed, 
13,128 bushels potatoes, 257,200 railroad ties, 5,111 cords of wood, 4,994 bushels of 
beans, 6,419 bushels of wheat, 7,108 cords of logs, 117,134 M. fresh shad, 127,120 
plank, 14,058 posts, 113 cords of reeds for paper, 264,650 M. rails for fences, 604 
cattle, 22,133 chickens, 53,523 dozen eggs. 

By these canals there is a through route from North Carolina to Norfolk, then 
up Chesapeake ba}^ to the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, eight feet deep and 14 

*Report of President Eogers. 



232 

miles long, to Delaware bay; then by the Delaware and Raritan canal, seven feet 
deep and 43 miles long, to Raritan river, and by that to New York harbor. 

It is hardly possible to overestimate the importance of the system of canals 
just described, and the effect the cheap transportation they can offer must have on 
the coastwise trade of nearly all the Atlantic States. An example of what may be 
done shows the probabilities of the near future. Barges on the James River and 
Kanawha canal may be loaded with iron or coal in Appalachia, and without break 
of bulk be delivered in Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, many towns 
on the Great Lakes, &c. 

The James River and Kanawha Canal, intended to continue water navigation 
to the sources of the James near the White Sulphur Springs, and then, after going 
through the Alleghany watershed, to descend the Greenbrier, New and Great Ka- 
nawha rivers to the Ohio, has been completed by the State, at great expense, from 
tidewater, at Richmond, across the Middle, Piedmont and Blue Ridge and far into 
the Valley Country, 198 miles, to Buchanan, where the Valley Railroad crosses the 
James. Much work has been done on the thirty-two miles between Buchanan and 
Clifton Forge, where the James River and Kanawha Canal reaches the line of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. That portion will no doubt be completed at an 
early day, putting the canal in the line of the vast transportation of coal, iron, &c., 
that must come over the Chesapeake and Ohio. The State has offered to give this 
canal to the General Government, on condition that the work be extended to the 
Ohio and its capacity enlarged so that it may become a great Central Water Line, 
uniting the navigable waters of the Chesapeake and the Mississippi where the 
distance between those waters is the shortest and where Providence has cut away 
many of the obstacles that on other routes oppose the improvement. It is proba- 
ble that the General Assembly, at its present session (1875-'6), will authorize the 
extension of this canal to the mouth of Craig's creek, 15 miles up the James be- 
yond Buchanan, and the construction of a railway thence to the Clifton Forge sta- 
tion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, using the convict labor of the State in 
the work. This route would be obstructed but little by ice, and the heat would 
not be so great as to injure agricultural and other cargoes that suffer from a 
high temperature. The work has been pronounced practicable by competent 
authorities. This canal is now a valuable commercial line up the fertile valley 
of the James, with its large products of agriculture, to Lynchburg, a thriving 
commercial and manufacturing city, where it is brought into connections with 
the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio and the Midland railroads. Its continua- 
tion into the Valley by its main line to Buchanan and to Lexington by a branch 
up North River 191 miles long, gives it a large trade from those important 
points, and this will be largely increased when the Valley Railroad is completed 
to the same places. A branch of this canal extends up the Rivanna river for 
some distance. The fine granite, gneiss, limestone, sandstone, slate and other 
quarries ; the large deposits of iron ores of several kinds, including magnetite and 
hematite; the copper and gold of the "gold belt;" the cement, manganese, &c., 
found all along the line of this canal, where it is in operation, add much to its im- 
portance, and when the mineral wealth of the tributary country is exploited, as it 



233 

should and will be, its capacity will be taxed for transportation. The condition of 
the country it is j^et to penetrate has been already given. 

The fall* of this canal from Buchanan to mean tide level, at Richmond, is 812 
feet; this gives a vast water power, utilized in some jilaces, but offering great in- 
ducements for manufacturing enterprises. The fall at the tidewater connection is 
84 feet in IJ miles. The terminal dock and basin at Richmond are extensive works, 
and much used in the transfer of cargoes to and from warehouses and between 
canal boats and vessels of all kinds here brought side by side. 

The following extracts 'from the annual report of 1875 of Colonel C. S. Carring- 
ton, President of the James River and Kanawha Canal Company, to the stock- 
holders, furnish much valuable information in regard to this important canal and 
the country tributary to it : 

"In regard to your property, there are facts now known which furnish reliable data for 
calculation, and give unusual certainty for estimates of its value when the connection with 
Clifton Forge is completed. The cost of the canal to Buchanan and the work done, and cost 
of the same, west of that point, and the capacity of the canal for transportation, whether in 
the amount of freight which it can now carry, or after its improvement, at the small cost re- 
ported, or in the character of this transportation in its adaptation to the products of agriculture 
and to the largest development of a great mineral region, and also the character of the rail Ime 
to Clifton Forge and its comparative capacity for transportation from the west to that point 
and beyond, are all known with reasonable certainty. The value of the coal and of the iron 
ores on this line of water and rail are also now well known. The information about these 
minerals is so full and precise as to permit an intelligent consideration and decision of the re- 
sults of their cheap transportation on this line. 

"After the completion of the canal to Clifton Forge this line of transportation will be rail 
from the valley of the Mississippi to Clifton Forge, and by water from Clifton Forge to tide- 
water, or in a narrow view, by rail from the great Kanawha coal-field to Clifton Forge (94 miles 
from its eastern boundary, and 130 miles from the centre of this field), with a grade from the 
west against the coal not exceeding 20 feet to the mile, except 12 miles of 30 feet, and ^Yith an 
annual capacity for transportation to Clifton Forge of 2,000,000 tons, and less than 1,000,000 
tons with the same power, east of Clifton Forge to tidewater, because of higher grades. From 
Clifton Forge to tidewater the transportation will be by canal with an annual capacity of 
8,000,000 tons, and with rates of transportation lower than on other canals of like dimensions, 
because, first, the season of navigation will be longer, averaging not less than eleven months 
in the year ; and, second, this canal will have the advantage of back freights. 

"This extension will be the completion of 'the last span of the bridge' which will give 
value to the whole. Many of the elements of a great tonnage appear from a glance at the line 
and its location. Its low railroad grades, and water, and genial climate, and terminal facilities 
secure the lowest rates of transportation across the Alleghany mountains to tidewater. In its 
central connection of the productive west with tidewater, it will pass for 230 miles through the 
valley of the James river, wliich has a capacity for agricultural production as great as any iDor- 
tion of this country east of the Alleghany mountains, and which, with the valley of the Kana- 
wha, contains mineral wealth greater in quantity, variety and value than can be found on any 
other line of transportation in this country. 

" Within range of the Kanawha river, the quantity of available coal is so very large, that, 
practically, for one thousand years to come, it may be regarded as unlimited, and it can be 
mined at a cheaper rate than coals are mined in Europe or America. (Testimony of Professor 
Ansted before committee United States Senate.) Major-General Gillmore, United States corps 
of engineers, in his report to the Board of Engineers, says that, with proper carrying facilities, 

*iieport of President Carrington, 1ST4. 

30 



234 

at least 10,000,000 tons of coal per annum would be at once drawn from the Kanawha coal-field.- 
The Kanawha coals are better, piu'er, and more available for all the requirements of trade and' 
manufacture, than the coals of any other portion of the Alleghany coal-field. (Professor Daddow.) 
The value of these coals in making iron and its manufactures, and as steam and gas coals, and 
for household purposes, is not a matter of speculation. They are used daily for all of these 
purposes, with an ever increasing demand for them. The New river coke, in the eastern 
portion of this coal-field and nearest to the iron ores of Virginia, is sho-wna, both by analysis and 
experiment, to be better for making iron and for use in iron manufacture than either the Con- 
nelville coke or anthracite coal. By like experiment the New river coal is proved to be at least 
the equal of the Cumberland coal ; as a steam coal, and for gas and household purposes, the 
Kanawha coals are superseding other coals within the range of their economical transportation, 

"The canal fi'om Clifton Forge (including the North river branch) passes through not less 
than 175 mUes of iron territory. This iron belt extends to within 75 miles of Richmond ; but 
consider it as limited to 100 miles on the canal, 50 miles west of the Blue Eidge aiid 50 miles 
east of Lynchburg. West of the Blue Eidge, the u'on ores are the fossil and red and brown 
hematite ores. There is no question as to the great quantity of these ores or of their value. 
They have been worked for many years past, and produced first class iron. Some of the fur- 
naces of this region were once famous for the excellence of their iron for cannon and other 
purposes requiring u*on of great strength. 

"The iron ores east of Lynchburg are the magnetic, specular and limonite or brown he- 
matite ores. General St. John and Professors Smith and M&,llet, of the University of Virginia, 
referring in their recent report to the veins of these ores, say: ' They succeed each other so 
closely and in such number, and they attain at single localities such very large absolute dimen- 
sions, that it is safe to say, without calculating upon futiu-e developments, that there is ore 
already uncovered and in outcrop comparable as to mass with the more favored localities of iron 
prcoduction in the United States.' The amount of metallic iron in 16 analyses of these ores was 
56, 58, 43, 38, 66, 57, 64, 53, 57, 66, 45, 31, 50, 58, 65 and 6,3 per cent. These magnetic ores are 
practically free from phosphorus and sulphm*. Only a small j)ortion of them are titaniferous. 
In favor of the above analyses, where the metallic iron was 65, 57, 65 and 66, the titanic acid 
was .15, .12, .10, and in the fourth only a trace. These ores are very accessible to the canal. 
They are generally comprised within a distance of a few miles from its banks, with descending 
grades to the canal landings, thus reducing within moderate limits the items of transportation 
by wagon and tramway, so often embarrassing in furnace operations. Among many other 
favorable conditions for making iron at low cost on the canal may be mentioned the abundance 
of limestone, yielding, west of the Blue Ridge, from 95 to 97 per cent, of lime, and east of 
Lynchburg, from 75 to 80 per cent. Good sites for furnaces, with ample grounds, a healthy 
and productive country, abundant supplies of cheap lumber from West Virginia and from the 
line of the Lynchburg and Danville railroad, water power at the dams across James river, and 
the free, convenient and cheap transportation by water for the dehvery of supplies and stock 
and removal of product. 

"The estimates of experts of the cost of making iron on the canal after its completion to 
Clifton Forge have been from $12.45 to $19 per ton of 2,240 pounds. There is almost a con- 
currence of opinion with these parties, that iron wiU be made on the canal and delivered at 
tidewater at as low cost, and probably lower cost than elsewhere in this country. The prices 
of iron indicate the necessity of its production in this country at cheaper rates. Capital largely 
interested elsewhere in making iron is now employed in this field. Such capital may come 
more slowly, but it is improbable that the capital of the country will long neglect the advan- 
tages of making first-class iron on this line. The substitution of steel for iron is rapidly 
increasing throughout the world. The Bessemer process, chiefly in vogue for maldng steel, 
requires pig iron free from phosphorus. Ores of this character are very scarce east of Lake 
Superior, and the demand for Bessemer pig iron is greater than the supply. The magnetic ores, 
on the canal have now for several years been subjected to a thorough investigation l)y parties 



235 

interested in malving Bessemer pig iron. These inyestigations sliow that such iron can be made 

from tliese ores at a reduced cost. This fact, in connection with the position of these ores on* 

the Atlantic seaboard, increases the probability of the rapid construction of furnaces on th& 
line of the canal. 

"There are now fifteen furnaces on the line of canal to Clifton Forge and in its vicinity. 
Those accessible to the Kanawha coals are in operation, and also some charcoal furnaces. All; 
would be in blast if they could use the coals and cokes of Kanawha, and capital is reported as 
ready to build other furnaces as soon as it is assm-ed of the extension of the canal to Clifton 
Forge. 

" General St. John and Professors Smith and Mallet report ' that a single large blast 
furnace (of 65x16 feet) would, for the items of fuel, limestone, ore for admixture, product of 
pig iron and store supplies, demand an annual transportation of between 60,000 and 80,000' 
tons, and j^et several of these furnaces are operated under single proprietorship in many of the 
old iron districts.' The annual product of such a furnace is 14,000 tons. The furnace at Quin- 
nimont on New river, with an annual capacity of 10,000 to 12,000 tons, and situated at the coal 
bank, yields to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad a monthly revenue of some $10,000. The- 
fifteen furnaces on the canal and in its vicinity are each i^robably capable of an annual produc- 
tion on average of 2,800 tons, or together 42,000 tons, an amount equal to the production of 
three of these large furnaces. 

" The Lake Superior ores are transported in large qua".titic3 to furnaces in the east and 
in the valley of the Mississippi. Experts in the east, familiar with this demand and with these- 
canal ores, make very large estimates of their sliipments eastward as a substitute for Lake Su- 
perior ores. These magnetic ores are now used in combination with hematite ores, in a furnace 
near Richmond, to the extent of one-half the charge, and ' the iron thus made is Avell known 
among experts to I'ank among the strongest and best brands of American production.' (Report 
of General St. John and Professors Smith and Mallet.) They will be carried to the hematite 
ores on the canal west of the Blue Ridge. * * These ores will also be transported to 
the hematite ores on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and in the valley of the 
Ohio. If used in the same proportion as at the furnace near Richmond, every furnace of 14,000> 
tons will use 21,000 tons of these ores, and ten such furnaces, 210,000 tons, giving this amount 
of back freight to the canal, and an additional annual revenue of more than $70,000 at a toll rate 
of 3 mills per ton per mile. 

" The granite, slate, cement and lime of the valley of James river are without practical 
limit in quantity, and of superior quality. The granite and slate have been sent to St. Louis, 
via New Orleans, by water and by rail, and then- successful competition in that distant market 
was. only prevented by their long transportation. 

"The lime is made by one firm in Botetom-t county to the extent of 50,000 barrels an- 
nually, and is being introduced into many of the Southern States, and the cement is. used in 
Kentucky, and has been chosen for a lock' to be constructed by the general government on the 
Kanawha river. 

" The canal and railroad wUl be the line of transportation to and from the west for 
Lynchburg, 82 miles east of Clifton Forge. This city will be a distributing point for Kanawha 
coal to the railroads centreing there and to the country south and southwest penetrated by 
them. It is one of the largest and most prosperous tobacco markets of the State, and situated 
in the centre of the iron district on the canal, and with cheap coal from Kanawha, will become 
a great centre of iron manufacture." 

The canal from Alexandria to Georgetown connects with the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal, of Maryland, in which Virginia has an interest. This canal is valuable 
as an outlet to all portions of the State bordering on the Potomac above Alexandria. 
It brings to that city a large tonnage of coal from the celebrated Cumberland 
mines. 



236 

The Roanoke Navigation Company has improved the navigation of portions of 
the Roanoke river and of its branch, the Dan, giving water transit from Danville 
down through an important and highly productive country. 

Section II. — Transportation by Tidal Ways. 

Few regions of equal size are as well provided by the beneficent Creator with 
natural highways for trade and transportation as Tidewater Virginia. Navigable 
bays, rivers, creeks, &c., penetrate and permeate every portion of it — so much so 
that there is a mile of tidal shore to every six square miles of territory. 

Chesapeake Bay, lying within the domain of Virginia for over 70 miles of the 
200 of its length, where its width is from 14 to 30 miles, is unsurpassed, as a great 
inland sea of diversified outline, for commercial purposes; it is not subject to vio- 
lent storms; there are harbors all along its shores, none of which are rock bound or 
dangerous; its waters are deep and free from obstructions; a vessel bound up it, 
and following the "sailing directions," once fairl}^ inside the "Capes of Virginia" 
runs on an air-line of north i° east for over 50 miles. Into this bay flow the waters 
of 50,000 square miles of productive country. It is rapidly becoming the " Medi- 
terranean " for the outgoing and incoming commerce of the great Central Belt of 
American states, which here find an easy exit and entrance to and from the great 
ocean highways. This is the refuge for ships on all the middle coast from stress of 
weather. 

The following table, from the United States Coast Survey Report for 1857, shows 
the character- of the channels from the Bay to some of the harbors and anchorages 
of Virginia, and proves their advantages as ports for the largest class of vessels, 
■especially as they are oiever obstructed by ice: 



Between the Capes at entrance to Hampton Roads, 

Anchorage in Hampton Roads 

Prom Hampton Roads to Sewall's Point 

South of Sewall's Point li<r miles 

Up to Norfolk 

Prom Hampton Roads to James River, entering\ 
north of Newport News Middle ground j 

Same— entering south of above..... 

York River from abreast the tail of York Spit up\ 
to Yorkto wn / 

Elizabeth River between Norfolk and the Navy) 
Yard j" 



LEAST WATER IN CHANNEL WAY. 



Mean Tides. 



Low Water. 

Feet. 



30. 
59. 
25. 
21. 
23, 

22. 

27. 

33. 

25.5 



High Water. 
Feet. 



32.5 
61.5 
27.5 
23.5 
25.5 

24.5 

29.5 

35.5 

28. 



Spring Tides. 



Low Water. 
Feet. 



29.8 

58.8 
24.8 
20.8 
22.8 

21.7 

26.7 

32.7 

25.3 



High Warter. 
Feet. 



32.8 
61.8 
27.8 
23.8 
25.8 

24.8 

29.8 

85.8 

28.3 



The Potomac River is navigable for 110 miles above its entrance into Chesa- 
ipeake Bay, 100 miles from the ocean. The head of navigation is Georgetown, in 



237 

the Federal District. Washington, the Capital of the United States, is 2 miles lower 
down, and Alexandria, a flourishing Virginia city and port, is seven miles farther. 
These three cities are connected by canal, steam ferries and railway, and from them 
lines of steamers and sailing vessels of all kinds run to the numerous landings on 
the Potomac and the towns and cities of the bay and its tributaries; they also have 
a considerable coastwise and some foreign trade. Numerous lines of railways 
converge to these cities from all directions. 

Alexandria is the terminus of the Alexandria and Washington Railway, giving 
connections to all points North and West; the Washington and Ohio, running through 
the fine Piedmont country and yet to run to the Ohio; the Washington City, Vir- 
ginia Midland and Great Southern, part of the great South and Southwest system 
of railways ; the Alexandria and Potomac, connecting with the South ; the Balti- 
more and Ohio, with its numerous connections, runs to the opposite bank of the 
Potomac, and its cars are ferried across. There are numerous landings along the 
Potomac, giving great facilities for the shij)ment of produce and for communication 
with the extensive and excellent country, abounding in fine grain and fruit farms, 
along its shores. Alexandria and Georgetown are Ports of Entry. 

The Rappahannock is navigable to Fredericksburg, 92 miles from Chesapeake 
Bay, for steamers and sailing vessels drawing 8* feet. At Fredericksburg it is crossed 
by the great north and south line of railways from Baltimore and Washington to 
Richmond, and meets a nearly completed one from Gordonsville that will connect 
with the Chesapeake and Ohio and the Virginia Midland — most important lines, 
the trade from which will greatly benefit the city in question. The river was once 
improved above Fredericksburg, by locks and dams, as a canal; these are now used 
for water power. Port Royal, 22 miles below Fredericksburg, is a point to which 
vessels of larger draught can-come; it is the port of a very fertile section. Tappa- 
hannock, the Port of Entry for the river, is 60 miles below Fredericksburg; vessels 
drawing Hi feet can ascend to that place. Urbana is also an important port. Be- 
sides the places named, there are numerous landings on both banks, where the lines 
of steamers that run r.egularly from Fredericksburg to Baltimore stop for freight and 
passengers. The valley of the Rappahannock is a productive one, and its trade 
employs a good many sailing vessels. 

The PiANKETANK is navigable for some 14 miles. 

MoBjACK Bay and its tributary rivers give deep entrances to the fine Gloucester 
peninsula. 

York river is a wide, deep and almost straight belt of water-reach over 40 miles 
long from the Bay to the junction of Pamunkey and Mattapony rivers, that form 
it, at West Point ; those rivers are also navigable many miles for light draught ves- 
sels. Ships drawing 13 feet can go to West Point at all times, while the depth is 27 
feet up to within a short distance. The Richmond, York River and Chesapeake 
Railroad connects West Point with Richmond and a daily line of steamers with 
Baltimore. There are numerous landings on the York, at which the steamers stop ; 
the most important of these is Yorktown, the county town of York county, which 

* United States Engineer's Eeport, 1871. It is proposed to deepen the channel to 10 feet, 
and appropriations have been made for the work. 



238 

3ias been selected as one of the deep water termini of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Railroad — which is to be extended down The Peninsula by Williamsburg, the seat 
of William and Mary College. Yorktown is 16 miles* from the Bay. 

There is a line of steamers from Yorktown to and from Norfolk, by way of 
Cherrystone, the Port of Entry for the Eastern shore peninsula, and Mathews Court- 
house ; and the daily line to and from Baltimore touches here in going to and from 
West Point. 

The Mattapony is navigable some 30 miles above the York to Aylett's and the 
Pamunkey 35 miles to Oyster Shell Landing. The valley of the York is celebrated 
for its fertility, and the river itself for its oysters and fish. 

James River is navigable 110 miles, for vessels drawing 14 feet of water, to 
Richmond, the Capital of Virginia and a Port of Entry with a Custom House, where, 
at the head of its tides, it is crossed by the numerous lines of railway that radiate 
in all directions from that flourishing city. The navigation of the James is extended 
for 198 miles beyond Richmond by the water line of the James River and Kanawha 
Canal. Vessels drawing 15 feet can ascend at all times to City Point, 60 miles be- 
low Richmond, at the mouth of the Appomattox. It has at all times 30 feet of 
water and at high tide 32^ at its entrance, and Hampton Roads, the magnificent ex- 
pansion of its mouth, has from 59 to 62 feet of depth in its anchorage, which is 
ample enough to float the marine of the world in its land-locked and well-defended 
limits. Numerous lines of steamers and sailing vessels run regularly to and from 
Richmond, touching at numerous landings on the James, connecting it directly with 
Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and other places. Seventy-seven mer- 
chant ships belonged to the Richmond District in 1871. The James is acknowledged 
to be one of the finest navigable rivers of the Atlantic slope, and the fine lands — 
farming, planting, trucking forest, &c.- — along it have great advantages in transpor- 
tation at low rates. The branches of the James are the Appomattox, navigable from 
City Point, 12 miles, to Petersburg, a thriving city, where lines of railway connect 
in all directions (one line to the deeper water at City Point) ; the Chickahominy, 
navigable for small steamers and vessels for many miles ; Pagan Creek, a fine stream 
navigable to Smithfield ; Nansemond river, navigable 15 miles to Suffolk and the 
railroads there — its lower reach a broad and deep estuary; Elizabeth river, the 
noble stream on which the thriving seaport cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Gos- 
port are situated, navigable 12 miles or more, with from 23 to 28 feet of water, and 
extended by ship canals to the bays of North Carolina. Eight miles from the James 
the Elizabeth expands into the noble harbor of Norfolk and Portsmouth, in which 
the depth of water is from 25.5 to 28.3 feet. 

Norfolk and Portsmouth had, in 1871, belonging to their district, 335 merchant 
vessels. From these cities there is a daily line of steamers to Baltimore ; another 
to Washington City and' landings on the Potomac; another to Richmond and land- 
ings on the James ; also regular steamers to Cherrystone, Mathews Courthouse and 
Yorktown ; to Hampton and Fortress Monroe ; by ship canal to Roanoke Island, 
Washington and Murfreesboro', North Carolina; to Boston, to Philadelphia and to 
New York, and to Liverpool, England. They have, besides, lines of sailing vessels 



*= English statute miles are the only ones used in this Summary. 



239 

of various kinds running not only to all parts of Tidewater Virginia, of which Nor- 
folk is the commercial capital, but also to all portions of the trading world. 

Norfolk, by the completion of railway connections and other transportation 
routes, is vindicating, by results, the advantages she ]30ssesses for commercial ope- 
rations. In* 1858 this city received 6,174 bales of cotton; in 1873-4 she received 
467,561, and hecame the third cotton port of the United States (not far below Sa- 
vannah, the second). In 1866 Norfolk exported to Europe but 733 bales ; in 1873-'4 
the export was 20,346 and for the first quarter of 1874-'5 it was 40,799 bales sent 
direct to Europe. 

Hampton, the seat of the flourishing Hampton Normal and Agricultural In- 
stitute, and Newport's News, near the end of "The Peninsula," are on the splendid 
roadstead of Hampton Roads. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway will no doubt 
have one of its deep water termini near these places, when they will become great 
shipping points. 

There are numerous other navigable streams in Tidewater Virginia ; and it may 
be again repeated that every portion of it is accessible, at all seasons, to craft of 
some description, and that from no section of the United States can the productions 
of the country be more readily and cheaply sent to market. 

* Eeport of President Mahone to Stsjte, 1874. 



240 



CHAPTER XI. 

The Form of Government of Virginia. 

' The State of Virginia is an independent Republic, except in regard to powers 
which she, in common with the other states of the Union, has conferred upon the 
General Government of the United States for the common defence and general 
welfare of all the states, by a written constitution. 

All the powers not expressly given to the Government of the Union are reserved 
to the states, and each one of these is independent in the exercise of these reserved 
powers. 

The principle that underlies the foundation of the government of Virginia (as 
well as of all the different states of the Union and of the Union itself) is, that Go- 
vernment is of the People and fo7^ the People; is instituted for their common benefit, 
security and protection, and that they, or a majority of them, have a perfect right 
to frame, change or abolish it as they may judge most conducive to the public 
welfare. 

The form adopted (and that has been most successfully and satisfactorily ad- 
ministered for a hundred years, 1876), is Republican ; one in which the sovereign 
power is exercised by delegates and officers elected by the people, subject to th« pro- 
visions and limitations of a written constitution, which has been adopted by the 
people as the organic laAv of the land. 

The constitution of the State is prefaced by a "Bill of Rights," which sets forth 
the rights of the people, the State and the General Government. This Declaration 
is made part of the organic law. It declares "that all men are by nature equally 
free and independent;" " that they have inherent rights for the enjoyment of life and 
liberty," for "acquiring and possessing of property," and for "pursuing and obtain- 
ing happiness and safety." That the State is a member of the United States of 
America, and its people part of the American nation. That the constitution of the 
United States and the laws passed in pursuance of it are the supreme law of the 
land. That all power is vested in and derived from the people, and magistrates are 
their servants and trustees, and always amenable to them. That exclusive privi- 
leges belong to no man or set of men, and that no offices are hereditary. That the 
object of government is the common good of all, and that form is best that pro- 
duces the greatest happiness and safety and is best secured against mal-administra- 
tion. That the people have a perfect right to reform or abolish the form of govern- 
ment, as they shall.judge best for the public welfare. That the legislative, executive 
and judicial powers should be kept separate, and that at fixed periods all officers 



241 

should be remanded to private station, so they may feel and share the burthens of 
the people — all vacancies to be filled by "frequent, certain and regular elections." 
That all elections ought to be free, and all men having an interest in the community 
should have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or bound by any law with- 
out their personal or representative consent, expressed at a popular election — the 
will of the majority governing. 

That laws, or their execution, should not be suspended but by consent of the 
people's representatives. That in all criminal prosecutions a man may demand the 
cause and nature of charges made against him ; that he shall be confronted by his 
accusers and witnesses; may call for witnesses in his favor; shall have a speedy 
trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage, " without whose unanimous consent he 
cannot be found guilty;" that he cannot be compelled to give evidence against him- 
self, or be deprived of liberty but by law or the judgment of his peers. That ex- 
cessive bail shall not be required, excessive fines imposed or cruel or unusual pun- 
ishment inflicted. That general warrants of search shall not be granted on suspicion 
merely, without evidence of deeds done, or persons seized, unless by name and of- 
fence described and supported by evidence. That trial by jury is preferable in 
controversies about property and in suits between man and man, and should be 
held sacred. That the freedom of the press cannot be restrained or the right of 
any citizen to speak, write or publish his sentiments on all subjects — being respon- 
sible for the abuse of that liberty. That the body of the people trained to arms 
are the proper and safe defence of a free state. That standing armies, in peace, 
should be avoided, and that the military should always be subordinate to the civil 
power. That the people have a right to a uniform government, and that none in- 
dependent of that of Virginia should be set up within her limits. That free govern- 
ments can only be preserved by a "firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance 
and virtue, and by a frequent recurrence to fundamental principles." That there 
should be perfect toleration in matters of religion, all men being free to follow the 
dictates of conscience, at the same time recognizing the duty of mutual forbearance. 
That there shall be no involuntary servitude, except as imprisonment for crime. 
That all citizens of the State possess equal civil and political rights and public pri- 
vileges. And finally, that the enumeration of rights does not limit other rights of 
the people because not enumerated. 

The Government of the State is entrusted to three departments — the Legislative, 
the Executive and the Judicial, each with distinct and separate powers and 
officers. 

Legislative. 

The Legislative, or Law-making, power of the State is vested in a General 
Assembly, consisting of two bodies — a Senate and a House of Delegates. 

The House op Delegates consists of 132 members, apportioned among the 
cities and counties of the Commonwealth, in proportion to population; elected to 
serve for two years, the election being held for the whole State every two years, on 
the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 

The Senate consists of 43 . members, the whole State being_ divided into that 
many districts (embracing cities, towns and counties), as nearly equal in population. 
31 



242 

as may be. The districts are numbered, and those having even numbers elect 
biennially a senator for four years at one of the elections above mentioned, and those 
bearing odd numbers at the next succeeding election, so that although all the 
senators are elected for four years, one-half of them go out of office every two 
years. The State is districted anew after each decennial census of the United States 
for senatorial and delegate districts. 

Any person resident in the district, and a qualified voter for members of the 
Senate or House of Delegates, may be elected a member of either body; he must 
continue a resident while he represents. 

The Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor of the State, or, in his 
absence, by a President pro tempore; the House of Delegates is presided o.ver by a 
Speaker elected by the body from among its own members. 

Bills and resolutions may originate in either house, to be approved or rejected 
by the other. In order that any bill may become a law, it must have passed the 
Senate and House of Delegates and be approved by the Governor of the State. If 
the Governor does not approve of the proposed law he returns it, with his objec- 
tions, and it can only become a law then by having two-thirds of the members of each 
house agree to it by a recorded vote. No bill can become a law until it has been 
read on three different days in the house in which it originated, unless two-thirds 
of the members determine otherwise. Each house is required to keep a journal of 
its proceedings and publish the same from time to time. No law can embrace more 
than one object. The House of Delegates alone has the power to prosecute for 
impeachment, and the Senate the power to try such cases. 

The General Assembly is forbidden the power to legislate in a number of cases — 
in that it cannot pass a bill of attainder, an ex post facto law, a law impairing the ob- 
ligation of contracts, one taking private property for public use without just com- 
pensation, one abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. It cannot compel 
any one to frequent or support any religious worship or molest him in any way on 
account of his religious belief; nor can matters of religion in any way affect one's 
civil capacities. The General Assembly cannot prescribe any religious test, confer 
any peculiar privileges on any sect, or authorize any society or the people of any 
district to levy on themselves or others a tax for any church purposes, leaving each 
one free to select his own religious instructor as he may please and provide for him 
by private contract. It cannot grant a charter of incorporation to any church or 
sect, but can secure the title to church property to a limited extent. The General 
Assembly has no power to establish a lottery, or to form new counties except under 
restriction ; and it must confer upon the courts the power to grant divorces, change 
names, direct sales of estates of infants, &c., avoiding special legislation where 
courts, &c., have jurisdiction. The manner of conducting elections, making returns, 
filling vacancies in office, &c.j is provided for by law. 

Executive. 
The Executive power is vested in a Governor, elected for four years, and ineli- 
gible for the next four years after his term of service expires. The people choose 
the Governor at the election in November, before mentioned ; he must be a citizen 
of the United States, and if foreign born, must have been one for ten years; must 



243 

be 30 years old, and have been a resident of the State 3 years preceding his election. 
The Governor must reside at the seat of government. His duties are to take care 
that the laws are faithfully executed ; communicate to the General Assembly at 
every session the condition of the Commonwealth ; recommend such measures for 
their consideration as he may deem expedient; call extra sessions of the General 
Assembly when he shall consider that the interests of the Commonwealth demand 
it, or when requested to do so by two-thirds of the members. He is Commander- 
in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State, and has power to embody the 
militia to repel invasion, suppress insurrection and enforce the laws, &c. The 
Governor holds intercourse with other and foreign states ; fills vacancies in offices 
when not otherwise provided for; he has also the pardoning power, the granting of 
reprieves, remission of fines, &c., under provisions of law. He attests the commis- 
sions and grants of the State, and has a veto upon the acts of the General Assembly, 
as before recited. 

A Lieutenant-Governor is elected at the same time and for the same term as 
the Governor and having the same qualifications ; he is President of the Senate, 
having a vote only in case of an equal division. In the event of the removal from 
office, death, &c., of the Governor, he becomes the Executive of the State. 

A Secretary of the Commonwealth, a Treasurer and an Auditor of public accounts are 
elected every two years, by the General Assembly, to discharge the duties pertain- 
ing to such offices, and in addition, there may be established in the office of the 
Secretary of State a bureau of agricultural chemistry and geology. Power is also 
granted to the General Assembly to establish a bureau of agriculture and immi- 
gration. 

A Board of Public Works, composed of the Governor, Auditor and Treasurer, is 
provided, having charge of the Internal Improvement interests of the State. 

A Board of Education, composed of the Governor, Superintendent of Public In- 
struction and Attorney General, has charge of the Public School System of the 
State ; the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Executive of this Board, is elected 
by the General Assembly, and holds office for four years. 

A Board of Immigration, consisting of the Governor, the Speaker of the House of 
Delegates, the Secretary of the Commonwealth, the Auditor and the Treasurer, is 
charged with certain duties in collecting and disseminating information about the 
State. 

Judiciary Department. 

There are provided a Supreme Court of Appeals, consisting of five judges; 
Circuit Courts, of which there are sixteen judges, the State being divided into that 
many judicial districts; and County Courts, presided ovCr by judges — one for each 
of the counties of the State (except that counties with less than 8,000 inhabitants 
are attached to adjoining counties). 

The Judges of the Court of Appeals are chosen by the General Assembly for a 
term of twelve years; they must have held judicial position or have practiced law 
for five years in the United States when chosen. This court is one of "appeal" 
only, except in cases of habeas corpus, mandamus and prohibition. It can only con- 
eider civil cases where the matter involved has a value of $500 or more, except in 



244 

controversies concerning tlie title or boundaries of land; the probate of a will; the 
appointment, &c., of a guardian, committee, &c.; or concerning a mill, roadway, 
ferry or landing; the right of a corporation or county to levy taxes or tolls. 

This court decides the constutionality of laws ; but it requires the assent of a 
majority of all the judges elected to the court to declare any law null and void be- 
cause of its repugnance to the constitution of the State or that of the United States. 
This court must state the reasons for its decisions, in writing, to be filed with the 
records of the case. The Court of Appeals meets annually at Richmond, Staunton, 
Wytheville and Winchester, appeals from certain portions of the State being made 
to the court when sitting at either of these places. 

An Attorney-General is elected, at every election of Governor, by the quali- 
fied voters of the State. He is the representative attorney for the State in all cases 
in which the Commonwealth is a party. 

The Judges of the Circuit Courts are chosen by the General Assembly for eight 
years; they must have the same qualifications as the judges of the Court of Ap- 
peals, and must reside in the districts for which they are judges. Three terms of 
the Circuit Court are held yearly in each county. Courts of the same grade are 
also provided for the cities and toAvns having over 5,000 inhabitants. These courts 
have general jurisdiction in all matters of law and chancery, but appeals may be 
taken from their decisions, with certain limitations, to the Supreme Court of Ap- 
peals. They are also courts of appeal from the decision of the County Courts. The 
judges of the Circuit Courts are authorized to grant charters and incorporate com- 
panies for any purpose, except the construction of a canal or railway, under legal 
restrictions. 

The Judges of the County Courts are chosen by the General Assembly for a 
term of six years. They must be "men learned in the law of the State." The 
jurisdiction of this court is such as may be by law provided ; its powers are, at this 
time, 1873, limited, making it a court of probate and giving it jurisdiction of all 
presentments, informations and indictments for misdemeanors ; it has power in all 
matters specially referred to it by statute. Terms of this court are held every 
month. This court has charge of the clerk's ofiices, in which deeds, contracts, &c., 
are recorded. 

The voters of each county elect every three years a Sheriff, County Treasurer 
and Commonwealth's Attorney and a Superintendent of the Poor, and every six 
years a County Clerk (and in counties having over 15,000 inhabitants a separate 
Circuit Court Clerk). These are officers of both the County and Circuit Courts. 

The counties of the State are divided into districts, not less than three in any 
county, in which are elected, biennially, a Supervisor and an Overseer of the Poor. 
These hold office for two years. They also elect, biennially, three Justices of the 
Peace and three Constables for a term of three years — there being three of these 
officers in each district. A Commissioner of the Revenue is elected for four years. 

The Supervisors of each township form a County Board that audits the accounts 
of the county, examines the books of the assessors, regulates and equalizes the 
valuation of property for purposes of taxation, fixes and apportions the county 
levy, &c. 



245 

There are also School Districts in each township. (The details of the School 
System have been given under the head of Education). 

Each district is divided into Road Districts, each in charge of an Overseer of 
Roads apiDointed by the County Court, under whose direction the roads of that 
district are kept in repair at the public exjoense. 

Cities and towns are provided with separate governments suited to their wants, 
having a mayor, a council, special courts, &c. 

Militia. 

All able-bodied males between 18 and 45, except those exempted by law, form 
the militia of the State, and the General Assembly has power to arm, equip and 
train them by provisions of law ; the militia are simply enrolled as a reserve, and 
perform no service of any kind in time of peace, being only liable to service in 
times of danger. There are volunteer military companies, to which the State grants 
special privileges. The volunteers constitute the active militia. 

Taxation and Finance. 

Taxation of all kinds must be equal and uniform, and all pro]3erty is taxed in 
equal projDortion to its value, ascertained as prescribed by law, except that no tax can 
be imposed on citizens of the State for the privilege of taking oysters, with tongs, 
from their natural beds, but the sales of such oysters may be taxed in proportion to 
their value ; property used exclusively for state, city or county, religious, educational, 
charitable, and such like purposes, may be exempted ; incomes in excess of $600 a 
year may be taxed ; licenses for selling liquors, for shows, &c., and all business that 
cannot be reached by an ad valorem system, may be taxed specially ; capital invested 
is taxed as other property ; stocks are assessed at market value ; a capitation tax, not 
exceeding one dollar per annum, can be levied on all males 21 and over for public 
school purposes, and corjDorations and counties are limited to a capitation tax that 
shall not exceed 50 cents a year for all purposes. The lands in the State are valued 
every five years by properly appointed assessors, and provisions are made to secure 
a fair valuation. The State cannot contract a debt except to meet casual deficits in 
the revenue, pay former liabilities, or for the defence of the State, and every law 
creating a debt must provide for its payment by a sinking fund ; so also a sinking 
fund is provided to pay past indebtedness. The same bonds of the State are every- 
where to bear the same rate of interest, and the bonds are to bear, in redemption, a 
value not exceeding that established for them by law when issued. No money can 
be paid from the treasury of the State except it has been apj)ropriated by law, and 
the prohibition is positive against the payment of any debt created for aiding re- 
bellion against the State or General Government. It requires a majority of all the 
members of each house of the General Assembly to make an appropriation, and tho 
ayes and noes of the vote must be recorded. 

The credit of the State cannot be granted in aid of any person, association 
or corporation; and no bonds, &c., can be given by which the State may become 
indebted except to pay former debts or as permitted by the constitution. The State 
cannot become a party in any company, interested in or carry on any work of internal 
improvement, except in the expenditure of grants made to it for such purposes. 



246 

Every law imposing a tax must state wiiat the tax is for. The State is forbidden to 
pay the debts of counties, boroughs or cities, or to lend them its credit; and it must 
pubhsh with its laws, every year, an accurate statement of receipts and expenditures 
of the pubHc money and of the State's indebtedness. The taxes must be limited to 
an amount necessary for the expenses of the State and to pay its indebtedness. Tho 
State is forbidden to release any incorporated company or institution from the 
payment of money due to the State. 

Homestead and Other Exemptions. 

Every householder or head of a family can hold a homestead, valued at not 
over $2,000, free from seizure for debt, &c., except for the purchase money of the 
property ; the services of a laboring man or mechanic ; for liabilities as a public 
officer, fiduciary, &c.; for taxes, legal fees, for rents, or for mortgage, &c., on the same. 
By law many household articles are also exempt from seizure. The laws in relation 
to homesteads must be construed liberally. 

The passage of any law staying the collection of debts is prohibited. The rights 
of ecclesiastical bodies to property, conveyed to them according to law, are guaranteed. 

To make any changes in the constitution it is necessary for two successive 
General Assemblies to agree to the amendments proposed and then for the voters of 
the State to assent. 

All the provisions of government and law that have been mentioned are con- 
stitutional — ^therefore of permanent and binding force upon the government and 
people of the State until changed as just stated or by a convention that may be 
called by a vote of the electors of the State in 1888, or any 20th year thereafter ; so 
there can be no sudden changes of the organic law. 

All the laws of the State are obliged to conform to these general provisions, and 
any one having a good idea of these foundation principles may readily understand 
what the body of the laws of the State, or the Code, must be. 

Laws of General Interest. 

There are some provisions of law that a stranger to the State would wish to have 
the salient features of more in detail ; some such are selected from the " Code of 
1873." 

Citizens of the State are : all persons born in the State ; all persons born in other 
states of the United States that become residents of the State ; all ahens naturalized 
under the laws of the United States that become residents of the State ; all persons 
that have by law acquired citizenship ; all children, wherever born, whose father, or 
if he be dead, whose mother, is a citizen of the State at the time of such birth. 

Citizenship may be relinquished by deed or declaration to a court of record 
where the person desiring to relinquish resides, if the party leaves the country ; or 
when a person 21 years of age voluntarily becomes a citizen of another state he loses 
his citizenship in this ; only this cannot be done as to a foreign state during a war 
with any foreign power. 

Immigrants may make contracts in a foreign country, for not less than two 
years, for labor in this State, and have them attested before a United States Consul 
or commercial agent at the port where such immigrant shall embark, and the same can 



247 

"be fully enforced in Virginia. The contract must be made in duplicate — the original 
in the vernacular of the immigrant, which he holds, and which binds him; the 
copy must be in English, and recorded by the employer in the County Court clerk's 
office within 10 days after the arrival of the immigrant, to make it binding on him. 
The immigrant may require security for the payment of his wages by application 
to a Justice of the Peace, and if discharged without good and sufficient cause, may 
recover what is due for past services and damages not exceeding three months' 
wages ; and if the person employed leaves his employer without cause he becomes 
liable for an amount equal to three months' wages. 

The State has made provision for publication, setting forth its resources, ad- 
vantages, &c., and inviting the population of other states to settle and capitalists and 
manufacturers to invest and erect establishments in the State. The Board of 
Immigration — ^the Governor being its President — has charge of this. 

Aliens may hold Real Estate in Virginia under the following law, viz : "Any 
alien, not an enemy, may acquire by purchase or descent and hold real estate in 
this State ; and the same shall be transmitted in the same manner as real estate held 
by citizens." It is also provided that "Alienage in any person claiming a distribu- 
tive share of the personal estate shall be no impediment to his receiving the same 
share that he would have been entitled to if he had been a citizen ;" and again, " In 
making title by descent, it shall be no bar to a party that any ancestor (whether 
living or dead), through whom he derives his descent from the intestate, is or hath 
been an alien." An alien may also purchase, transfer or locate land warrants, pro- 
vided he within two years becomes a citizen or transfers his rights to a citizen. 

The State of Virginia is divided into nine Congressional districts, from each of 
which is biennially elected by the voters a member of the House of Representatives 
of the United States. Every four years the General Assembly elects a member of 
the Senate of the United States, to be one of the two representing the State of 
Virginia in that body. 

The Qualifications op a Voter in Virginia are : that he shall be a male citizen 
of the United States, 21 years old, who has been a resident of Virginia for one year, 
and of the county, city or town where he offers to vote for three months next pre- 
ceding any election and is a registered voter and resident in the election district in 
which he offers to vote. No soldier, sailor or officer of the United States army or 
navy is made a resident by being stationed in the State. The following are also ex- 
cluded from voting, viz : idiots, lunatics, persons convicted of bribery in any election, 
embezzlement of public funds, treason or felony, or any one that, while a citizen of 
the State, has since July 6th, 1869, fought a duel or in any way assisted in fighting 
one. 

Every precaution has been taken by provisions of law, with penalties, to secure 
perfectly fair elections and give to every voter an opportunity to express his pre- 
ference. No intoxicating liquors are allowed to be sold or distributed from sunset 
of the day before to sunrise of the day after any election in a county, corporation 
or district, under a penalty of a fine of $1,000 and imprisonment for a year. Voting 
is by secret ballot. 

No one can hold office in Virginia that, being a citizen, has been engaged in a 
duel since 26th of January, 1870, or that holds any office of any kind under or has 



248 

any emolument from the United States Government, except that merhbers of Con- 
gress may act as justices, as visitors of the University and Mihtary Institute, or as 
militia officers; nor does it apply to pensioners on account of wounds received in 
war, or those recompensed for military service. No one convicted of felony can 
hold office ; nor can any one that buys or sells or proposes to farm out an office, in 
whole or in part, except the sheriffalty. 

The Common Law of England, when not repugnant to the Bill of Rights and 
the Constitution of the State, is in full force and is the rule of decision, unless 
altered by law; and the same is true of all writs, remedial and judicial, of a general 
nature, made in aid of the common law of England prior to the reign of James the 
First. 

The Justices of the Peace have concurrent jurisdiction with the County and 
Corporation Courts of all petit larcenies, and in cases of assault and battery not fe- 
lonious ; they are general conservators of the peace and may adjudicate any claim 
for damages where the amount claimed does not exceed $20. An appeal can be 
taken from the justice's decisions to the county or corporation court. 

The overseers of the poor are required to arrest all vagrants and beggars and 
take them to the poor-house, and compel those that are able to work; it is the duty 
of the same officer to provide for the destitute on proper application and proof of 
want. 

Ample provisions are made for chartering companies of all kinds and giving to 
them such privileges as are needful for the proper transaction of any business they 
may carry on, the State especially desiring to foster and encourage all productive 
industries and all institutions that promote those industries. 

Provision is made by law for the preservation of the public health. 

To secure a proper care of tobacco, one of the important staples of the State, 
provision is made for the erection of warehouses, in which tobacco can be safely 
stored, and where it can be exposed for sale. Two inspectors are annually appointed 
for each of these warehouses, one by the Governor of the State and one by the 
owners of the warehouse, whose duty it is to examine and decide the condition, 
qualit}^, &c., of all tobacco brought to be inspected, and certify the same to the 
owner. Tobacco unmanufactured cannot be exported until it has been inspected, 
nor can tobacco be conveyed in a boat from one part of the State to another except 
in hogsheads or casks. These provisions do not apply to Alexandria county. A 
penalty is attached to the use of false brands on manufactured tobacco. 

Provision is made for the inspection of flour, corn meal, bread, fish, pork, beef, 
pitch, tar, turpentine, salt, lumber, hemp, butter, lard, &c., to the end that the brand 
on the same, or that which contains them, may indicate the quality and quantity 
of the article exposed for sale or shipped from the State, thus giving the seal of 
authority to the good article and condemning the bad. 

Weights and measures must conform to the standards provided by the State. 

Live stock sold by weight for the shambles at Richmond must be weighed at 
•the public scales by the weigh-master. 

Commissioners of wrecks are appointed for the counties on the sea or bay shore, 
who are charged with assisting vessels threatened with shipwreck and caring for 
those that may be wrecked. The State also sees that those acting as pilots in her 



249 

navigable waters are properly qualified, and her commission is a guarantee of fitness. 
Ballast must be discharged under the direction of the ballast-master of the county 
or corporation where the discharge is made. The usual regulations for seaports and 
officers to enforce them are provided for by law. No one can obstruct a highway, 
and vehicles meeting must bear to the right, so each can pass safely. Lawful fences 
are those that are five feet high ; but numerous rivers in the State are by law de- 
clared lawful fences. The owners of stock are liable to fine and damages whenever 
such stock shall enter grounds enclosed by a lawful fence. Provision is made by 
which counties may adopt a " fence law," which requires the owners of stock to 
keep such stock from running at large, and so does away with the necessity for 
fences. Some counties have adopted this law. 

To preserve deer it is required by law that no one shall run them with dogs or 
kill them between the 15th of January and the 15th of the following July. A fine 
is imposed upon any one that hunts or shoots upon the enclosed lands of another 
without his consent, and for a second offence and conviction security may be required 
for good behavior for a year, and if not given the offender may be sent to jail for a 
month, unless the security is sooner given; and still more stringent laws are in force 
in parts of Fairfax, Stafford and King George counties. It is left discretionary with 
counties to adopt the more strmgent laws that apply to hunting, shooting, &c., in a 
town or village, in the streets or lots of the same. 

The State claims jurisdiction all over tide waters, and reserves the fishing and 
hunting of the same for its own residents. Wild fowl can only be shot or killed from 
the land during the night, and in some counties at no time from a boat, unless the 
marsh belongs to the one shooting or he is shooting for game for his own use, on 
the Potomac, below Alexandria county. In some counties it is unlawful to kill 
partridges, pheasants, woodcock or wild turkeys from the 1st of February to the 1st 
of October in any year; and any county may adopt the regulation. Fishing at 
certain seasons and places, and in certain ways, is also jjrohibited, in order that the 
growth of fish may be jDrotected; and non-residents are not allowed to take fish to 
convert into oil or manure. The fishing season for shad and herrings in the waters 
of the Potomac begins the 1st day of March and ends the 1st day of June each 
year. The owners of dams are required in some counties to provide for the passage 
of fish over the same. 

There are many provisions of law in relation to the taking of oysters, since 
they rank among the most valuable and important products of the State. The bays, 
rivers, creeks, &c., of the State, where no grants have been made by law, are con- 
sidered the property of the State, and all the people of the State are privileged, 
under regulations, to fish, fowl, take oysters or other shell fish from them. But 
where waters are included in estates they belong to them, as do also their products; 
and where parties desire to plant oysters they can secure the right. 



32 



APPENDIX A. 



RA.ILIlOA.I)S, CJlNJlIjS, &c. 



ATLANTIC, MISSISSIPPI AND OHIO RAILROAD* (A. M. & 0.) 



STATIONS. 



Norfolk 

Tucker's 

Suffolk 

Windsor 

ZunI 

Ivor 

Wakefield 

Waverley 

Disputanta 

Well's Siding 

Petersburg 

Sutherland's 

Cturcli Road 

Ford's 

Wilson's 

Wellville 

Blacks and Whites 

Nottoway .., 

BurkevlUe 

Rice's 

High Bridge 

Parmville 

Tuggle's Tank 

Prospect , 

Pamplin's 

Evergreen.... 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 

from 

Norfolk. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


10.50 


10.50 




12.50 


23. 


58.0 


11. 


34. 


84.3 


T. 


41. 


2T.6 


4. 


45. 


87.4 


7. 


52. 


99.5 


8. 


60. 


114.0 


8. 


68. 


117.0 


T. 


TS. 




6. 


81. 


93.0 


11. 


92. 




3. 


95. 


302.5 


6. 


101. 


306.6 


T. 


103. 


367.0 


4. 


112. 


420.0 


6. 


118, 


425.0 


6. 


124. 


421.3 


9. 


133. 


527.9 


8. 


141. 


396.0 


4. 


145. 




4. 


149. 


316.4 


6. 


155. 




6. 

8. 


161. 
169. 


575.0 
678.4 


6. 


1T5. 





STATIONS. 



Appomattox . 
Spout Spring. 

Concord 

Lynchburg. . . 



Clay's 

Forest 

Goode's 

Lowry's 

Liberty 

Thaxton's. . 

Lisbon 

Buford's 

Blue Ridge. 
Bonsack's... 

Gish's , 

Big Lick.... 

Salem 

Dyerle's 

Big Spring. 
Alleghany.. 



Big Tunnel (Montgomery 
White Sulphur Springs) 



Chris tiansburg 

Vicker's 

Central 

New River 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 

from 

Norfolk. 


6. 


181. 


5. 


186. 


5. 


191. 


13. 


204. 


3.75 


207.75 


4. 


211.75 


2.7fS 


214.50 


6. 


220.50 


2.50 


223. 


5.50 


228.50 


5.50 


234. 


3. 


237. 


4. 


241. 


5. 


2i6. 


5.25 


251.25 


3.50 


254.75 


2.75 


257.50 


6.75 


264.25 


4.75 


269.00 


8.50 


277.50 


3. 


280.50 


} ♦■ 


284.50 


5.50 


290. 


5. 


295. 


5.50 


300.50 


1.50 


302. 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



834.5 

847.6 
833.1 
515.3 



851. 

865.0 

715.6 

778.8 

947.0 

949.8 

1,002.4 

1,285.7 

983.8 

910.0 

912.3 

1,006.5 



1,250.3 
1,267.9 

1,917.9 

2,000.0 



1,772.5 
1,745.2 



'Furnished by Major Henry Fink, Superintendent Transportation. 



252 



ATLANTIC, MISSISSIPPI AND OHIO RAILROAD— Continued. 



STATIONS. 



Dublin 

Martin's 

Clark's 

Mas Meadows 

Kent's 

Wytheville 

Grubb's 

Crockett's 

Eural Retreat. . 

Hall's 

Atkin's 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 

from 

Norfolk. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


6.50 


308.50 


2,054.2 


7.50 


316. 


1,906.6 


7. 


323. 




5.50 


S2S.50 


2,015.5 


3.75 


332.25 




4.25 


336.50 


2,230.4 


5. 


341.50 




2.50 


344. 




5.50 


349.50 


2,502.9 


3. 


352.50 




5.50 


358. 





STATIONS. 



Marion 

Seven-Mile Tord 

Glade Spring 

Emory & Henry College 

Abingdon 

Montgomery's 

Wallace's 

Bristol-Goodson 

Saltville Beanch. 

Glade Spring 

Saltville 



. Miles 

between 

Stations. 


Miles 

from 

Norfolk. 


6. 


364. 


7. 


371. 


9. 


380. 


4. 


384, 


9.25 


393.25 


5.75 


399. 


8.50 


402.50 


5.50 


408. 




S80. 


9.5 


389.5 



Feet 
above 
Tide, 



2,123.5 
1,9T6.2 
2,075.6 

2,084.2 
2,056.8 



1,676.5 

2,075,6 

1,712. 



WASHINGTON CITY, VIRGINIA MIDLAND AND GREAT SOUTHERN 

RAILROAD.* 



STATIONS. 



Alexandria 

Cameron , 

A. and F. Crossing. . . 

Springfield 

Burke's 

Fairfax 

Clifton 

Manassas Junction,, 

Bristoe 

Nokesville 

Catlett's 

Warrenton Junction, 

Midland 

Bealeton 

Eappahannock 

Brandy 

Culpeper 

MitcieH's 

Rapid Anne 

Orange Courthouse. . 
Madison 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Alexan- 
dria. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 






19 


3X 


BK 


.,, 


1 


4X 




4 


8X 


240 


5K 


14 


258 


s^i 


17^ 


382 


ZVz 


21X 


170 


5X 


27 


317 


^X 


3W 


190 


3 


341^ 


270 


4X 


3SX 


250 


2X 


41 


265 


3^ 


44^ 


321 


3 


47>=^ 


290 


3.^ 


51 


275 


5 


66 


359 


6 


62 


403 


7 


69 


350 


4K 


73X 


306 


SX 


791^ 


506 


4M 


83X 


395 



STATIONS. 



Gordonsville 

Lindsay's 

Cobham 

Campbell's 

Keswick 

Shadwell 

Charlottesville 

Lynchburg Junction. 

Red Hill ', 

North Garden 

Covesville 

Faber's 

Rockflsh 

Elmington 

Lovingston 

Arrlngton 

Tye River 

New Glasgow 

Amherst Courthouse, 

Mclvor's 

Burf ord's 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Alexan- 
dria. 


5 


ssy, 


4X 


93M 


2^ 


95>^ 


3 


9S>if 


m 


102^ 


SM 


105>^ 


4 


109>^ 


1 


110)4 


8X 


119 


2 


121 


5X 


126>^ 


4X 


13W 


iX 


133 


4 


137 


3^ 


UOM 


4>^ 


145 


3>^ 


148^ 


3 


151^ 


5 


1561^ 


6 


1^2% 


3 


165)4 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



499 
47T 
401 

435 
303 
451 



' Furnished by Colonel J, S, Barbour, President. 



253 



WASHINGTON CITY, VIRGINIA MIDLAND AND GREAT SOUTHERN 

RAILROAD— Continued. 



STATIONS. 



Lynchburg , 

Lucado 

Lawyer's Koad 

Evington 

Otter River 

Lynch's 

Staunton Kiver 

Sycamore 

Ward's Springs 

Whittle's 

Chatham 

Djy Fork 

Fall Greet 

Danville 

Dundee 

Manassas Branch, 

Manassas 

Gainesville 

Haymarket 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



5 
6 
5 
6 

4 

3 

4 

6X 

3J< 

6 

5 

4M 

53^ 

6^ 



Miles 
from 
Alexan- 
dria. 



170>^ 

ISl^ 
18T^ 
191^ 

i9s:!<r 

205 
208^ 
214>^ 
2193^ 

229X 

236 

3361^ 

From 
Ma- 
nassas. 



11 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



529 
833 
739 
T24 
665 
730 
560 
733 
797 
812 
624 
624 
535 
413 



317 
357 
337 



STATIONS. 



Thoroughfare 

Broad Run 

Plains 

Salem 

Rectortown 

Delaplane (Piedmont).... 

Markham 

Linden (Manassas Gap) . . 

Happy Creek 

Front Royal 

River (S.Fk. Shenandoah) 

Buckton 

Water Lick 

Strasburg 

Strasburg Junction 

Wakeenton Branch. 

Warrenton Junction 

Melrose 

Warrenton 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



5)^ 
5 

^x 

6 

3% 

4 

5 

4 

2 
4 
1 
4 
1 



Miles 
from 
Ma- 
nassas. 



13 

163t< 

21>^ 

26 

32 

35M 

39% 

44% 

48% 

51 

53 

57 

58 

62 

63 

From 
Alexan- 
dria. 

41 

44 

50 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



399 
395 
565 
633 
444 
455 
552 
916 
790 
546 
493 
508 
550 
637 
694 



CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD.* 



STATIONS. 



James River 

Richmond 

Hunslett 

Atlee's 

Ashcake 

Peake's , 

Hanover (C. H.). . . 

Wickham's 

South Anna 

Hanover Junction 

Anderson's 

Noel's 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


5.50 


.... 


3.35 


5.50 


3.56 


8.85 


2.35 


12.41 


3.4S 


14.76 


2.71 


18.24 


1.81 


20:95 


4.78 


22.76 


2.85 


27.54 


2.95 


30.39 


2.04 


33.34 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



36. 

100. 
201. 
199. 
194. 

82. 

76. 

134. 
221. 
254. 



STATIONS. 



Hewlett's 

Beaver Dam 

Green Bay 

Bumpass' 

Buckner's 

Frederick's Hall.... 

Tolersville 

Louisa Courthouse. 

Trevilian's 

Green Springs 

Melton's 

Gordonsville 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


4.68 


35.38 


276. 


2.82 


40.06 


282. 


2.12 


42.88 




1.94 


45.00 


329. 


3.27 


46.94 


,... 


6.10 


50.21 


348. 


5.77 


56.31 


461. 


4.41 


62.08 


452, 


3.21 


66.49 


524. 


2.91 


69.70 




3.20 


72.61 




4.88 


75.81 


498. 



* Fm-nished by Engineers St. John and Whitcomb. 



254 



CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD— Continued. 



STATIONS. 



Lindsay's.. 

Cobham 

Campbell 

Keswick 

Shadwell 

Charlottesville 

Lynchburg Junction. . . . 

Ivy 

Mechum's Elver 

Greenwood 

Afton 

Blue Kldge Summit 

Waynesboro' 

Fishersville 

Staunton 

Swoope's 

Buffalo Gap 

North Mountain 

Variety Springs 

Elizabeth Furnace 

Pond Gap 

Craigsville 

Bell's VaUey , 

Goshen 

Panther Gap , 

Mlllboro' 

Mason's Tunnel , 

Crane's 

Grifflth's 

Longdale 

Peter's (Longdale June.) 

Clifton Forge 

Williamson's 

Jackson's Eiver , 

Lowmoor Junction 

Steele's..... 

Covington 

Callaghan's 

Backbone 

Alleghany 

White Sulphur Springs*. 

Caldwell 

Konceverte 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



2.21 
2.93 
3.75 
S.3S 
3.85 
.8T 
6.18 
2.96 
7.69 
4.76 
4.19 

5.05 
7.43 
7.9S 
2.95 
2.24 
2.47 
1.36 
1.82 
4.20 
5.09 
4.00 
3.06 
4.01 
1.88 
4.11 
4.50 
2.14 
1.56 
1.80 
1.12 
2.45 
1.68 
3.32 
5.34 
5.45 
4.50 
6.34 
5.45 
6.45 
6.30 
6.42 



Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 



80.69 

82.90 

85.83 

89.58 

92.96 

96.81 

97.68 

104.30 

107.26 

114.95 

119.71 

123.90 
128.95 
136.38 
144.31 
147.26 
149.50 
151.97 
153.33 
155.15 
159.35 
164.44 
168.44 
171.50 
175.51 
177.39 
181.50 
186.00 
188.14 
189.70 
191.50 
192.62 
195.07 
196.75 
200.07 
205.41 
210.86 
215.36 
221.70 
227.15 
232.60 
237.90 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



477. 
401. 

435, 
303. 
451. 

516. 
550. 



1,646.92 

1,284.42 

1,321, 

1,387. 

1,653. 

1,885. 

2,060. 

1,905, 

1,812. 

1,677. 

1,516. 

1,507.50 

1,410. 

1,590. 

1,679.50 

1,550. 

1,361. 

1,165. 

1,150. 

1,175. 

1,047,50 

1,053, 

1,135, 

1,155. 

1,210. 

1,245. 

1,427. 

1,690. 

2,050. 

1,917. 

1,765. 

1,660, 



STATIONS. 



Fort Spring 

Alderson 

Mason's Mill 

Lowell's 

Talcott 

268 Mile Post 

Hinton 

New River Falls 

Meadow Greek 

Pawpaw 

Quinnimont 

Siding 

Buffalo 

Dimmock 

Sewell , 

Nutallburg 

Fern Spring 

Fayette Station 

Hawk's Nest 

Cotton Hill 

Kanawha Falls 

Loup Creek 

Cannelton 

Paint Creek 

Blacksburg 

Coalburg 

Lewiston 

Brownstown 

Alden .. . . _ 

Salton (Kanawha City).. . 

Charleston 

Spring Hill 

St. Alban's (Coalsmouth) 

Scary 

Scott 

Hurricane 

Milton 

Thorndyke 

Harbours ville 

Guyandotte 

Junction Switch 

Huntington 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



6.82 
8.14 
1.47 
1.75 
5.50 
4.69 
8,89 
3,42 
4.60 
4.66 
3,43 
2,79 
6,98 
5,35 
4,05 
1,89 
.50 
4.84 
2.11 
7.11 
3.87 
5.51 
5.46 
2.22 
2.39 
3.34 
3,73 
3.70 
2.47 
3,17 
5.68 
6.06 
3,78 
3.87 
5.99 
5.62 
3.10 
5.82 
6.60 
1.25 
3.09 



Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 



244.32 
251.14 
259,28 
260.75 
262,50 
268,00 
272,69 
281,58 
285.00 
289.60 
294,26 
297.69 
300.48 
307.46 
312.81 
316.86 
318.75 
319.25 
324.09 
326.20 
333.31 
337.18 
342.69 
348.15 
356.37 
352.76 
356.10 
359.83 
363,53 
366,00 
369,17 
374.85 
380.91 
384.69 
388.56 
394.55 
401,17 
404.27 
410.09 
416.69 
417.94 
421,03 



• This and all stations below are In West Virginia. 



255 



PIEDMONT AIR-LINE. 

Richmond and Danville and Piedmont Railroad.* 



STATIONS. 



Richmond 

Manchester 

E., P. & P. Junction 

Rockfleld 

Granite 

Powhite 

Kobio's 

Coalfield 

TomahawK 

Powhatan 

Kattoax 

Chula 

Amelia Courthouse 

Jetersville 

Jennings' Ordinary 

Burkeville 

Green Bay 

Meherrin 

Keysville 

Drake's Branch 

Mossingford 

Koanoke 

Staunton River 

Clover 

Scottsburg 

■Wolf Trap 

Boston 

New'a Ferry 

Barkadale's 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



O.T 
O.T 
1.2 
1.9 
3.4 
2.6 
2.5 
4.5 
4.T 
4.6 
3.6 
5.5 
T.4 
6.4 
3.T 
7.5 
4.0 
8.5 
T.6 
2.8 
5.9 
0.8 
3.T 
6.4 
3.9 
4.4 
8.5 
9.5 



Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 



O.T 

1.4 

2.6 

4.5 

7.9 

10.5 

13.0 

17.5 

22.2 

26.8 

30.4 

35.9 

43.3 

49.7 

53.4- 

60.9 

64.9 

73.4 

81.0 

83.8 

89.7 

90.5 

94.2 

100.6 

104.5 

108.9 

117.4 

126.9 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



320 
254 
317 
220 
277 
358 
443 
495 
520 
586 
586 
625 
375 
357 
331 

488 
339 
346 
322 
337 
354 



STATIONS. 



Sjitherlin's inil 

Ringgold 

Dundee 

Danville 

Va. & N. C. State line 

Pelhamt 

Ruffln 

Reidsville 

Benaja 

Brown's Summit 

Morehead 

Greensboro' 

Salem Junction 

Jamestown 

High Point 

Thomasville 

Lexington 

Linwood 

Holtsburg 

Salisbury 

China Grove 

Coleman's 

Concord 

Harrisburg 

Query 

Air-Line Junction. . . . 

C. C. Crossing 

Charlotte 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


3.0 


129.9 


5.3 


135.2 


4.8 


140.0 


0.6 


140.6 


8.7 


149.3 


6.3 


155.6 


9.1 


164.7 


8.9 


173.6 


3.5 


177.1 


3.7 


180.8 


8.2 


189.0 


2.9 


191.9 


7.3 


199.2 


5.0 


204.2 


6.6 


210.8 


10.8 


221.6 


6.2 


227.8 


3.5 


231.3 


7.1 


238.4 


9.4 


247.8 


4.0 


251.8 


9.0 


260.8 


7.8 


268.6 


4.2 


272.8 


7.7 


280.5 


0.5 


281.0 


1.0 


282.0 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



410 
653 

739 
707 

828 



829 



• Furnished by General 
t The stations from this 



R. Lindsay Walker, Master of Roadway, 
are in the State of North Carolina. 



256 



EICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG AND POTOMAC RAILROAD* 



STATIONS. 



Kichmond (Byrd Street) 

Elba 

Boulton 

Hungary 

Kilby 

Ashland 

Taylorsvllle 

Hanover Junction 

Kutherglen 

Panola 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



1.25 
0.75 
6.32 
5.12 
3.25 
4.96 
2.23 
5.18 
5.94 



Miles 
from 
Ricli- 
mond. 



1.25 
2.00 
8.82 
13.44 
16.69 
21.65 
23.88 
29.06 
35.00 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



88 
183 
199 
214 
212 
221 
119 
135 
216 

94 



STATIONS. 



Milf ord 

Woodford 

Guiney's 

Summit 

Fredericksburi 
Potomac Run. 

Brooke 

Richland 

T 

Quantico 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


4.75 


39.75 


6.75 


46.50 


2.40 


48.90 


4.49 


53.39 


7.97 


61.36 


6.14 


67.52 


2.65 


70.17 


6.43 


76.60 


4.27 


80.87 


0.85 


81.70 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



100 
125 
121 
219 
42 
85 
66 
10 



BALTIMORE AND POTOMAC RAILROAD.f 



STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide, 


Alex, and Fked'g : 
Quantico 


3.9 
2.0 
8.4 
1.4 
3.1 
3.2 
3.5 
6.8 


81.7 
85.6 
87.6 
91.0 
92.4 
95.5 
98.7 
102.2 


16 
7 
30 
11 
73 
82 
82 
234 


Wash, and Alex.: 
Alexandria 


1.7 

.2 

.6 

1.4 

.3 

.8 

2.1 

17.1 

25.5 


109.0 
110.7 
110.9 
111.5 
112.9 
113.2 
114.0 
116.1 
133.2 
158.T 


33 


Cherry Hill 


St. Asaph Junction 

W. c& 0. Junction 

Four Mile Run 


45 


Neabsco 


4T 


Mount Pleasant 


10 




Waterloo 


50 


Telegraph Road 

Long Branch 




27 


S. end Long Bridge 

Washington 


12 




10 




Bowie 


152 




Baltimore (B. & P. Stat'n) 


68 



RICHMOND AND PETERSBURG RAILROAD.J 



STATIONS. 



Richmond 

Shops 

Manchester Crossing.. 

Temple's 

Drewry 's Bluff 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



82. 

105. 
85.5 
11S.7 



STATIONS. 



Halfway 

Chester 

Port Walthall. 
Petersburg 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



114. 
143.4 

87.4 
17.1 



* Furnished by E. T. D. Myers, General Superintendent. 

t Furnished by the Superintendent, through Assistant Engineer Joseph Wood. 

i Furnished by A. Shaw, Superintendent. 



257 



PETERSBURG RAILROAD.* 



STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Peters- 
burg. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Peters- 
burg. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


Petersburg (Depot on) 
Appomattox / 


10 
11 
11 


10 
21 
32 


10 

TO 

1T3 
91 

1T7 


Bellefleld 


10 

10 

9 

4 


42 
52 
61 

65 


131 


Pleasant Hill 


145 


Petersburg (Depot on> 
Washington Street. . . j" 

Reams' Station 


Garysburg 


ITS 


Eoanoke Elver Bridge. . . 
Weldon, N. C 


47 
62 


Jarratt's 











SEABOARD AND ROANOKE RAILROAD.f 



STATIONS. 



Portsmouth . 
Pea Ridge.. 
Ecwer's Hill 

Stever's 

Suffolk 

Purvis ; 

Carrsvllle. . . 
Franklin.... 
Nottoway... 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Ports- 
mouth. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 



5 
3 
6 
3 
9 
5 
6 
5 



5 

8 
14 
17 
26 
31 
37 
42 





STATIONS. 



Handsome , 

Newsom's , 

Boykin's 

Branch vllle 

Margarettsville 

Seaboard 

Gary's 

"Weldon 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Ports- 
mouth. 


2 
6 
4 
3 
6 
7 

10 


44 
50 
54 
57 
63 
70 

80 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



RICHMOND, YORK RIVER AND CHESAPEAKE RAILROAD.^ 



STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
.Rich- 
mond. 


Feet§ 
above 
Tide. 


STATIONS, 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


Richmond 



7 
4 
2 
2 
5 




T 
11 
13 
15 
20 


16 
161 

87 

65 
130 

58 


White House 


4 
2 
2 
3 
3 
4 


24 
26 
28 
31 
34 
38 


16 


Fair Oaks 


Fish Haul 


42 


Meadow 


Cohoke 


38 


Dispatch 


Sweet Hall 


38 


Summit 




42 


Tunstall's 


West Point 


7 









* Furnished by R. M. Sully, General Freight Agent. 
$ Furnished by Col._ H. T. Douglas, Supt. 

33 



t Furnished by E. G. Ghio, Superintendent. 
§ Datum line 16 feet above high tide. 



258 



WASHINGTON AND OHIO RAILROAD.* 



STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Alexan- 
dria. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


STATIONS. 


Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 
from 
Alexan- 
dria. 


Feet 
aboTe 
Tide. 


Alexandria 


1.5 
5. 
2.5 
1.5 

3. 
3. 
2.25 


1.5 
6.5 
9. 

10.5 

15. 

18. 

21. 

23.25 


15 

395 
345 

895 


Guilford 


3.T5 

4. 

6.5 

4. 

3.5 

3.5 

3. 

3. 


2T. 

31. 

37.5 

41.5 

45. 

48.5 

51.5 

58.5 


415 




Farmwell 


320 




Leesburg 


321 


East Falls Church 


Clark's Gap 


S78 


Falls Church 


Hamilton 


454 




Purcellville 


553 




Round Hill 


553 




Snickersville 


680 


Herndon 











VALLEY RAILROAD.f 

Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 



STATIONS. 



Staunton 

Verona 

Fort Defiance 

Mt. Sidney 

Weyer's Cave (Station) . . 
Mt. Crawford (Station). . . 

Pleasant Valley 

Harrisonburg 

Linville 

Cowan's 

Broadway 

Timberville 

New Market (Station) 

Forest 

Mt. Jackson 

Bellew's 

Edinburg 

Narrow Passage Bridge.. 
Woodstock 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 



5X 

3% 

IM 

3 

4^ 

3 

4X 

6X 

2X 

2X 

4 

4 

^H 

4 

3.V- 



Miles 

from 

Staunton, 



5y, 
9X 

11 

14 

ISM 

21.^ 

26 

32^^ 

36 

38^^ 

41 

45 

49 

5214 

59M 
64% 



Feett 
above 
Tide. 



1,3T9 5 

1,272 

1,247 

1,258 

1,152 

1,171 

1,248 

1,338 

1,242 

1,107 

1,038 

1,018 

971 

953 

916 
895 (?) 

845 

S58 

820 



STATIONS. 



Maurertown 

Tom's Brook 

Strasburg Junction. 

Strasburg 

Capon Road 

Cedar Creek 

Middletown 

Newtown 

Kernstown 

Winchester 

Stephenson's 

Wadesville 

Summit Point 

Cameron 

Charlestown 

Halltown , 

Harper's Ferry 

Washington 

Baltimore 



Miles 
between 
Stations. 


Miles 

from 

Staunton. 


^H 


69 


IX 


70X 


434 


75 


m 


T6^ 


1 


76 


4 


80 


2 


82 


454; 


86X 


3X 


9034: 


3% 


94 


5 


99 


4^ 


1035<^ 


iM 


108 


iM 


112J^ 


S)4 


116 


4 


120 


6 


126 




205 



Feet 
above 
Tide. 



788 
745 
663 
63T 
701 
691 
660 
731 
T44 
71T 
499 
495 
C23 
547 
513 
339 
2771 



* Furnished by R. H. Havener, General Superintendent. § At crossing of C. & O.R. R. 

t From Chief Eng. J. L. Randolph, through Asst. W. F. Elmer. J Abutment of B. & O. R. R. bridge. 

t The elevations are the sub-grade A. M. T. ; the top of the rail is 22 inches hig'- 3r. 



259 



JAMES RIVER AND KANAWHA CANAL * 





PLACES. 


Miles 
between 
Places. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


PLACES. 


Miles 
between 
Places. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Eeet 
above 
Tide. 


Tidewater 


1.5 
2.0 

1.0 
2.5 
0.5 
1.0 

2.5 

1.5 
1.0 
0.5 
0.5 
1.5 
2.0 
0.5 
1.0 

3.0 

1.0 
0.5 
0.5 
3.0 
1.5 
1.0 
3.0 

2.0 

1.5 

1.0 
2.5 
1.5 
1.0 

4.0 
2.5 
2.5 
2.0 


1.5 
3.5 

4.5 

7.0 
T.5 
8.5 

11.0 

12.5 
13.5 
14.0 
14.5 
16.0 
13.0 
18.5 
19.5 

21.5 
22.5 
23.0 
23.5 
26.5 
2S.0 
29.0 
32.0 

34.0 

35.5 

36.5 
39.0 
40.5 
41.5 

45.5 
48.0 
50.5 
52.5 


84. 

94.75 
105.50 
115.50 
115.00 
115.00 

124.25 

134.00 
142.75 
142.75 
145.75 
142.75 
142.75 
142.75 
142.75 
142.75 
143.25 

143.25 

143.25 
143.25 
143.25 
143.25 
143.25 
143.25 
143.25 
156.25 
159.25 

167.25 

167.25 
167.25 
177.25 
177.25 
185.25 
185.25 
192.25 
200.25 
200.25 


LockNo. 14 


3.6 
2.0 
1.5 
3.5 
2.0 
2.5 
0.5 
1.5 
2.0 
0.5 
0.5 
1.0 
0.5 
0.5 
1.0 
3.0 
2.0 
1.0 
2.5 
2.5 
1.5 
2.5 
1.5 
4.5 
2.0 
1.5 
1.0 
1.5 
2.0 
4.5 

3.5 
1.5 
0.5 
2.0 
1.5 
2.0 
1.0 
2.0 
0.5 


56.0 
58.0 
59.5 
63.0 
65.0 
67.5 
68.0 
69.5 
71.5 
72.0 
72.5 
73.5 
74.0 
74.5 
75.5 
78.5 
80.5 
81.5 
84.0 
86.5 
88.0 
90.5 
92.0 
96.5 
98.5 
100.0 
101.0 
102.5 
104.5 
109.0 

112.5 
114.0 
114.5 
116.5 
118.0 
120.0 
121.0 
123.0 
12.9.5 


208.25 


Richmond— Basin 


Columbia 


208.25 


Eutherf ord'3 Mills 


Gait's Quarry 


208.25 


Lock No. 1 




215.25 


Lock No. 2 


Lock No. 16 




Lock No. 3 


New Canton 


223.25 


Eein's Island—Kiver Lock 


LockNo. 17 


223.25 


Westliam 


Bremo 


233.75 


Bosher's Dam— Locks 4 1 
andG j" 

LockNo. 5 


Middle ton's Mills 

Lock No. 18 and G 

LockNo. 19 (7-Islands)... 
Virgin Mills 


233.75 
241.75 


Lock No. 6 


250.50 ■ 




250.50 


Ellerslie 


Lock No. 20 






259.16 


Tuckalioe Railroad Basin 


Lock No. 21 


267.82 


Tuckalioe Aqueduct 

Tuckalioe 


Boiling's Landing 

LockNo. 22 


267.82 




274.50 


Powell's Bridge 


Scotts ville 






274.50 


Manakintown Ferry Road 
Manakin 


LockNo. 23 

Lock No. 24 


282.20 




290.50 


Sampson's'Lock 


Warren— Lock No. 25 

Lock No, 26 




Dover Mills and Aque-> 
duct j 

Sabbot Hill 


293.50 
306.50 


Lock No. 27 


314.50 


Dover 

Jude's Ferry Road 


Howards vllle— Lock No 28 
Lock No. 29 


322.50 
331.25 


Lock No. 30 


340.00 


Beaver Dam Aqueductf.. 


Warminster 

Lock No. 31 


340.00 
348.25 


Michaux's Ferry 


Midway Mills 


348.25 


(No.T 
Cedar Point Locks ■< 

(.No. 8 

Licklnghole Aqueduct—) 
LockNo. 9 / 


Hardwicksville— L c k > 
No.32 5 

New Market (Norwood). . 

Locks Nos. 33 and 34 

LockNo. 35 


35S.25 
358.25 
375.25 
383.25 


Boiling Hall 


Lock No. 36 






391.25 


LockNo. 10 








391.25 


Jefferson Ferry Road 


Lock No 37 


399.25 


Rock Castle 


Bent Creek— Lock No. 33, 
Lock No. 39 




Lock No ll(Locli Lomond) 


407.25 
415.25 


BoUinf Island 


Elk Creek Mills 






415.25 


Pemberton— Lock No. 12t 


LockNo. 40 


423.25 


Lock No. 13 


LockNo. 41 






431.25 


ElkHill 










* Furnished by Col 


onel C. S. 


Carrington 


, Presiden 


t. 1 1ssaquena. 


t 


Cartersvill 


e. 



260 



JAMES RIVER AND KANAWHA CANAL— Continued. 



NORTH RIVER IMPROVEMENT. 

Branch of the James River and Kanawha Canal. 



PLACES. 


Miles 
between 
Places. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


PLACES. 


Miles 
between 
Places. 


Miles 
fi-om 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


LockNo.42 


3.0 
2.0 
2.5 
1.0 
1.0 
0.5 
2.0 

2.0 

0.5 
3.0 
0.5 
0.5 
3.5 
2.0 

1.0 

1.5 
1.0 
1.0 
4.0 
1.0 
2.5 
0.5 

2.0 

0.5 
3.0 

1.0 


126.5 
128.5 
131.0 
132.0 
133.0 
133.5 
135.5 

137.5 

13S.0 
141.0 
141.5 
142.0 
145.5 
147.5 

14S.5 

150.0 
151.0 
152.0 
156.0 
157.0 
159.5 
160.0 

162.0 

162.5 
165.5 
166.5 


439.25 
447.25 
455.25 
455.25 
463.25 
463.25 
463.25 

479.75 

487.75 

495.75 

495.75 

503.75 

513 

513 

513 

525.75 

. 538.50 

539.75 

557.75 

557.75 
570.75 
571.87 

587.87 

587.87 
604.87 
605.87 


Lock No. T 


1.0 
0.5 
0.5 
1.0 

1.0 

-. 0.5 
0.5 
1.0 
1.0 

0.5 
1.5 

0.5 
2.0 
0.5 
2.0 

2.0 
1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

1.0 

3.0 
0.5 

1.0 

4.0 


167.5 
168.0 
168.5 
169.5 

170.5 

171.0 
171.5 
172.5 
173.5 

174.0 
175.5 

176.0 

178.0 
178.5 
180.5 

182.5 
183.5 

185.5 

188.5 

189.5 

192.5 
193.0 

194.0 

19S.0 


618.87 


Lock No. 43 


Lock No. 8 


626 87 


Lock No. 44 


LockNo. 9 


634 8T 


Staples' Mills 


Lock No. 10 


643 8T 


Lock No. 45 


Cushaw Dam— Locks) 
Nos. lland6G j" 

Rope Ferry— Lock No. 12 

LockNo. 13 

LockNo. 14 




Gait's Mills 


648.8T 


Joshua Falls Dam 

Crossing of James) 
Kiver— Locks 46 & 4TJ" 

LockNo.48 


660.87 
672.87 
680.8T 


Lock No. 15 


688.87 


LockNo.49 


Lock No. 16 


696.8T 


Beaver Creek 


LockNo. 17 


705.87 


Lock No. 50 


Cement Mills-Lock No.) 
7G 1 

North River Bridge—) 
Mouth of North River J 

Lock No. 18 




Lock No. 51 


705.8T 


Lynchburg 


705.8T 


Lynchburg Water-") 
works Dam / 

Lock No. 1— Second Di-\ 
vision / 

LockNo. 2 


720.3T 


Quarry Falls Dam—) 
LockNo.8G ; 

LockNo. 19 

LockNo. 20 


720.3T 
734.3r 




741.3T 


Judith's Dam-Lock No. > 
IG 1 

Bethel— Lock No. 3 


Lock No. 21 


749.3T 


LockNo. 22 


759.3T 


Bald Eagle Dam— Lock) 
No.2 G / 

Lock No. 4 (Holcomb's) 
Eock) ; 

Pedler Dam— Lock No. ") 
3G f 

Tumbling Run— Lock) 
No. 5 / 


Varney's Falls Dam—) 
Lock No.' 9 G /■ 

Lock No. 23 


759.3r 
774.63 


LockNo. 24 


782.62 


Indian Rock Dam — ) 
LocklOG / 

Lock No. 25 


785.63 
802.12 


Coleman's Fall Dam—) 
Lock No. 4 G j 

Eead Creek— Lock No. 6.. 

Big Island Dam— Lock) 
N0.5G / 


Lock No. 26 


811.72 


Wasp Rock Dam— Lock) 
No.HG ; 

Buchanan 


811.72 
811.72 























PLACES. 


Miles 
between 
Places. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


PLACES. 


Miles 
between 
Places. 


Miles 
from 
Rich- 
mond. 


Feet 
above 
Tide. 


North River Bridge—) 
Mouth of North River J 


4.5 
3.0 


176.0 

180.5 
183.5 


705.87 


Hart's Bottom 


2.0 
4.0 
2.0 
4.5 


185.5 
189.5 
191.5 
196.0 








Mouth of Buffalo Creek. . 
Thompson's Landing 


Mouth of South River... . 
Lexington 


893.87 









APPENDIX B. 



TABLE II.— POPULATION OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, BY COUNTIES. 

(As IN THE United States Census of 1870). 



COUNTIES. 


AGGEEGATE. 


ISTO. 


1860. 


1S50. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820.. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 


Total 


1225,163 


1219,630 


1119,348 


a9,967 
1015,260 


a9,573 
1034,481 


*210 
0.9,703 
928,343 


«8,552 
869,131 


«5,949 
801,608 


691, 73T 






"Variances from former official totals 














6—22 
























Accomac 


20,409 

27,544 
16,755 
3,674 

9,878 
14,900 

8,950 
28,763 

3,795 
25,327 

4,000 
11,329 
13,427 

3,777 
13,371 
28,384 

15,123 
9,147 
4,975 
14,513 
18,470 


18,586 

26,625 
12,652 
6,765 

10,741 

18,742 

8,889 

27,749 

3,675 
25,063 


17,890 

25,800 

10,008 

3,515 

9,770 
12,699 

9,193 
24,610 

3,426 
24,080 


17,096 

22,924 

«9,967 

2,749 

10,320 
12,576 


16,656 

22,618 

09,573 

2,816 

11,036 
12,071 


15,966 

*3 

19,747 

a9,703 


15,743 

18,268 
a8,552 


15,693 

16,439 
a5,949 


13,959 


Albemarle 


12,535 


Alexandria 




Allegbany 




Amelia 


*110 
10,994 

10,423 


10,594 
10,548 


9,432 
16,801 


cl8,09r 


Amherst .... 


13,703 


Appomattox 




Augusta 


19,628 

4,300 
20,203 


19,926 

4,002 
20,246 


16,742 

*6 
5,231 

19,305 


14,308 

4,837 
16,148 


11,712 

5,508 
14,125 


10,386 


Bath 




Bedford 


10,531 


Bland (d) 




Botetourt 


11,516 
14,809 
2,793 
15,212 
26,197 

18,464 

8,012 

5,609 

14,471 

19,016 


14,908 
13,894 


11,679 
14,346 


16,354 
15,767 


13,589 
16,687 


13,801 
15,411 


10,427 
16,339 


10,524 


Brunswick 


• 12,827 


Buchanan 




Buckingham 


13,837 
23,245 

18,456 

5,909 

5,200 

13,955 

17,489 


18,786 
21,030 

17,813 


18,351 
20,350 

17,760 


17,569 
16,569 

*26 

17,982 


20,059 
11,001 

17,544 


13,389 
9,866 

17,438 


9,779 


Campbell 


7,685 
17,489 


Caroline 


Carroll 




Charles City 


4,774 
14,595 
17,148 


5,500 
15,252 
13,637 


5,255 
13,290 
18,003 


5,136 
13,161 
9,979 


5,365 
11,912 
14,488 


5,533 


Charlotte 


10,073 


Chesterfield 


14,214 







262 



TABLE II —Continued. 











AGGREGATE. 








COUNTIES. 


18T0. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 


Clarke 


6,670 
2,942 

12,227 

8,142 

30,702 

8,303 

9,927 

12,952 

19,690 

9,824 

9,875 

18,264 

16,596 

5,875 

10,211 

10,313 

9,537 

4,634 

6,362 

27,S2S 

16,455 

65,179 

12,303 

4,151 

8,320 

4,425 

9,709 

5,742 

7,515 

5,355 

13,268 

20,929 

16,332 

10,403 

8,670 

6,200 

21,318 

4,981 

12,556 

11,576 


7,146 
3,553 

12,063 

9,961 

30,198 

5,798 

10,469 

11,834 

21,706 

8,236 

10,353 

20,098 

16,546 

6,883 

10,956 

10,656 

8,252 

5,022 

6,374 

26,520 

17,222 

61,616 

12,105 

4,319 

9,977 

5,798 

10,328 

6,571 

8,530 

5,151 

11,032 

21,774 

16,701 

11,983 

8,854 

7,091 

20,096 

4,364 

10,017 

13,693 


7,352 


6,353 












Craig 












Culpeper 


12,282 

9,751 

25,118 

4,586 

10,206 

10,682 

20,868 

6,458 

9,487 

17,430 

15,975 

6,570 

10,527 

10,352 

6,677 

4,400 

5,639 

25,962 

15,153 

43,572 

8,872 

4,227 

9,353 

4,020 

10,319 

5,971 

8,779 

4,708 

10,267 

22,079 

16,691 

11,692 

9,331 

6,714 

20,630 

4,394 

8,359 

12,283 


11,393 

10,399 

22,558 

3,706 

11,309 

9,370 

21,897 

4,453 

8,812 

15,832 

14,242 

5,307 

10,715 

9,760 

9,087 

4,232 

6,366 

25,936 

14,968 

33,076 

7,335 


24,027 
11,690 
21,901 

5,053 
10,521 

9,204 
26,086 


*2 
20,942 

11,023 

20,482 

3,789 

9,909 

11,404 

23,103 


18,967 
9,992 

18,190 
3,608 
9,376 

13,111 

22,689 


18,100 
9,839 

15,374 
2,778 
9,508 

13,317 

21,329 


22,105' 


Cumberland 


8,153 


Dinwiddle 


13,934r 


Elizabeth City 


3,450' 


Essex 


9,122: 


Fairfax 


12,320 


Fauquier 


17,892 


Floyd 




Fluvanna 


8,221 
14,911 
26,046 

5,274 
10,608 
10,369 

7,675 


6,704 
12,017 
24,706 

4,521 

9,678 
10,007 

5,598 


4,775 
10,724 
22,574 

3,745 
10,427 
10,203 

4,941 


4,623 

9,302 

24,744 


3,921 




6,842: 


Frederick 


19,681 






Gloucester 


8,181 
9,696 
3,912 


13,498 


Goochland 


9,053. 










Greensville 


7,117 
28,034 
16,253 
28,797 

7,100 


6,858 
19,060 
15,267 
23,667 

5,624 


6,853 
22,133 
15,082 
19,680 

5,611 


6,727 
19,377 
14,403 
14,886 

5,259 


6,362 


Halifax 


14,722' 




14,754 


Henrico 


12,000 


Henry 


8,479 


Hlo'hland . . 




Isle of Wight 


9,972 

3,779 

10,862 

5,927 

9,258 

4,628 

8,441 

20,431 

15,433 

11,055 

8,107 

7,442 

20,724 

4,392 

7,405 

10,795 


10,517 

3,833 

11,614 

6,397 

9,812 

4,801 

6,461 

21,939 

16,151 

11,957 

9,236 

7,664 

20,477 

4,122 

12,306 

11,784 


*21 
10,113 

4,563 

11,798 

6,116 

9,097 

5,517 

4,256 

22,702 

13,746 

10,662 

8,490 

6,920 

19,786 

4,057 

8,733 

10,494 


9,186 

4,094 

10,988 

6,454 

9,285 ^ 

5,592 

4,694 

21,338 

11,900 

12,265 

8,381 

4,227 

18,453 

4,414 

8,409 

10,321 


9,342 

3,931 

9,879 

6,749 

9,055 

5,375 

3,538 

20,523 

11,892 

10,381 

8,322 

5,806 

17,008 

4,203 

9,044 

11,127 


9,028. 


James City 


4,070 


King and Queen 


9,377 


King George 


7,36fr 


King William 


8,123 


Lancaster 


5,633. 


Lee 




Loudoun 


18,963 


Louisa 


8,467 


Lunenburg 


8,959' 


Madison 




Mathews 




Mecklenburg 


14,733 


Middlesex 


4,140 


Montgomery 


13,228- 


Nansemond 


9,010 







26: 



TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Nelson 

New Kent 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

Northumberland, 

Nottoway 

Orange 

Page 

Patrick 

Pittsylvania 

Powhatan 

Prince Edward . . 
Prince George... 
•Princess Anne... 
Prince William.. 

Pulaski 

Rappahannock . . 

Richmond 

Roanoke 

Rockbridge 

Rockingham 

Russell 

Scott 

Shenandoah 

Smyth 

Southampton 

Spotsyl7ania 

Stafford 

Surry 

Sussex 

Tazewell {d) 

Warren 

Warwick 

Washington 

Westmoreland. . . 

Wise 

Wythe (d) 

York 









AGGREGATE. 








1870. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 


13,898 
4,381 


13,015 

5,884 


12,758 
6,064 


12,287 
6,230 


11,254 
6,458 


10,137 
6,630 


9,684 
6,478 






6,363 


6,231 


46,702 


36,227 


33,036 


27,569 


24,806 


23,936 


22,872 


19,419 


14,524 


8,046 


7,832 


7,498 


7,715 


8,641 


7,705 


7,474 


6,763 


6,889 


6,863 


7,531 


7,346 


7,924 


7,953 


8,016 


8,303 


7,803 


9,163 


9,291 


8,836 


8,437 


9,719 


10,1.30 


"2 
9,656 


9,278 


9,401 


(0) 


10,396 


10,851 


10,067 


9,125 


14,637 


*33 

12,880 


12,323 


11,449 


9,921 


8,462 
10,161 


8,109 
9,359 


7,600 
9,609 


6,194 
§,032 












7,395 


5,089 


4,695 


4,331 




31,343 


32,104 


28,796 


26,393 


26,034 


21,323 


17,172 


12,697 


11,579 


7,667 


8,392 


8,178 


7,924 


8,517 


8,292 


8,073 


7,769 


6,822 


12,004 


11,844 


11,857 


14,069 


14,107 


12,577 


12,409 


10,962 


8,107 


7,820 


8,411 


7,596 


7,175 


8,367 


8,030 


8,050 


7,425 


8,173 


8,273 


7,714 


7,669 


7,285 


9,102 


8,768 


9,498 


8,859 


7,793 


T,504 


8,565 


8,129 


8,144 


9,330 


9,419 


11,311 


12,733 


11,615 


6,538 


5,416 
8,850 
6,856 


5,118 
9,782 
6,443 


3,739 
9,257 
5,905 












8,261 












6,503 


6,055 


5,706 


6,214 


el3,744 


6,985 


9,350 


8,048 
17,248 


8,477 
16,045 


5,499 
14,284 












16,058 


14,244 


11,945 


10,318 


8,945 


6,543 


23,668 


23,408 


20,294 


17,344 


20,683 


14,784 


12,753 


10,374 


7,449 


11,103 


10,280 


11,919 


7,878 


6,714 


5,536 


6,319 


4,808 


3,338 


13,036 


12,072 
13,896 


9,829 
13,768' 


7,303 
11,618 


5,724 
19,750 


4,263 
18,926 








14,936 


13,646 


13,823 


10,510 


8,898 


8,952 
12,915 


8,162 
13,.521 


6,522 
14,525 












12,285 


16,074 


14,170 


13,497 


13,925 


12,864 


11,728 


16,076 


14,911 


15,161 


15,134 


14,254 


13,296 


13,002 


11,252 


6,420 


8,555 


8,044 


8,454 


9,362 


9,517 


9,830 


9,971 


9,583 


5,585 


6,133 


5,679 


6,480 


7,109 


6,594 


6,855 


6,535 


6,227 


7,885 


10,175 


9,820 


11,229 


12,720 


11,884 


11,362 


11,062 


10,&19 


10,791 


9,920 


9,942 


6,290 


5,749 


3,916 


3,007 


2,127 




5,716 


6,442 
1,740 


6,607 
1,546 


5,627 

1,456 












1,672 


1,570 


1,608 


1,835 


1,659 


1,690 


16,816 


16,892 


14,612 


13,001 


15,614 


12,444 


12,156 


9,536 


5,625 


7,682 


8,282 


8,080 


8,019 


8,396 


6,901 


8,102 


(«) 


7,722 


4,785 


4,508 
12,305 
















11,611 


12,024 


9,375 


12,163 


9,692 


8,356 


6,380 




7,198 


4,949 


4,460 


4,720 


5,354 


4,384 


5,187 


3,231 

/48 


5,233 



264 



TABLE II.— Continued. 













WHITE 










COUNTIES. 


1870. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


ISOO. 


1790. 


Total 


712,089 


691,773 


616,069 


a6,731 
537,952 


a6,411 
537,216 


a6,556 
482,849 


a5,734 
458,159 


a4,394 
443,386 


391,524 














&— 110 




6—11 


&— 20 


















Accomac 


12,567 

12,550 
9,444 
3,095 
3,055 
8,184 
4,414 

22,026 
2,906 

14,557 
3,783 
8,166 
4,525 
3,730 
5,66S 

14,041 
7,077 
8,819 
1,822 
4,900 
9,730 
4,511 
2,712 
6,058 
2,709 

18,017. 
2,832 
3,277 
8,667 

11,834 
S,S27 
4,778 

12,263 

13,863 
5,272 
4,782 
3,711 


10,661 

12,103 
9,851 
5,643 
2,897 
7,167 
, 4,118 

21,547 
2,652 

14,388 


9,608 

11,875 
7,217 
2,763 
2,785 
6,352 
4,209 

18,983 
2,434 

18.556 


9,618 
10,512 
a6,731 
2,142 
3,074 
6,426 


9,458 
10,455 
a6,411 
2,197 
3,293 
5,8S3 


9,386 

8,715 
a6,556 


9,341 

8,642 

«5,734 


9,723 

8,796 

a4,394 


8,976 


Albemarle 


6,835 












3,407 
4,610 


3,253 

5,143 


2,789 
9,205 


c6,684 


Amlierst , 


8,286 








15,072 

3,170 

11,016 


15,257 

2,797 

11,123 


12,963 
3,965 
10,953 


11,232 
3,906 
9,789 


9,671 
4,830 
9,826 


9,260 


Bath 




Bedford 


7,725 


Bland .... 




Botetourt 


8,441 
4,992 
2,762 
6,041 

13,588 
6,948 
7,719 
1,806 
4,981 

10,019 
3,707 
3,103 
4,959 
2,946 

13,678 
3,180 
3,296 
8,046 

10,430 
7,745 
5,093 

13,642 

13,079 
6,038 
4,517 
3,814 


10,746 
4,885 


S,8T7 
4,978 


11,798 
5,397 


10,493 
5,889 


10,726 
5,665 


8,773 
6,647 


9.241 


Brunswicli 


5,919 






Buckinghain 


5,436 
11,533 
6,891 
5,726 
1,661 
4,615 
8,406 
3,614 


7,323 

10,213 
6,725 


7,177 
' 9,995 
6,499 


7,345 
8,447 
6,497 


7,780 
5,370 
6,452 


6,824 
5,893 
6,492 


5,496 




4,946 


Caroline 


6,994 






diaries City 


1,671 
5,030 
7,859 
2,867 


1,782 
5,583 
7,709 


1,750 
5.005 
7,543 


1,776 
5,354 
3,692 


1,954 
5,506 
6,317 


2,084 


Charlotte 


5,199 


Chesterfield 


6,358 






Crai"- 














5,112 

3,032 

10,942 

2,341 

3,035 

6,835 

9,875 

6,001 

4,539 

11,638 

12,769 

5,858 

4,290 

3,863 


4,933 
3,263 

9,317 

1,954 

3,955 

5,469 

10,501 

4,123 

4,445 

10,500 

11,119 

4,684 

4,412 

3,570 1 


12,046 
4,054 
8,655 

2,704 

3,647 

4,892 

12,950 


11,136 
3,966 

8,470 
2,076 
3,499 
6,224 
11,429 


10,391 
3,715 
7,010 
1,799 
3,411 
6,628 

11,934 


10,479 
3,945 
6,347 
1,238 
3,465 
7,035 

12,444 


13,809 


Cumberland 


3,577 




6,039 


Elizabeth City 


1,556 


Essex 


3,543 


Fairfax 


7,611 




11,157 


Floyd 






4,223 
9,728 
17,361 
4,760 
4,314 
3,857 


3,375 
8,227 
16,557 
4,174 
4,008 
3,795 1 


2,576 
7,966 
15,547 
3,478 
4,133 
4,230 


2,659 

7,701 

18,628 


,430 


Franklin 


5,735 




15,315 


Giles 






3,237 

4,480 


6,225 


Goochland 


4,140 







TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



'Grayson 

■Greene 

Greensville , 

Halifax 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Henry 

Highland 

Isle of Wight 

James City 

King and Queen... 

King George 

King William 

Xancaster 

Uee 

Loudoun , 

Louisa 

Lunenburg 

Madison , 

Mathews 

Mecklenburg 

Middlesex 

Montgomery 

Nansemond , 

Nelson 

New Kent 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

ISTorthumberland.. , 

Nottoway 

Orange , 

Page 

Patrick , 

Pittsylvania 

Powhatan 

Prince Edward 

Prince George 

Princess Anne 

Prince William 

Pulaski 

Rappahannock 

34 



WHITE. 



18T0. 1860. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. ISIO. 1800. 1T90, 



8,833 
3,182 
2,155 

11,562 
7,893 

35,148 
6,722 
3,803 
4,874 
1,985 
4,221 
2,927 
2,943 
2,198 

12,263 

15,238 
6,269 
4,344 
4,959 
4,104 
7,162 
2,459 
9,674 
6,059 
7,586 
2,005 

24,380 
3,198 
3,808 
2,241 
4,938 
7,476 
7,836 

15,259 
2,552 
4,106 
2,774 
4,369 
5,691 
4,729 
5,195 



7,653 
3,015 
1,974 

11,060 
7,482 

37,966 
6,773 
3,890 
5,037 
2,167 
3,801 
2,510 
2,589 
1,981 

10,185 

15,021 
6,183 
4,421 
4,360 
3,805 
6,778, 
1,863 
8,251 
5,732 
6,649 
2,145 

24,357 
2,998 
3,870 
2,270 
4,553 
6,875 
7,158 

17,105 
2,580 
4,037 
2,899 
4,333 
5,690 
3,814 
5,018 



6,142 
2,667 
1,731 

10,976 
6,539 

23,826 
5,324 
3,837 
4,710 
1,489 
4,094 
2,301 
2,701 
1,802 
9,440 

15,081 
6,423 
4,314 
4,456 
3,642 
7,258 
1,903 
6,822 
5,424 
6,478 
2,222 

20,329 
3,105 
3,072 
2,234 
3,962 
6,332 
7,187 

15,263 
2,513 
4,177 
2,670 
4,280 
5,079 
3,613 
5,642 



8,542 
2,447 
1,928 

11,145 
6,262 

16,900 
4,243 



4,918 
1,325 
4,426 
2,269 
3,150 
1,903 
7,829 

13,840 
6,047 
4,132 
3,729 
3,969 
7,754 
2,041 
5,825 
4,858 
6,168 
2,472 

15,444 
3,341 
4,034 
2,490 
3,575 
5,197 
6,087 

14,283 
2,432 
4,923 
2,692 
3,996 
4,867 
2,768 
5,307 



7,161 



2,104 
12,916 

6,526 
13,471 

4,053 



5,023 
1,283 
4,714 
2,475 
3,155 
1,976 
5,830 

15,497 
6,468 
4,479 
4,289 
3,994 
7,471 
1,868 

10,224 
5,143 
5,186 
2,586 

13,314 
3,574 
4,029 
2,965 
6,456 



5,170 



2,056 
8,758 
6,130 
11,763 
3,321 



5,496 
14,694 
2,661 
5,039 
3,069 
5,025 
5,127 



4,883 
1,551 
5,460 
2,?49 
3,449 
2,388 
3,885 

16,144 
5,967 
3,873 
3,800 
3,616 
7,710 
1,756 
7,447 
4,575 
4,395 
2,537 

13,260 
3,369 
4,134 
2,805 
5,219 



4,641 



2,254 
12,117 
6,219 
9,182 
3,641 



3,776 
12,636 
2,492 
4,627 
3,119 
4,812 
4,761 



4,447 
1,354 
4,718 
2,381 
3,294 
2,276 
4,337 

1.5,577 
5,253 
4,933 
4,323 
2,118 
7,696 
1,811 
7,253 
4,593 
4,897 
2,445 

12,221 
3,216 
4,162 
2,730 
5,711 



3,741 



2,398 
11,168 
5,952 
6,836 
3,715 



3,696 
10,710 
2,484. 
5,264 
3,101 
5,305 
5,733 



4,735 
1,374 
4,335 
2,598 
3,139 
2,090 
3,292 
15,200 
5,768 
4,372 
4,836 
2,985 
7,779 
1,603 
8,037 
5,809 



2,523 
11,401 
2,931 
3,679 
3,311 
6,160 



3,552 
8,503 
2,393 
4,978 
2,795 
5,200 
6,975 



266 



TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Richmond , 

Roanoke 

Rockbridge , . . 
Rockingham. . 

Russell 

Scott 

Shenandoah..., 

Smyth 

Southampton.. 
Spotsylvania. . . 

Stafford 

Surry 

Sussex 

Tazewell 

Warren 

Warwick 

Washington 

Westmoreland. 

Wise 

Wythe 

York 



Variances from former official totals. 



Accomac 

Albemarle... 
Alexandria . . 
Alleghany . . . 

Amelia 

Amherst 

Appomattox. 

Augusta 

Bath 

.Bedford 

Bland , 

Botetourt 

Brunswick... 



WHITE. 



ISTO. 



3,4T5 
6,21S 
12,162 
21,152 
9,9.36 
12,512 
14,260 
'7,654 
5,468 
7,069 
4,935 
2,393 
2,962 
9,193 
4,611 
620 
14,156 
3,531 
4,717 
9,269 
2,507 



1860. 



3,570 
5,250 
12,841 
20,489 
9,130 
11,530 
12,827 
7,732 
5,713 
7,716 
4,922 
2,334 
3,118 
8,625 
4,583 
662 
14,095 
3,387 
4,416 
9,986 
2,342 



1850. 



3,463 

5,812 
11,484 
17,496 
10,866 

9,322 
12,565 

6,898 
5,940 
6,894 
4,415 
2,215 
3,086 
8,807 
4,493 
599 
12,369 
3,376 



1840. 



9,618 
1,825 



3,092 

3,845 

10,448 

14,944 

7,152 

6,911 

10,320 

5,539 

6,171 

6,786 

4,489 

2,557 

3,584 

5,466 

3,851 

604 

10,731 

3,466 



1830. 



1820. 



1810. 



2,975 



10,465 

17,814 

6,002 

5,378 

16,869 



2,749 



9,038 
12,646 
4,989 
3,992 

16,708 



6,573 

6,384 
4,713 
2,865 
4,118 
4,911 



7,632 
1,958 



633 

12,785 

3,710 



6,127 
5,939 
4,783 
2,642 
4,155 
3,435 



2,775 



8,445 
11,049 
5,897 



12,461 



1800. 



«5,334 



7,778 
9,266 
4,443 



12,947 



620 

10,393 

3,031 



9,952 
2,129 



8,111 
1,588 



5,982 
5,596 
5,319 
2,751 
4,436 
2,661 



697 

10,581 
3,401 



7,180 
1,798 



6,461 
5,875 
5,435 
2,777 
4,532 
1,895 



614 
8,250 
(«) 



1,166 

/8 



FREE COLORED. 



512,841 



55,269 



51,251 



al,862 
46,809 



7,842 
14,994 
7,310 

579 
6,823 
6,704 
4,536 
6,737 

889 
10,770 

217 
3,163 
8,902 



3,418 
606 

1,415 
132 
189 
297 
171 
586 
78 
504 



306 
671 



3,295 
587 

1,409 
58 
166 
394 
185 
574 
45 
463 



6—10 



2,848 

603 

al,862 

60 

223 

373 



al,548 
45,181 



421 

83 

323 



2,544 

484 

al,548 

48 

220 

263 



al,290 
35,470 



6—6 



a977 
29,292 



404 

65 

341 



426 
553 



377 
563 



386 
612 



2,100 

373 

al,290 



187 
246 



1,860 

400 

a977 



a383 
19,598 



1,541 

207 

a383 



267 
64 

311 



290 

717 



155 
198 



196 
49 

212 



300 

S7S 



58 
134 



95 
17 

202 



135 
270 



1790. 



2,918 



6,825 
6,677 
3,143 



9,979 



6,312 
6,17: 
6,465 
2,762 
4,771 



667 
5,167 
3,183 



2,115 



12,254 



721 
171 



cl06 
121 



24 
132 



267 



TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Buchanan 

Buckingham.... 

Campbell , 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Charles City 

Charlotte 

Chesterfield 

Clarke 

Craig 

Culpeper 

Cumberland 

Dinwiddie 

Elizabeth City.. . 

Essex , 

Fairfax 

Fauquier 

Floyd 

Fluvanna 

Franklin 

Frederick 

Giles 

Gloucester 

Goochland , 

Grayson 

Greene 

Greensville 

Halifax 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Henry 

Highland 

Isle of Wight 

James City 

King and Queen. 

King George 

King William*. . . . 

Lancaster 

Lee 

Loudoun 

Louisa 



FREE COLORED. 



18T0. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 


4T 


1 
360 
















7,T11 


250 


449 


245 


285 


604 


229 


115 


14,343 


1,029 


846 


772 


859 


677 


263 


302 


251 


8,038 


844 


904 


774 


520 


486 


328 


365 


203 


328 


31 
856 


29 

772 














3,153 


670 


761 


538 


387 


398 


SOS- 


9,613 


252 


352 


305 


236 


161 


210 


123 


es 


8,733 


643 


467 


587 


591 


947 


272 


319 


369- 


2,159 


64 
30 

429 


124 


161 












230 












6,169 


487 


391 


564 


338 


264 


273 


70 


5,433 


310 


340 


355 


327 


244 


175 


183 


142 


IT, 664 


3,746 


3,296 


2,764 


2,890 


1,833 


1,505 


674 


561 


5,471 


201 


97 


44 


131 


70 


75 


IS 


18 


6,650 


477 


409 


598 


467 


364 


806 


276 


139 


4,284 


672 


597 


448 


311 


607 


543 


204 


135 


7,S56 


821 


643 


688 


613 


507 


344 


131 


93 


997 


16 
266 


14 

211 


9 

221 












5,097 


203 


123 


57 


44 


25 


5,996 


105 


66 


174 


195 


143 


86 


27 


34 


2,733 


1,208 


912 


821 


1,265 


970 


610 


453 


lift 


598 


67 
703 


55 

680 


49 
612 


49 
603 


42 
462 


25 
446 






5,429 


35 


210 


6,601 


703 


644 


690 


796 


685 


509 


413 


257 


754 


52 


36 


53 


52 


83 


30 


1 




1,452 
4,207 


23 


34 


45 












233 


123 


136 


332 


290 




213 


212 


16,266 


563 


534 


575 


590 


422 


353 


298 


226 


8,562 


257 


221 


312 


449 


381 


409 


259 


240 


31,031 


3,590 


3,637 


2,939 


3,045 


2,100 


1,904 


1,149 


581 


5,581 


314 


208 


240 


174 


125 


215 


129 


165 


348 


27 


26 














3,446 


1,370 


1,248 


1,268 


1,222 


838 


698 


578 


375 


2,440 


1,045 


663 


507 


572 


552 


420 


168 


146 


5,488 


388 


461 


499 


416 


297 


267 


164 


75 


2,815 


' 388 


267 


276 


287 


263 


197 


164 


86 


4,455 


416 


347 


328 


347 


238 


203 


172 


84 


3,157 


301 


266 


247 


193 


1S5 


204 


159 


143 


1,005 


13 


40 


32 


19 


5 


21 


3 




5,691 


1,252 


1,357 


1,318 


1,079 


829 


604 


333 


183 


10,063 


324 


404 


376 


301 


219 


157 


132 1 


1* 



268 



TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 


FREE COLOEED. 


18T0. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 




6,059 
3,711 
2,096 

14,156 
2,522 
2,882 
5,517 
6,312 
2,361 

22,320 
4,84S 
3,054 
7,050 
5,458 
986 
2,325 

16,034 
5,115 
7,898 
5,046 
3,902 
1,813 
1,809 
3,066 
3,028 
3,132 
3,890 
2,516 
1,167 
524 
676 
1,244 
6,795 
4,659 
1,485 
3,192 
4,923 
1,598 
1,105 
1,052 
2,653 


257 

97 
218 
898 
126 
147 
2,480 
128 
364 
2,803 
962 
222 

93 
187 
384 
131 
659 
409 
406 
515 
195 
519 

13 
312 
820 
155 
422 
532 

51 

52 
316 
183 
1,794 
574 
319 
1,284 
673 

93 
284 

59 
249 


191 

151 
149 
912 
149 

66 
2,144 
188 
432 
2,307 
745 
519 
153 
184 
311 

93 
785 
383 
488 
518 
259 
552 

34 
296 
70S 
155 
364 
4G7 

71 

34 
292 
200 
1,826 
536 
318 
935 
742 

75 
366 

42 
112 


216 

70 

164 

1,055 

142 

87 

1,407 

152 

373 

2,3ao 

754 
647 
158 
186 
216 
103 
557 
363 
570 
469 
202 
510 

17 
287 
510 
101 
326 
501 

26 

48 
265 
145 
1,799 
785 
369 
1,070 
811 

38 
342 

21 
212 


245 

71 

139 

889 

116 

56 

1,698 

122 

342 

1,898 

1,333 

567 

223 

198 


126 

78 

118 

674 

-135 

31 

1,393 

82 

334 

1,491 

1,013 

614 

175 

143 


177 

88 

41 

493 

127 

57 

1,269 

108 

308 

1,179 

908 

299 

ISO 

96 


133 
50 

17 
553 
84 
39 
910 


SO 


JUadison , 




jyiatUews 






416 


Middlesex 


51 




6 


Naiisemond 


480 


Nelson 




New Kent 


213 
559 
654 

■ 221 
107 
47 


148 


Worfolk 


251 




464 


Northumberland 


197 


Nottoway 


(c) 




64 








117 
341 
384 
475 
700 
343 
361 


100 
203 
324 
334 

538 
251 
278 


275 
150 
498 
149 
463 
267 
358 


130 
61 

345 
63 

250 

85 

342 




Pittsylvania 


62 


Powhatan 


211 


Prince Edward 


32 


Prince George 


267 


Princess Anne 


64 


Prince William 


167 


















Eichmond 


450 


293 


261 


e584 


83 






Eockbridge 


381 

548 

33 

16 

458 


295 

267 

21 

13 

317 


149 
213 
36 

147 


97 
56 
13 

85 


41 


Eoclvingham 

Eussell 


5 






Shenandoah 


19 


Smyth 




Southampton 


1,745 

697 
485 
866 
866 
18 


1,306 
591 
361 
612 
684 
18 


1,109 
565 
316 
664 

582 
13 


839 
297 
193 
500 
. 542 
13 


559 


Spotsylvania 


148 


Stafford 


87 


Sussex 


368 
391 












27 
261 


34 
153 


IS 
127 


^21 
386 


83 


Washington 


8 







269 



TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 


FREE COLORED. 


18T0. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 


Westmovelancl 


4,151 
68 

2,342 
4,691 


1,191 
26 

15T 
682 


1,147 


963 


847 


477 


621 


(«) 


114 


Wise 


Wythe 


221 
454 


125 
650 


117 
627 


48 
631 


19 

458 


11 
45 




York 


853 






SLAVE. 


Total 




472,494 


452,028 


al,374 
430,499 


«1,614 
452.084 


al,857 
410,029 


al.841 
381,680 


«1,172 
338,624 


287,959>' 






Variances from former official totals. . 


«... 






6—100 




&— 5 


&— 2 












Accomac 




4,507 

13,916 

1,886 

990 
7,655 
6,278 
4,600 
5,616 
946 
10,176 


4,987 

13,338 

1,382 

694 

6,819 

5,953 

4,799 

5,053 

947 

10,061 


4,630 
31,809 
al,374 
547 
7,023 
5,777 


4,654 
11,679 
al,614 
571 
7,523 
5,925 


4,480 

' 10,659 

al,857 


4,542 

9,226 

ftl,841 


4,429 

7,436 

al,172 


4,262 
5,579 


Albemarle 




Alesandria 














7,400 
5,567 


7,186 
5,207 


6,585 
7,462 


cll,30T 
5,29& 






Appomattox 








4,135 
1,047 
8,864 


4,265 
1,140 
8,782 


3,512 
1,202 
8,041 


2,880 

882 

6,147 


1,946 

661 

4,097 


1,567 


Bath 




Bedf orcl 




2,754 


Bland 








2,769 

9,146 

30 

8,811 

11,580 

10,672 
262 
2,947 
9,238 
8,354 
3,375 
420 
6,675 
6,705 

12,774 
2,417 
6,696 
3,116 

10,455 


3,736 

8,456 


2,925 
8,805 


4,170 
9,758 


2,806 
10,081 


2,275 
9,368 


1,519 
9,422 


1,25» 

6,77& 


Brunswick 




Buchanan. 




Buckingham 




8,161 
10,866 
10,661 
154 
2,764 
8,988 
8,616 
3,614 


11,014 
10,045 
10,314 


10,929 
9,496 
10,741 


9,939 

7,445 

10,999 


11,675 

5,368 

10,764 


6,336 

3,671 

10,581 


4,108 

2,488 

10,292 










Carroll 




Charles City 




2,433 
9,260 
8,702 
3,325 


2,957 

9,433 

10,337 


2,967 
8,124 
9,513 


3,023 

7,597 
6,015 


3,013 
6,283 

7,852 


3,141 


Cnarlotte 




Chesterfleld 




7 487 


Clarke 




















Culpeper 




6,683 
6,329 

10,880 
2,148 
6,762 
3,250 

10,3S0 


6,069 
6,781 
9,947 
1,708 
6,756 
3,453 
10,708 


11,417 
7,309 

10,356 
2,218 
6,407 
4,001 

12,523 


9,468 
6,813 

10,179 
1,643 
6,046 
4,673 

11,167 


8,312 
6,102 
9,615 
1,734 
5,659 
5,942 
10,361 


7,348 
5,711 
8,353 
1,522 
5,767 
6,078 
8,754 


8 296 






4,434 
7 334 


Dinwiddle 








1,876 
5,440 
4,574 


Essex 








Fauquier 




6,642 









270 



TABLE II.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Floyd 

Flavanna 

FranMln 

Frederick 

'Giles 

Gloucester 

Goochland 

Grayson 

Greene 

Greensville 

Halifax 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Henry 

Highland 

Isle of Wight.... 

James City 

King and Queen. 

King George 

King William 

Lancaster 

Lee 

Loudoun 

Louisa 

Lunenburg 

Madison 

Mathews 

Mecklenburg — 

Middlesex 

Montgomery , 

Nansemond 

Nelson 

New Kent 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

Northumberland. , 

Nottoway 

Orange 

Page 

Patrick 

Pittsylvania 



SLAVE. 



1870. 1860. 1850. 1840, 1830. 1820. ISIO. 1800. 1T90, 



475 

4,994 

6,351 

2,259 

778 

6,736 

6,139 

547 

1,984 

4,167 

14,897 

9,483 

20,041 

5,018 

402 

3,570 

2,586 

6,139 

3,673 

5,525 

2,869 

824 

5,501 

10,194 

7,305 

4,397 

3,008 

12,420 

2,375 

2,219 

5,481 

6,238 

3,374 

9,004 

3,872 

3,439 

6,468 

6,111 

850 

2,070 

14,340 



443 

4,737 

5,726 

2,294 

657 

5,557 

5,845 

499 

1,699 

3,785 

14,452 

8,393 

16,109 

3,340 

364 

3,395 

1,868 

5,764 

3,403 

5,731 

2,640 

787 

5,641 

9,864 

7,187 

4,724 

2,923 

12,462 

2,342 

1,471 

4,715 

6,142 

3,410 

10,400 

3,648 

3,755 

6,050 

5,921 

957 

2,324 

12,798 



321 

4,146 

6,158 

2,302 

574 

6,691 

5,500 

492 

1,740 

4,302 

14,216 

8,394 

13,237 

2,852 



3,786 
1,947 
5,937 
3,382 
6,780 
2,478 
680 
5,273 
9,010 
6,707 
4,308 
3,309 

11,915 
2,209 
1,493 
4,530 
6,967 
3,385 
9,735 
3,620 
3,243 
7,071 
5,864 
781 
1,S42 

11,558 



3,795 
4,988 
7,420 

465 
5,691 
5,716 

462 



4,681 
14,528 

9,278 
12,281 

2,868 



4,272 
1,983 
6,514 
3,635 
6,310 
2,632 
612 
5,363 
9,382 
7,233 
4,876 
3,481 
12,117 
2,138 
2,026 
4,943 
6,946 
3,530 
9,594 
3,734 
3,357 
6,942 
7,983 



3,206 
3,647 
7,179 

305 
5,208 
5,526 

345 



4,512 
9,880 
8,756 
9,804 
2,178 



4,297 
2,460 
6,041 
3,504 
6,010 
2,944 
366 
5,729 
7,560 
6,663 
4,612 
3,186 
11,402 
2,166 
1,255 
4,526 
6,660 
3,759 
9,185 
3,323 
3,268 
6,676 
7,518 



2,142 
2,672 
6,417 

242 
5,798 
5,464 

270 



4,599 
9,663 
8,454 
8,594 
1,755 



1,782 
10,999 



4,041 
2,320 
6,003 
3,876 
6,788 
3,112 
336 
6,157 
6,490 
7,155 
3,970 
2,068 
10,264 
2,476 
1,099 
4,462 
4,679 
3,725 
9,472 
3,350 
3,847 
6,368 
6,§16 



1,920 
1,574 
5,663 



4,909 

4,803 

170 



4,116 
7,911 
8,192 
6,901 
1,415 



1,213 

8,484 



724 
6,312 



4,029 
2,389 
5,380 
3,987 
5,744 
3,126 

243 
4,990 
5,992 
5,876 
3,436 
2,804 
8,676 
2,516 

968 
4,408 



3,622 
7,459 
3,178 
3,903 
5,983 
5,242 



649 
4,133 



2,979 



271 



TABLE TI— Continued. 





SLAVE, 


COUNTIES. 


1870. 


1S60. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 






5,403 
T,341 
4,997 
3,186 
2,356 
1,589 
3,520 
2,466 
2,643 
3,985 
2,387 
1,099 
490 
753 
1,037 
5,408 
7,786 
3,314 
2,515 
6,384 
1,202 
1,575 
1,019 
2,547 
3,704 
66 
2,162 
1,925 


6,282 
7,192 
4,408 
3,130 
2,498 
1,471 
3,844 
2,277 
2,510 
4,197 
2,331 
982 
473 
911 
1,064 
5,755 
T,481 
3,311 
2,479 
5,992 
1,060 
1,748 
905 
2,131 
3,557 


5,129 
8,576 
4,014 
3,087 
2,767 

954 
3,663 
2,363 
1,553 
3,510 
1,899 

700 

344 
1,033 

838 
6,555 
7,590 
3,596 
2,853 
6,834 

786 
1,434 

831 
2,058 
3,590 


5,472 
8,593 
4,598 
3,734 
3,842 


5,476 
7,616 
4,323 
3,705 
4,380 


5,091 
6,996 

4,486 
3,926 
5,220 


5,031 
5,921 
4,3S0 
3,574 
5,416 


4,325 






8,986 






4,519 






3,203 






4,704 






















Richmond 




2,630 


2,664 


3,178 


e7,826 


3,984 












3,398 

2,321 

679 

330 

2,423 


2,612 

1,871 

526 

258 

1,901 


1,724 

1,491 

S86 


1,070 

1,052 

352 


682 






772 






190 


Scott . . 






Shenandoah 




1,038 


791 


513 


Smyth 






Southampton 




7,75e 
8,053 
4,164 
3,378 

7,736 
820 


6,737 
7,724 
4,368 
8,340 
T,045 
463 


6,406 
7,135 
4,195 
3,440 
6,344 
328 


6,625 
6,830 
4,343 

3,258 

5,988 

219 


5,993 


Spotsylvania 




5,933 


Stafford 




4,036 


Surry 




3,097 


Sussex 




5,387 


Tazewell 












WarwlcK 




910 

2,568 
3,839 


954 
1,898 
3,393 


1,120 
1,448 
4,080 


1,024 
900 
(«) 


990 


Washington . 

Westmoreland 




450 
4,425 


Wise .... 






Wythe 




2,185 
2,181 


1,618 
2,112 


2,094 

2,596 


1,533 
2,165 


1,157 
2,931 


831 

2,020 
/40 




York 




2,760 










CHINESE. 


Total 


4 




































Variances from former official totals 








































Alexandria . ... 


1 
1 
2 




































Princess Anne 





































272 



TABLE II.— Continued. 





INDIAN, 




1870. 


I860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 




229 


94 










































































12 
13 
7 
21 
5 
1 




































Chesterfield 










































































19 


















Il- 


















10 

1 
63 


















ls 

2 
1 
6 
22 

r 
















Norfolk . 






































































1 






























' 



(*) All other persons, except Incliaas, not taxed. 

{a) Then in the District of Columbia. 

(&) These are variances from the totals of Virginia, including West Virginia. They result from errors too- 
numerous to be here specified. 

(c) Amelia and Nottoway tabulated together, and here placed opposite Amelia. 

{d) In 1861 Bland from Giles, Taaev/ell, and Wythe. 

{e) Richmond and Westmoreland tabulated together, opposite Bichmond. 

(/) Lacking to complete the official totals. Possibly the result of typographical errors. There are no manu- 
script returns with which to compare the printed census, which has totals of columns but no totals of any horizontal 
lines, therefore these deflciencies connot be located in any civil division of the State. 



Tt'SO' 



olo^^V 



/ 



to 

'f B. Rogers. 

•■ from 

jvey 1835-'41. 

\ris m some parts. " 

ATIONS. 
ys Completed 
iTi Progress 
Completed 
in Progress 
awns (CourtHouses) 

ATION OF COLORS. 



■ by Quaternary 
owei Tertiary 



1 ::=:'-^ 



mmm 




The Geiolo^^Y 



Prof. VVilliatu II Rogers. 

Chiefly from 
lh(< Stale Sui 'vey 1835 '41. 

"With UU/rob.H^rnilio "■*■'" lomf prir/.j." 

EXPIAN ATIONS. 

Railwa ys Completed 

do. 1 n Process 

^ Canals Compleled 

, do. 1 in Progress 

)|f , County Ti 5Wns (IWrlHousesl 

EXPLAN ATION OF COLORS. 



Tevliaiy covered ' iy Quaternary r 
h&. Eastern Umitofh ower Tertiary [ 
nliove tide level. 



Upper Jurassic pas-r 

.sitig I. ipwards into bnse\_ 

or Cr( ?tac-eous. 

"^""tSttr ^f°""""" Lower . Jurassic ^os- r 

a I .<3Jcp^J I 

^, Great C oal Group. l 

'' '"Q.oti/rn fy^o/PitlsbunjCoalL 

, .,.j,„ 11^^^,../ ,h I ^,arboni fcrousLime- i — 

lQu«e^l<;rv,<|^ew»^_^S;l^^;^. !?„.«, 1 . stone Gr oup. L 

■■■l-f-n, p, irJl'P^^ 1- lowest I Uoai Group. 



Upper d jiluiidi 



lower S ilurian Cam 
brian. 




Archaea in o/'(?/^Metamor-| ll 

phic and ' Vtimary iriclu' ^1 

dinff^uri Jiiian a/i</ 
Iciurenti an. 



"W- 



INDEX. 



ABBREYIATIONS, 



App. — Appalachia grand division. 

A. M. & O. — Atlantic, Miss, and Ohio R'd. 

A. & F.— Alexandria and Fredericksburg E'd. 

A. & W. — Alexandria and Washington R'd. 
• B. R. — Blue Ridge grand division. 

B. & P. — Baltimore and Potomac R'd. 

B, & O.— Baltimore and Ohio R'd. 

C. & O. — Chesapeake and Ohio R'd. 
Div. — Grand Divisions of Virginia. 

J. R. & K. — James River and Kanawha Canal. 

M. — Manassas Branch R'd. 

Mid.— Middle or Midland grand division. 

P. — Petersburg R'd. 

Pied. — Piedmont grand division. 

Rich. — Richmond. 



R'd or R'y— Railroad. 

R. & D.— Richmond and Danville R'd. 

R. F. & P.— Richmond, Fredericksburg and 

Potomac R'd. 
R. & P.— Richmond and Petersburg R'd. 
R., Y. R. & C— Richmond, York River and 

Chesapeake R'd. 
St. — Station of R'd. 
Tr. — Tidewater grand division. 
XJ. S.— United Sfetes. 
Val. — The Valley grand di-sasion. 
Va. — Virginia. 

Va. Mid.— Virginia Midland R'd. 
V. — ^Valley Railroad. 
W". & O.— Washington and Oliio R'd. 



Able bodied males 112 

Abingdon, St. A. M. & 219-252 

Academy 210 

Female colleges 211-219 

Academies, &c 210 

Acer saccharinum 82 

Accomac conntj^ grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

WMtes 264 

Accommodations, church 195, 196 

Acreage Va. & Div 6,65 

Beets 83 

Farms 66 

Woodland and cleared 65 

Crops, yield, value 77 

Wine 83 

Acrogens, age of 22 

Adaptability, climate 49 

Advanced instruction 199, 203, 210, 211 

V. M. 1 199, 203 

V. Agr.andM. College 199, 204 

Colleges 211 

Advantages, commercial 153 

Educational 199 

Religious 195 

Norfolk, cotton-port 161 

Moisture 56 

Climate , 64 

Ad valorem, taxation 245 

Africa, natives of 178 

Afton, St. C. & O , 223, 254 

Age, Angiosperms 22 

Azoic or Eozoic 22 

Algae and Acrogens 22 

Amphibians 22 

35 

V-,_ ■ 



Coal Plants 22 

Cycads 22 

Fishes 22 

Mollusks 22 

Man 22 

Mammals 22 

Palms 22 

Reptiles 22 

School ,....180, 199, 201, 202, 216 

Ages, death 18S 

Geological 22 

Population 181 to 187, 190 

Agriculture, U. S. Dept., report crops, 

1869 77 

Grain to acre 78 

Hay to acre ■ 85 

Potatoes to acre ' 79 

Ramie 86 

Value of livestock 75 

Weather 39 

Tr. adapted 33, 64 

Agriculture, instruction in 204, 205, 206, 214 

Agricultural minerals, App 42, 44, 46 

Blue Ridge 46 

Midland 34, 37, 46 

Piedmont 37, 46 

TidcAvater ,. 33, 46 

Valley 41, 46 

Agricultural implements, manufacture 

of, App 100 

Mid 98, 99, 100 

Pied 102, 103 

Tr 94, 96, 97, 115, 117, 120 

Val 105, 107 

Agi-icultural returns, Eng 78, 79 

Resources, Va 76, 113 

Regions 220, 222, 224, 225, 228 



274 



Agricultural and Mechanical College, 

199, 204,. 209 

St. for 219 

Institute 205 

Ail-Line Junction St.,N. C 255 

R. R.T— see Piedmont A. L. 

Air, Temperature, map of ,. 53 

Alabama, river 13 

Alabama, blind 188 

Cotton 162, 163, 169 

Deaf-mutes 88 

Eozoic 13 

Insane 189 

Isotherms 54, 56 

Merchant-marine 151 

Seaport 158 

Valley to 8, 2Z, 

Albemarle county, grouped 5, 15 

Cloudiness 64 

Charlottesville, see. 

High schools 210 

Iron ore 37, 38, 222 

Manufactures 102, 103, 104 

Meteorology 63 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population 261, 26J, 266, 269 

Slates 34 

Slaves 269 

University of Virginia, see. 

Railway St 221, 223, 252, 254 

Female college 211 

Whites 264 

Winds 62, 63 

Albemarle and Cliesapeake Canal 231 

Cotton by 163, 166, 231 

Trade 231 

Albemarle Sound 9 

Forests near 88 

Canals to 231, 158 

Alden, W. Va., St. C. & 254 

Alderson, W. Va., St. C. & O 254 

Ale, imported 124 

Alexandria, location 12, 13, 155 

Advantages 140, 220, 141, 155 

B. &P 225, 256 

Canal 235 

Coastwise trade 142-144 

Exports 132, 133 

High schools 210 

Horse railroad 229 

Imports 132, 133, 141 

Iron ores near 227 

Manufactures 98, 100, 101 

Manufacturing centre 98, 100, 101 

Merchant-marine 151 

P. E. Seminary near 213 

Population 191 

Railroads to 220, 225, 227, 230 

Seaport 221, 237 

W. & 227, 257 

W. C, Va. Md. & G. S 220, 252 

Winds 63 

Woodland near 8S 

Alexandria county, grouped 5, 13 

Chinese 271 

Manufactures 98, 100, 101 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population..... 261, 264, 266, 269, 271 

Shooting game below 249 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 



Alexandria and Fredericksburg Rail- 
road (A. & F.) 225, 230, 237, 252 

Alexandria and Potomac R'y, mis- 
print for A. & F 225, 230, 237 

Alexandria & Georgetovsai Canal 235 

Alexandria & Wasliington R'y 230, 237 

Algae, Age of 22 

Alienage and inheritance 2'f7 

Aliens, made citizens 246 

May hold real estate 24? 

May inherit property 247 

Alkalies, manufacture 40 

Alleghany county, grouped 6, 18 

Iron ores 43 

Manufactures 108, 109 

Negroes 266, 269 

Railroad St's 223, 254 

Slaves 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Whites 264 

Alleghany mountain. 4, 17 

Canal through 232 

False one 17 

Christiansburg 17 

Alleghany river. Pa 45 

Coalfield 45, 234 

St. A. M. & 219, 252 

St. C. & O 223, 231, 254 

Springs 219 

Alluvium 8, 21, 23, 28, 32 

Alum in App. shales 28 

Springs 223 

Alumina, in rocks 25, 30, 31 

In iron ores 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43 

Alumni of Univ. of Va 208 

Of Wm. and Mary 211 

Amelia county, grouped 5, 13 

Soapstone 34 

Plumbago 35 

Maimfactures 98 

Negroes 266, 269 

R'y St. in 224, 255 

Slaves 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Whites 264 

Ambrotypes 118 

Amelia C. H., St. P. A. L 224, 255 

America coalfield, longest known 36 

Coal, cheapest 233 

Coal Regions, Macfarlane 37 

Forest continent 49 

Garden of 32 

Grocery trade 224 

Insane asylum, oldest and first 189 

Iron furnaces, first 35 

Rainfall 56 

Ramie 86 

Temperature 55 

American cotton in Europe 172 

Cotton-ports 161 

Iron & Steel Ass'n on u'on making, 113 

Nation, Va. part of 240 

Pliil. Soc 44 

Pomological Soc. on fruits 81 

School house 203 

Science Cong 39 

Vessels entered and cleared 122, 123 

Imports and exports 132, 133, 138 

Grapes 81 

Americans, noted of Wm. and Mary... 211 

America, South ,. 224 



275 



Amherst county, grouped 5, 15 

Indians 272 

Iron making, cost 113 

Iron ores 37,222 

Manufactures 102, 103, 104 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269, 272 

Bed lands 31,222 

Slates 37 

Slaves 2G9 

St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Whites.' 264 

Amherst C. H., St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Amherst, Mass., weather 59 

Amsterdam, cotton to 166, 168 

Analyses, coal 36,42 

Gj'l)sum 44 

Iron ore , 37, 38, 40, 43 

Copper ore 35 

Sumac : 89 

Eocks 30, 31 

Anchorages, Va., and depth 155, 236 

Anderson's, St. C. & 223, 253 

Angiospherms, Age of 22 

Angora goats 70 

Animals, imported 136 

Labor 110, 113 

Oil, exported 128 

Phenomena 48 

Products 65 

Resources.... 65-, 110 

Slaughtered, value 73 

Working 74 

Annuity from Va 204, 207, 208 

Ann Smith Academy 211 

Anthracite — see Semi-Anthracite, 

Ansted, Prof., Kanawha coal 233 

Anthracite coal 113 

Anticlinal, Val 27 

Antwerp, cotton to 166, 168 

Formation 23 

Apiculture 70 

Appalachia, Grand Division of Va 4, 6, 17 

Acreage 6, 65 

Animals, slaughtered 73 

Agrieultu.ral adaptations 19, 33 

Alum 28 

Area 6, 7, 18, 65, 176 

Animals, working 74 

Acreage, improved, imimproved... 65 

Adaptations 19 

Age, geological 23 

Building stones 42 

Beef cattle 71-73 

Bees and beeswax 70 

Blacks 175 

Butter 66 

Buckwheat 76 

Beans 78 

Barley 79 

Clover seed 85 

Counties ....6, 18, 19 

Cattle 72, 73 

Compared 7 

Cows, mUch , 66 

Characteristics , 8, 17 

Cheese 66 

Climate type 52 

Climatic zones 54 

Corn, Indian 76, 77 

Cotton 87 



Appalachia — Continued. 

Coal basin , Ill, 220, 224 

Central valley, beside ,8, 27, 54 

Cities, none 193 

Churches 197 

C. & O. across 221, 223, 230, 254 

Dairying 67, 68 

Downthrows, rocks 28 

Described 4,8,17 

Denominations, reUgious 197 

Drainage .• 9 

Elevations — see stations IS 

Formations, geological 20, 21, 23, 27, 28 

Farming implements, value 65 

Farms, number and size 68 

Flax 87 

Flax seed 85 

Forests 88, 90 

Fruits, wild 19 

Foreign born 178 

Grass 19, 84, 85 

Game 74 

Grass seed 85 

Grazing 19 

Geology 20, 21, 23, 27, 28 

Gympsuni 44 

Horses 74, 76 

Honey 70 

Hay 85 

Hops 86 

Hogs 76 

Hemp 87 

Home manufactures 92 

Iron ores.... 28, 42, 43, 44, 91, 220, 224, 229 

Isotherm 54 

Improved land 65 

Kanawha across 9 

Land acreage ,... 65 

Location 4, 17 

Live stock, value 74, 76 

Limestone 28, 42 

Medicinal roots 89, 91 

Mules 74,76 

Milch cows 66 

Minerals 42, 43, 46, 220 

Market gardens 80 

Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 

Maple sugar and molasses 82 

Manufacturing, 1860 108 

Manufactures, home 92 

Manufactm-es 92, 108, 109 

Marbles 42 

Nativity, population 177, 178, 179 

■ Native population 177 

New river 9 

Nuts 91 

Oats... 79 

Orchards 80 

Oxen. 72, 74 

Population 6, 175-179 

Parentage 177 

Potatoes 78 

Peas 78 

Railroad, C. & O. across 221, 230, 254 

Rainfall 56, 57 

Rivers 9 

Roads , 218 

Rocks 20, 21 

Rye 76 

Section across 4| 

Stock, live 74,75; 



276 



Appalacia — Continued, 

Stock raising 71, 85 

Saxony, compared 8 

: Sheep 69,76 

Swine 71, 76 

Square miles 6,176 

Storms 64 

Surface 8 

Sugar, maple 82 

Salt 44 

Schools, public free 202 

S. V. through 229 

Square mile, population 176 

Stations, E'y 223, 254 

Soils 32 

Trans- 6, 19 

Turnpikes 218 

Tennessee waters 9 

Temperature 52, 56 

Timber 90 

Tobacco 83, 84 

Valley counties in part 7, 18, 27 

Valleys 18 

Value, land 65 

Vegetable products 76 

Visitors, B'd University 207 

Woodland 65, 88, 90 

Wool 69, 76 

Waters 8, 9 

Wheat 76, 77 

Wine 83 

Water-power 112 

Winds 63 

Whites 175 

Appalachian. Mountains 4, 17,48 

Central valle}^ 8, 228 

C. & O. across 223 

Climatic etfect 48 

Coast Kange \ 12 

Cotton belt, conforming 162 

Coalfield, 28, 44, 45, 46, 49, 111, 224, 226, 227 

Cut by Kanawha 9 

Country 8 

Forests 49, 88 

Iron belt 42, 43, 44, 224 

Outliers 12 

Kainfall 57 

Temperatures 56 

Valleys among 18, 228 

Appeals, Supreme Court of 243, 244 

Apples , 81 

Blooming 59 

Brandy exported 121 

Exported 126 

Pied 32 

Appomattox county, grouped 5, 13 

Iron ores 35, 36 

Manufactures 98, 101 

l^egroes 266. 269 

A. M. & O 219, 251 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Appomattox St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Appomattox river 9, 13 

City Point, mouth 219, 238 

City Point R. down 219 

Counties, basin 5 

Falls, Petersburg 98, 238 

Navigation 157, 158, 238 

Petersburg 157, 158, 218 



April pasturage, wild 72 

Birth month 190 

Temperatures 50,51 

Eainfall 5& 

Weather 58, 59, 60 

Aquia Creek, rocks, section 24 

Arachis, hj'pogsea ,. 81 

Architects, immigrant 147 

Richrnond 117 

Architectural minerals, App 42, 46 

B. R 39, 4S 

Iron manufacture 97, 115 

Mid 34, 46 

Ornaments, plaster 116" 

Pied 37, 46 

Tr 33, A<S 

Val 41, 46 

Areas, State and Div 6, 10, 176 

Counties 7 

U.S 177 

Argentine Republic, trade 124 

Argillaceous slates 21, 23, 25, 26 

Arithmetic 22 

Arkansas, cotton 162, 169 

Isotherms ,. 54 

Trade 154 

Armies, standing 241 

Arms, right to 241 

Arms-bearing population 179, 180, 245 

Arrivals, immigrant 145 

Arrington, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Artistic founders 118, 119 

Artesian wells, salt, Holston 44 

Arts, Society Loud 36 

Industrial 110 

Asbestus, Pittsylvania 34 

Ash, Richmond coal 36 

Botetoiu't and Montgomery ooal... 42 

White, App 88 

Ashcake, St. R. F. & P 223 

Ashland, R. M. College 212, 225 

St. R. F. & P 225, 256 

Triassic 26 

Asia 3, 53 

Same lat. as Va 10 

Temperatures 55 

Asparagus 81 

Aspen Hall Academjr 210 

Assays, gold ore 35 

Assemblj'-, General, Va 241-246 

Assessments, taxation 245 

Asylums, insane 189 

Atkin's, St. A. M. & 219, 252 

Atlanta, Ga 13, 54 

P. A. L 224, 230 

Atlantic, boundary 3, 10, 11 

Canals 221, 232 

Chesapeake bay 153 

Cities 13 

Coast railway 226, 163 

Coast Range 12 

Coast trade 224 

Coast and Va 112 

Coast formations... 20,24 

Cotton belt 162 

Cotton-ports 167 

Counties 11 

Div. parallel to 4 

Fish 73 

Forests near 88 

Harbors 153, 159, 160, 162 



277 



Highway 

Head of tide , 

Lengtli Va. from . 
Merchant-marine. 

•Middle States 

NorfoUc, and 

Oysters. 



10 

12 

3 

151 

3,38 

158 

73 

Plain 8, 38, 48, 56 

Ports, distances to 157 

Eivers 238 

Eainfall near 56 

Section from 4 

Slope 8, 12, 81, 238 

States, tonnage 151 

Storms 48 

Trend, coast 4, 112 

Va. and 48 

Waters 8, 9, 17 

Woodland near 88 

Atlantic and Great Western E,. K., 

distances 157 

Atlantic, Miss, and Ohio R. E.. (A, M. 

& O.) 40, 158, 218, 230, 251 

Connections 223, 224, 226, 228, 232 

Cotton railway 163, 166 

Stations, distances, elevations 218, 251 

Atlas, U. S. Statistical, 23, 25, 53, 56, 64, 85, 

88, 153 

Census, Va 176 

Centre of population 176 

Cliurches 195 

Diseases 112 

Isotherms 53, 56 

Eain chart 56 

Storm centres 64 

Winds 63 

Woodland 88 

Atlee's, St. C. & 223, 253 

Attainder, law of, forbidden 242 

Attendance, school — see Schools. 

Attorney, county 244 

General 199, 243, 244 

Auckland, rainfall, temperature 55, 59 

Anction business 119 

Auditor 243 

Taylor, live stock 76 

August, cotton year ends 167 

Birth-month 190 

Eainfall 58 

School year ends 209 

Temperature - 50, 51 

Truck season ends 81 

Weather 58, 60 

Augusta county, coal 28, 41, 42 

C. & O. across 223, 254 

Cloudiness 63 

Dora coal 42 

Deaf, Dumb and Blind Inst 208 

Elevations 254, 257 

Female Seminary 211 

Female colleges 211 

Grouped 6, 17 

High school 210 

Isotherm 54 

Iron ore 40 

Kaolin 41 

Location 16, 17 

Manufactm-es 105, 107, 108 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population, Staunton.. 192 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 



Eainfall 57 

Slaves 269 

Stations, E'd 223, 228, 229, 254, 257 

Staunton, see. 

Shenandoah Valley 16, 17 

Summit 16 

S. V. proposed 229 

Temperatm-e 50 

V. across 228, 257 

Wliites 264 

Winds 62, 63 

Woodland 88 

Auriferous quartz 21, 23, 25, 34 

Australia, rainfall 59 

Sheep 69 

Temperatures 55 

Austria, exports to 124, 125 

Natives of 178 

Wheat 78 

Autumn, rainfall 57, 58 

Seeding 58 

Temperatures 50, 51, 53 

Averett, J. T., Danville 221 

Axis, Valley 27 

Aylett's 157, 238 

Azoic formation 20, 21, 22, 25, 26 

Age 22 

BiueEidge 20, 21, 26, 40 

Equivalents 22 

Map 21 

Iron ores 25, 40 

Minerals 25, 26, 34 

Midland 20, 21, 25, 30 

Piedmont 20, 21, 26 

Tidewater 25 

Azores, trade 124 

Backbone cut., C. & 254 

Bacon 71, 231 

Exported 128 

Bacon's Castle, temperatures 50-61 

Bags imported 133 

Bahamas , 10, 159 

Bald Eagle Dam, J. E. & K 260 

Ballast master 249 

Ships in 122, 123 

Baltimore, cotton trade 166, 168, 169, 170 

Depth of channel 160 

Distances to 157,160 

Location 13 

Market for "truck" 81 

Eailway terminus, 219, 223, 225, 230, 256, 

257 

Steamers to 157, 163, 166, 218, 237, 238 

Tonnage, coastwise 144 

Trade 154, 159 

Baltimore and Ohio E. E. (B. & O.), 

Alexandria 237 

Distances 157 

Valley branch 227, 228, 257 

Baltimore and Potomac E. E. (B. & 

P.) 225, 237, 25G 

Bald-faced ducks 74 

Bales, cotton, weight, &c 164r-172 

Balsam mountain , 15 

Banister river 13 

Banisters, exported 133 

Baptists, chaplain. University 207 

Church statistics 195 

Colver Institute 213, 215 

Distribution, Div 197 

Female colleges 211, 215 



278 



Eank 196 

Eichmond CoUege 212, 215 

■Barber's Creek 18 

Barbour, Col. J. S 38, 252 

BarboursviUe, W. Va., C. & 254 

Barcelona, cotton to 168 

Barges, Va 150, 152 

By canals 231, 232 

Barksdale, St. E. & D 224, 255 

Bark, tan, trade 89, 90, 99, 125, 126 

Barley 77, 79 

Bartonsville, St. Y 228 

Barytes 38, 41, 45, 46 

Basin, canal, Eichmond 233 

Baskets, exported 133 

Bass, fish 73 

Mats, imported 133 

Bath countj', grouped 6, 18 

Manufactures 108, 109 

ISTegroes , 266, 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Bath Alum Springs 223 

Baughman, George 115 

Bay, Chesapeake 11, 23, 153, 154, 231, 236 

Bealeton, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Beans 78, 81 

Castor 86 

Snap 81 

Beaver Dam, St. C. & 223, 253 

Aqueduct, J. E. & K 259 

Creek J. E. & K 260 

Bedford county, grouped 5,15 

BeUevue High School 210 

Liberty 192 

Manufactures 102, 103, 104 

Negroes 266, 269 

Peaks of Otter 15 

Population 261, 264, 266 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Beech, tree and nuts 91 

Beef cattle 71 

Exported 128 

Inspection 248 

Bees and wax 70 

Beer, imported 133, 134, 137, 140 

Beets, early 81 

Sugar from 82 

Bellefield (or Belfield), St. P 226, 258 

Belle Isle, St. E. &D 224 

BellevueHigh School 210 

Bell's Valley, St. C. & 223, 254 

Bellew's, St. V 257 

Belgium, area and population 7, 10 

Formations 23 

Tr. compared 7, 10 

Belgravia, immigrants 1 46 

Belvidere, 111., temperature 61 

Benaja, St. N. C, P. A. L 255 

Benches, surface Ill 

Bensalem, J. E. & K 260 

Bent creek, J. E. & K 259 

Grass 29 

Bergen, temperature 55 

Berlin, temperature 55 

Eainf all ..,.;. 59 

Bermudas, temperature 55 

JBerryvUle, St. S. V 229 

W. &0 227 



Winds 63-- 

Bessemer steel, ores 38, 41, 43, 234 

Bethel, Academy ,.... 210 

J. E.&K 260 

Big Island Dam, J. E. & K 260 

Lick, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Sandy river 9, 88- 

Spring, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Stony creek 9, 18 

Tunnel, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Bill of Eights... , 198, 240, 248- 

Bills, Gen. Assembly 242 

Birch, trees 90 

Birds, coming 59,74 

For food 74 

Birth-months, population 190 

Biscuits, imported 136' 

Bitumen in Va. coals 42 

Bituminous coal 26, 33, 36, 37, 45, 46, 47 

Appalachian 46,224 

Cheap 113 

Exported 133 

Imported 134, 137, 141 

Mining 105 

New and Kanawha river 46, 224 

Semi (bituminous), Val 41 

Triassic 26, 119 

Va 45, 46 

Blacks — see Negroes and Mulattoes. 

Blacks and Whites, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Blackberries 59, 91 

Blackboards 203- 

Blacksburg, W. Va., C. & 254 

Va 204 

Blacksmiths, immigrant 147 

Coal 46 

Blacksmithing 94, 96, 99, 102, 105, 109, 115 

Blackwater river 226, 227 

Blades, corn ; 84 

Blake, Prof 23 

Bland county, grouped 6, 18^ 

Manufactures 108 

Negroes 266, 269 

Organized 272. 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269, 272 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Blank book, manufacture 97, 99 

Blankets, imported 138 

Blast fm-iiace, transportation 235 

Bhnd Institution 188, 208, 209 

Number, sex and race 187, 188- 

Block coal 113 

Blooming time, trees, &c 59 

Blossburg, Pa,, coal 45 

Blue book, British 89, 119 

Blue grass 33,71,85 

Bluestone river 9,18 

Blue Eiclge, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Smnniit, C. & 254 

Blue Eidge Grand Div 4, 6, 8, 15, 

Acreage 6, 65 

Adaptations 33 

Agriculture 33- 

Area 6, 65, 117 

Barley 79 

Beans 78 

Beef cattle 71 

Bees 7{)-- 

Blacks 175' 

Blue grass 71 



279 



Blue Ridge Grand Div — Continued. 

Brick clay 46 

Brunswick, compared 7 

Buckwheat , 76 

Building stones 39, 46 

Butter 66 

Cattle ■ 67, 71, 72, 73 

Cereals 77 

' Characteristics 8,15 

; Cheese 66 

Churches 197 

Clunate 49 

Clover seed 85 

Copper ores 39,46 

Corn 76, 77 

Cotton 87 

Counties 6, 15 

Cows 66 

Dau-yirig 68 

Deer 74 

Denommations 197 

Described 6, 8, 15 

Elevations 15 

Farm implements, value 65 

Fatms, No. and size 66 

Fertilizsrs 46 

Flax 85, 87 

Forests 39, 88, 90 

Foreign-born 177,178 

Formations 20,21,26, 27, 39 

Fruit 81 

Gardens, market 80 

■ Geology 20,21,26,39 

Glass sand 46 

Goats 76 

Grain 76 

Grapes ". 81, 82, 83 

Grass.... 84,85 

Grass seed 85 

Hay 85 

Hemp 87 

Home manufactures 92, 104 

Honey 70 

Hops 86 

Horses 74, 76 

Hunt, Prof, soils-. 39 

Implements, farm, value 65 

Iron ores 40, 41, 46, 224, 227, 229, 234 

Lands, value 65 

Live stock, value 75, 76 

Manganese 46 

Manufactures 92, 104, 105 

Maple suoar and molasses 82 

Meadows 85 

Minerals 46 

Molasses.. 82 

Mules 74, 76 

Natives 177, 178 

Negroes 175 

New river 9 

Oats 79 

Orcliards 80 

Oxen 72, 74, 76 

Peas 78 

Plateau 9,15 

Population 6, 175, 176, 177, 178 

Potatoes 78 

Proportion of Va 6, 7 

Rainfall 57 

Rocks 26 

Rye 76 



School statistics 202 

Seeds 85 

Sheep 69, 76 

Soils 31, 33, 39 

Sorghum molasses 82 

Square miles 6, 176 

Stock cattle 71 

Storms 64 

Sugar 82 

Sulphurets 39 

Swine 71, 76 

Tobacco 83 

Towns 193 

Trade, R. & D 223 

Turnpikes 218 

Vegetable products 76 

Vineyards 83 

Waters 8, 9 

Water power , 112 

Wax, bees 70 

Wlieat 76, 77 

Wliites 173 

Wine 81, 82,83 

Woodland 65, 88, 90 

Wool 69,76 

Blue Ridge Mountahi 4, 8, 15, 17, 27 

Afton, C. & O 223, 254 

Age, geological 23 

Agricultural 33, 220 

Area 70 

A., M. & 218, 219 

Brick and tu"e clay , 46 

Building stones 39,46 

C. & 221, 222, 224, 254 

Characteristics 15, 17 

Color 13, 17 

Copper ores 39, 220 

County lines 14, 15, 17, 27 

Coves 14 

Dairying 68, 220 

Described 15 

Elevations 14, 15 

Forests 88,90 

Formations 20, 21, 26, 27, 39 

Fruits 81, 83, 220 

Gaps 14, 15, 16 

Geology 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 39 

Grapes 83 

Harper's Ferry 16 

Height 14, 15 

Iron ores 40, 41, 220, 224, 227, 229, 234 

J., R. & K., through 232, 234 

Kaolin 41 

Linden, St., M 221, 253 

Manassas Branch R'd 221, 222 

Manganese 41 

Midland, view 13 

Minerals 46, 220 

Ocean shore 23 

Piedmont, next 14 

Plateau 9, 15 

Railways crossing. ..218, 221, 222, 227, 230 

Rocks 26 

Stages across 227 

St. A., M. &0 219, 251 

Soils 31, 33, 39, 220 

Sulphurets 39 

Summit, C. & 254 

Val. part 8, 15, 27 

Va. Mid 221 

Vineyards 83.: 



280 



Blue Ridge Mountain — Continued. 

Waters 8, 9 

Water poAver >, 112 

Watershed 8, 14, 15 

W. &0 227 

Winds 48 

Wine 83 

Board, cost at colleges 209, 215 

Of Education 199, 243 

Of Immigration 65, 243 

Of Public Works 38, 243 

Of Trustees W. &L 213 

Of Visitors U, of Va 207 

Boards, exported 130 

Boats, canal 150, 152 

Building, Tr 96 

Through A. & C 231 

Timber, for 89 

Boilers, steam, exported 128, 133 

Used 119 

Boiling Hall, J., R. &K 259 

Island, J., E. & K 259 

Landing, J., E. & K 259 

Bonds, State 245 

Bonsack's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Books, binding 94, 97, 99, 100, 115 

Exported 126 

Imported 138 

Printing 96 

Boot and shoes, manufacture.... 94, 96, 99, 100, 
102, 104, 105, 109, 115 

Exported 128 

Born, where population 177, 178 

Citizens 246 

Boroughs, debts 246 

Bosher's Dam, J., E. & K Ill, 259 

Boston, Mass., cotton trade. ..166, 168, 169, 170 

Market 81 

Manufactures 118 

Port 160 

Steamers to 163, 238 

Temperature 55 

Boston, St. P. A. L 224. 255 

Botetourt county, coal 28, 42 

Grouped 6, 17 

Lime 235 

Manufactures 105, 107, 108 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Botetourt Springs 228 

Bottling 116 

Bottoms 8, 12, 30, 32 

Boulton St. E., F, &P 225, 256 

Boundaries, Va Z 

Div 10,12, 14 

Bower's Hill St., S. & E 226, 258 

BoMie St. B. &P 256 

Box cars, exported 133 

Paper, making „ 97 

Tobacco, making 94, 99, 115 

Sliooks, exported 130 

Boykin's St. S. &E 226, 258 

Boys' preparatory schools 210 

Brady's Bend, Pa., coal 45 

Branchville, St. S. &E 226, 258 

Brands, inspection 248 

Brandy, exported 121 

St., Va. Mid 221, 252 

Brass founding 94,115 



IMf's of, imported 137, 140 

Brazil, coifee 159 

Cotton 171, 172 

Trade 124, 125 

Bread exported 126 

Making 94, 99, 100, 115 

Inspection 248 

Winners » 180 

Brecciated mai'ble 26, 34 

Bremen, cotton to 166, 168 

Tobacco to 84, 124, 125 

Bremo, J. E. & K 259 

BrcAver, Prof., U. S. forests 88 

Bribery, disfranchises 180, 247 

Brick clay 37, 41, 42, 46 

Exported 126 

Laying 116 

Making 94, 99, 102, 109, 116 

Bridgewater 228 

Brine, salt, analyses 44, 45 

Bristoe, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Bristol (Bristol-Goodson) 229 

Academies 210 

Female school 211 

St. A., M. & O 218, 219, 220, 252 

Britton, .J. B., analysis 43 

British America, natives 178 

"Blue book," iron 119 

Colony, Va 11 

Embassy 113 

Isles 10 

Possessions, cotton 171 

Trade 124 

Broad Eun, St. M 221, 253 

Eun 9 

Broadvvav, St. V 228, 257 

Brooke (Brooke's) St. E., F. & P 225, 256 

Brookland school 210 

Brooms 99, 126 

Brown hematite iron ores 87, 40, 41 

Analyses 43 

Coal near 45 

See Iron ores. 

Brown max'ble 42 

Stone 26, 33, 34, 46, 222 

Brown's Summit, N. C 255 

Brownstown (Carbonvale) C. & 254 

Brunswick county, cloudiness 64 

Grouped 5, 13 

Manufactures 98, 100, 101 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population 261, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Brunswick, Ger., area and population 7 

Brushes, exported 115 

• Making 126 

Brussels, temperature 55 

Buchanan (town), elevation Ill, 233, 260 

J. E. & K 223, 232, 233, 260 

St.V : 228,232 

Buchanan county, coal 45, 46 

Groujped 6,19 

Manufactm-es 108 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Buckhorn, St. S. & E 226 

Buckingham county, gold 35 

Grouped 5, 13 



281 



B Lieldiighani cour ty — Continued. 

Iron ores 35,36 

Manafactures 98,100 

Neg-roes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269 

Slates ; 34 

Slaves 269 

Soil 31 

Trias^ic 13 

Whites 264 

Buckaer's, St. C. & 223, 253 

Buck:kin, dressrng 105 

Buckton, St. M 221, 253 

Buckwheat 76 to 79 

Killed by frost 60 

Buffalo, city, N. Y 59, 60, 118 

Gap, St.. C. & 223, 254 

Mouth of, J. R. &K 260 

Bidge 12,37 

St. C. & 0.,W. Va 254 

Buford's, St. A., M. & 219, 252 

Buildmg, house 113, 116 

Sliip 151, 152 

Stones 33, 34, 39,41, 42 

Bull Eun Mts 12 

Bumpass', St. C. & 223, 253 

Bureau of Statistics... 87, 122, 125, 146, 165, 168 

Burford's, St. Va. Md 221, 2-52 

Burglary, convicts 193 

Burke's, St. Va. Mid 221,252 

Biu-ke\ine (Burke's) J'n A., M. & O. 

andK. &D 219, 224, 251, 255 

Bushes, for tan-bark 89 

Business, college, Va 213, 215 

Population 182 

School, W. &L 214 

Butchers 116, 147 

Butter, exported 128 

Inspection 248 

Made 66, 67, 68 

Milk for pound 67 

Value 67, 68 

Nuts-. 91 

Byrd St., st. Eich'd 256 

-Cabbage 81 

Cabinet furniture, imported 135, 138, 140 

Manufacture 94, 96, 104 

Woods 90 

Cadent 22 

Cadets, V. M. 1 203 

Cairo, Egypt, temperature 55 

111., di-stances 161 

Calcareous manures, Kuffiu 29 

Soils, Mid 31 

Calcium, chloride 45 

Calcutta, temperature 55 

Caldwell, St. C. & O 254 

California 3, 10, 24, 35 

Climate 61 

San Francisco 154 

Unimproved land , 66 

Wheat 78 

Callaghan's, St. C. & 223, 254 

Callie Furnace 43 

Calms 63 

Cambrian formation 20 to 23, 27 

Cambridge, Eng 25 

Cameron, St. Va. Mid - 252 

St. v., W. Va 257 

Campbell's, St. C. & O 221, 223, 252, 254 

36 



Campbell county, grouped 5, 13 

Iron ores 35, 36, 222 

Manufactures 98, 100, 101 

Millstones 34 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

Timber land 222 

Whites 264 

Canada 8, 10, 39, 64, 178 

Canal, Alexandria 235 

Boats 150, 152 

J. R. & K 113, 219, 232, 259 

Norfolk 166, 231 

North Carolina 163, 231 

Eichmond 238 

Candles, manufacture 97 

Exported 126 

Cannelton, St. C. & 254 

Cantelopes 81 

Canton, China, temperatm-e 55 

Canvas-back ducks 74 

Caj)e Henry 4 

Charles 10 

Capes, Va 10, 20, 154, 155. 

Channel, depth 236 

Capital, in manufacturing, 92 to 95, 98 to 100, 
102 to 109, 115, 234 

Eichmond, Va 238 

Taxed, how 245 

Washington, U. S 220, 222, 227 

Capitation tax 200 

Capon Road, St. V 227, 257 

Springs, W. Va 227 

Carbonate, lime, Tr 24 

Carbonite, Richmond 36, 37 

Carbon Hill, coal 36 

Montgomery coal 42 

Carboniferous, Appalachia 28, 45 

Era 22, 37, 49 

Formation 19, 20 to 23, 28 

Limestone 28 

Lower 22 

Series, Great..... 20, 21 

Sub- 20, 21 

Carding, wool 100, 103, 104, 107, 109 

Cargo, large cotton 167 

Carhn's Spring, St. W. & 227, 257 

Carolinas 12, 13, 54, 158 

Canals 163 

Cotton 162, 163, 168, 169 

Frost 59 

Iron ores 114 

Merchant-marine 151 

Eainfall 57 

Temperature 56 

Woodland 66, 68 

Caroline county, grouped 5, 13 

C. H , , 225 

Indians 272 

Manufactures 93, 94, 96 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269, 272 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Carroll county, grouped 6, 15 

Copper ore 39, 40 

Manufactures 104, 105 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 



282 



Carroll county — Continued. 

Water power 105 

Whites 264 

Carpenters, immigrant 147 

Carpentry 94, 96, 99,102,103,105 

Carpets, imported 138 

CarrsviUe, St. S. &E 226, 258 

Carriages, exported 126 

Manufactm-e 94, 96, 97, 99, 

102, 105, 106 

Timber for 90 

Carrington, Pres., C. S 233, 259 

Carrots 81 

Cars, exported 126, 133 

Manufacture ." 94, 99 

Timber for 90 

Carter's Mt 12 

Cartersville, J. R. & K 259 

Cases, Court of Appeals 243 

Cassimeres, imported 138 

Castings, exported 126 

Imported 140 

Castor beans , 86 

Catawba creek 17 

Gnapes 81 

Catlett's, St. Va. Md 221, 252 

Catskill formation 22, 28 

Cattle, 71, 73, 75 

Great Britain 72 

Cedar Creek, St. V 257 

Point J., Ft. &K 259 

Trees 90 

Celery 81 

Cement, manufacture 105, 109 

Mills, J., R. & K 260 

Census, U. S. 1870 7, 56, 162, 175 

U. S. 1800 92, 96, 175 

Cenozoic 21, 22 

Central Asia 3 

Atlantic States 124 

Europe, trees 89 

Lunatic Asylum 189 

R'd, N. Y., distances 157 

States, U. S., rainfall 57 

St., A., M. & 219, 251 

Water-line, U. S., J., R. & K 224, 232 

Centre of population, U. S 113, 176 

Cereals, Va. & Div 76, 80 

Chamber of Commerce, Kiclimond..34,84,89,125 

Champlain, lake, non mf 114 

Valley 27 

Chandler's Mt 12 

Chanuel-ways, Va., depth 236 

Chaplain, Univ. of Va., 207 

Charcoal, wood 90, 91 

For ton of iron 41 

Charity, State 188, 189 

Charles City county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactm-es 93, 96 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

Wliites • 264 

Charlotte county, grouped 5, 13 

Manufactm*es 98 

ISTegroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

"\Vhites 264 

Charleston (—Kanawha), St. C & O... 254 

Rainfall 57 



Charlotte, IST. C 255 

Charleeton, S. C, coffee 159 

Cotton trade 169, 170 

Phosphates 39 

Tenjperature 55 

Charlestown, St. V 228, 229, 257 

CharlottesvUle, St. C. & 221, 223, 252 

Institute 210, 211 

Population , 192 

R'd to 229 

Univ. of Va .192, 205, 20S 

Chart, isobars 63 

Rainfall 56 

Charters, how granted 244 

Chatham, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Cheese, Va. & Div 6(> 

Exported 12S 

Factories 67' 

U. S 67 

Chemicals, mf'd, Tr 94,97, 9» 

Imported 135 

Chenning group 22, 28 

Cherries 81, 91 

Cherry Hill, St. A. & F 225, 256 

Cherrystone, commerce 142, 143, 144, 157 

Merchant-marine 151 

Steamer 238 

Chesapeake Bay 3. 4, 153, 227, 236 

Canals to 231 

Channel-ways 155, 160, 236 

Distances from 237 

King, on 159 

Oysters and fish 73 

Rainfall 57 

Shore 10, 11 

Waters to 8, 9, 10, 238 

Chesapeake & DelaAvare Canal 231 

And Ohio Canal- 160, 220, 235 

Chesapeake& Ohio Railroad (C. & 0.)...15, 111, 

113, 222, 225, 228 

Canal, J. R. & K. to 232, 233 

Connections 228, 156, 221, 219, 220 

Distances.... 157, 253, 254 

Elevations 4, 253, 254 

Iron making on 113, 235 

Stations 222, 253, 254 

Termini 157, 160, 223, 230, 238, 239 

Cheshire, Eng., salt 45 

Chester, St, R. & P 225, 226, 256 

Chesterfield county, coal 35, 36, 22S 

Indians 272 

Iron ore 35 

Manchester > 191 

Manufactiu-es 98, 100, lOL 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 261, 264, 267, 269, 272 

Railroad St 220, 22S 

Slaves 269 

Triassic 26 

Whites 264 

Chestnut creek 9- 

Trees and nuts 90, 91 

Chicago 118, 142, 144 

Cliickahominy river 8, 11, 158, 238 

Peninsula 5 

Valley 227 

ChUdi-en, citizens 243 

Birth-month 190 

Chili, copper 40 

Cliiua 10, 41, 53, 82, 171 

Grove, St. P. A. L 255 



283 



Chinese 175, 178, 179, 271 

Chincoteague island oysters 74 

Cliinquapins 91 

Clilorides, salt 45 

Chlorite, Pied 26 

Cliowan river 9, 226 

Clu'istians, denomination 195, 197, 198 

Female college 211 

Christia.nsburg, St. A., M. & 17, 219, 251 

Cliromates 35 

Chronicle, Financial, IST. Y 160 

Chub 73 

Cliiila, St. K. & D 224, 255 

Chur.ch, American of Eng 196 

Provision, University 207 

Schools 210 

Statistics, Va. and Div ' 195-198 

Cigars, mf'd., Tr 94, 97, 99, 102, 105, 115 

Imported 134 

Cincinnati, centre, population 177 

Distances 161 

Eainfall 59 

Temperatm'e 53, 55, 56 

Circuit courts 243, 244 

Citizen 180, 246 

Disfranchised 247 

Population 179 

Cities, commercial 191 

Courts 244 

Debts.. 246 

, Government 245 

Population 191 et seq. 

Va 191, 201 

Clarke county, grouped '. 6, 17 

Manufactures 105, 107, 108 

Xegroes 267, 269 

Population 262, 264, 267, 269 

S. V. R'd 229 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Winds 63 

Clark's Gap, St. W. & 227, 257 

Mt 12 

St. A., M. & O 252 

Clarksburg, W. Va 177 

Clarksville 225, 229 

Classifications, geological 22 

Clay, brick 34, 37, 40. 46 

London 24 

Pied 37 

Tr 23, 24, 29 

Val 41 

Clay's, St. A;, M. & 219, 251 

Clearances, Va 123, 142, 143, 144 

Clergymen, immigrant .• 147 

Va 196 

Clerks, immigrant 147 

Va. Com-ts 244 

Cleveland, O., rainfall 61 

Clifton Forge, St. C. & 4, 43, 223, 254 

Forge, J. K. & K Ill, 232, 233, 234 

St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

School 210 

Climate 48, 64, 110, 112, 113 

Eastern U.. S 56, 59 

Norfolk 164 

Clinch river 9, 18,19 

Counties 6 

Coal 45 

Sale 44 

Woodlands 88 



Clinton iron ores 43 

Clothing, manufacture 94, 99, 103, 105, US 

Imported 138 

Clover Hill St 226 

Hill R'd ■ 23a 

Hay 85 

Seed, exported 130 

Seed produced 85 

St. R. & D 226, 255 

Coal, analyses 36,37 

Anthracite, cost 11^5 

Appalachian 28, 45, 46, 49, 224, 227 

Augusta Co 28, 41 

Botetourt Co 28, 42 

Buchanan Co 45- 

Cheap 109, lia 

Clinch river 28, 45 

Cumberland 234 

Distribution 228 

Exported 121, 126, 133 

Groups 21 

Gas, Eich " 98 

Great Britain , 36 

Imported 125, 134, 136, 141 

Kanawha 233- 

Mining, Tr 94, 99 

Montgomery Co 28, 41 

Macfarlane, on American 37 

Measures 20 et seq. 

New River 234 

Richmond 36,37 

Semi-anthracite 27,41 

Taylor's Statistics 3ft 

Va 27, 28, 45, 111 

Val 27, 41, 42 

Wise Co 45 

Coalburg, St. C. & O 254 

Coalfield, St. R. & D 224, 255- 

Coal Pits, R'd 230- 

Coalsmouth, St. C. & 254 

Coast Range mts., Va 12, 14, 2ft 

Survey, U. S 15, 155, 156, 23ft 

Coastwise trade 142, 143, 144 

Cobalt, in iron ore 38 

Cobham, St. G. & 221, 223, 252, 254 

Cocoons, silk 76- 

Code, Va 198, 246 

Cofiee trade, Rich 125, 133, 134 

Brazil, U. S 159 

Markets 224 

Coggins' Point 23 

Coiioke, St. R. Y. R. & C 258 

Coke, natural 36 

New River 113, 234 

Cold Spring furnace iron.. 38 

Coleman's,'^ St. P. A. L 255 

Fall Dam, J. R. & K 260- 

College, Va. Ao-r. and M 199, 201, 204 

Colleges, attendance 217 

Female 211 

Male 211 

Statistics 215, 216, 217 

Teachers from 210 

Collegiate Institute 211 

Colombia, S. A., cottoii 171 

Colonial times 13 

Church , 196 

Colored scliool statistics 201, 202 

See Blacks and Negroes. 



284 



■Columbia, District of — see D. C. 

Gneiss, J. E. & K 34 

J. E.&K 259 

Valley ." 24 

Colver Institute 218, 215 

eommancler-in-chief 243 

Commercial College, Richmond 213, 125 

Commonwealth attorney, of county 244 

Condition reported 243 

Districted for Legislature 241 

Secretary of 243 

Common Law, Eng., in forco 248 

Commerce, course of study 214 

Results 121, 142 

Commissioner of Revenue, county 244 

U. S. Immigration 146 

Wrecks 248 

Comorn, King George, frosts 60 

Haying 59 

March Aveather 59 

Plowing , 60, 61 

Rainfall 57, 58, 61 

Temperatures 50, 52, 53, 55 

Wheat harvest 60 

Concord, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Concord, St. P. A. L 255 

Coniterae, Va 88, 91 

Confectionery, exported 130 

Made,Tr 94, 99, 105, 116 

Connecticut, area ?-nd iDOiJulation 7 

Ages, population 184 

Birth-month 190 

Climate 54, 59 

College students 217 

Conglomerate 21, 28 

Salt in 44 

Consumption 112 

Cotton, U. S 170 

Cotton, Europe 172 

Concrete material 33 

Contracts, immigrant 246 

Lmolable 242 

Recorded 244 

Constables, election, &c 244 

Evcrjr one 194 

Connellsville coke 234 

Conemaugh, Pa 46 

•Confederate War, Military Institute... 204 

Salt-making 44 

Congress, American Science 39 

- Districts 247 

Statistical Atlas, ordered by U. S. 53, 88 

C( nstitution : Bill of Riglits 240 

Common Law of Eng , 248 

How changed 246 

Provisions 240 to 246 

Public scliools 203 

Religious provisions, Va 198 

U. S., supreme law 240 

Constantinople, temperature 53, 55 

Consul, attests immigrant contracts... 246 

Contention, J. R. & K 259 

Continent, the, cotton to 166 

Convolvulus batatas 79 

Cooperage, Tr 94, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105, 116 

Copperas 28 

Copper, analysis of ore 35 

B. R 3n, 40, 44 

Creek 9, 18 

Mid 21, 33, 35 

Manufactures of, imported 137 



Copper — Continued. 

JSlhiing 102, 103 

Ores 46 

Pied 39 

Smelting 104 

Smithing, Tr 94, 97, 104, 107 

Corniferous formation 22, 28 

Corn, lands 32,220 

Meal, inspection 248 

Meal, Richmond 115 

Planting 61 

Production, Va. and Div 76, 77 

Raised, per capita, U. S 80 

Cork, cotton to 168 

Cordage, imported 140 

Making, Tr 94,99 

Corporate schools 210 

Corporation courts 248 

Cost, labor 92 to 95, 114 

Making iron, J. R. & K 234 

Raw materials 92 to 95, 113 

Supporting paupers 193 

Cotton, American, marketed, 166, 168, 171, 172 

A. M. &0 220 

Bales, weight 170 

Belt, U. S; 162 

Belt, Va 86, 227 

Crop, U. S 87, 162, 167, 170 

Consumption, U. S 170 

Consuming centres 163 

Cargoes, Norfolk ljS7 

Export, Va 126, 164 

Exported 163-170 

Exchange, N. & P 165, 166 

European consumption 172 

Factors, Grandy & Sons 164 

Goods, mf'd. Mid. & ]!^, E. States, 161 

Gi'own 169 

Great Britain 170 

Goods exported 133, 138 

Import, Great Britain 171 

Lands 220 

Manufacture, South 87 

Manufacture, Tr 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, 116 

Maps, U. S 162, 170 

Marketed 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 

Norfolk and Portsmouth 161-170 

Producing countries 171 

Production, largest 162 

Production, U."S 170 

Production, Va 86 

Presses 167 

Pamphlet, So. F. Co 167-171 

Ports, southern 169 

Port, map, Landmark 170 

Price, N. Y. and Liverpool 170 

Rags, exported 130 

Railways 162 

Reception and distribution 163, 239 

States 162 

Year 165 

Zone, U. S 53, 54, 162 

Cotton Hill, St. C. & O 254 

County, Board of Supervisors 244 

Courts 243,244 

Courts appoint road overseers 245 

Property, not taxed 245 

Supt. Scliools « 200, 201 

Treasurer and Clerk 244 

Counties, Assembly districts 241 

Census 98, 261 to 271 



285 



Counties — Continued. 

Com-ts 243, 244 

Debts, not paid by State 246 

Magisterial districts 244 

Officers 244 

Va 4,201 

Council, cities and towns 245 

Courts, Api^eal, Circuit and County... 243 

Judges, appointed 243, 244 

Jurisdiction 243, 244, 248 

Justices 248 

Sessions, wlien and where 244 

Conntries compared 7 

Covington, on section 4 

St. C. & 223, 254 

Water-power Ill 

Coves, Pied, and Blue Ridge 14 

Covesville, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Cowan's, St. V 228, 257 

Cow-pasture river 4, 9, 18 

Cowes, Eng., cotton to 168 

Cows, milch, price 75 

U. S., and profits 67 

Va. and Div 66 

Craig county, grouped 6, 18 

Manufactuies 108. 109 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 262, 264, 267, 269 

Eailroad, proposed 229 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Craigsville, St. C. & 223, 254 

Craig's creels and J. R. & K 232 

Crane's, St. C. & 0„ J23,. 254 

Crab apples 91 

Orcliard creek, coal 46 

Crackers, imported 134 

Making 104 

Cranberries 91 

Creeks, tidal. State property 249 

Creek-ducks 74 

Credit, State 245 

Cresson, Pa., coal 45 

Cretaceous period 21, 22, 25 

Crews, to and from Va 142 et seq. 

Cripple creek 9 

Crime, freedom from 193, 194 

Va. statistics 193 

Crichtun's Store, cloudhiess 64 

Winds 63 

Crockett's, St. A., M. & 252 

Cronstadt, cotton to 168 

Crossing, river, J. R. & K 260 

Cuba 10 

Tobacco 84 

Trade with 124 

Culpeper county, building stones 34 

Gold 35 

Grouped 5, 13, 14 

High school 210 

Iron ore. 38, 39, 222 

Manufactm-es 102, 103 

ISTegroes 267, 269 

Population 262, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

Va. Midland R, in 221 

Whites 264 

Culpeper (town), population 192 

St. Va. Mid 221,252 

Stage to 228 

Culture, higher 213 



Cumberland Gap and Mt., iron ores... 43 

Gap, proposed R'd to 220, 229 

Md., temperature , 54 

Md., coal 234, 235 

Md., canal to mines 220, 235 

Valley, Pa 27, 54 

Cumberland county, grouped 5,13 

Kaolin 34 

Manufactures 98 

Negroes 267, 269t 

Population 262, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

Triassic 3ft 

Whites 264 

Currituck Sound 158; 

Cushaw Dam, J. R. & K 260' 

Customs-districts, Va., clearances and 

entrances 142, 143. 144 

Exports ' 132 

Imports 132 

Merchant-marine 151 

Tonnage 150' 

Cut, ]Sr. C. Canal 231 

Cutlery, exported 128 

Cycads, Age of 22 

Cyclopasdia, American 172 

Cypress 90 

Daddow, Kanawha coals 234 

Dairy, country for 33, 85 

Loudoun Co 68 

Products, Va. and Div 66 

Products, U. S 66 

Damages, limit, justices' court 248' 

Dana,>rof., Rich. Coal-field 37 

Dan river, counties 5' 

Improved 236 

Watei-s ..„9, 14, 15 

Daiiville, Female College 211 

Isotherm of 54 

Manufacturing centre 98 

Population 192, 221 

Statistics of 221 

Triassic rocks and coal near 26 

Va. Mid. & P. A. L. at. ..220, 221, 224, 227, 
230, 234, 253, 255 

Danube Valley, temperatm-e 53- 

Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institution 208, 209- 

Deaf-hautes attending 188, 208- 

Weather report from 62,63 

Deaf-mute population 188 

Debt, collection, not stayed by law 246 

Counties or cities. State may not 

pay... 246 

Property, exempted from levy for, 246 

Rebellion, not pay 245 

State may not contract 245 

Declaration of BiU of Rights, organic 

law 240 

December, births '. 190 

Temperature and rainfall • 58 

U. S 60 

Deed, citizenship relinquished by 246 

Deer 246, 24& 

Deep water R. R. termini , 239 

Degrees, Agi\ & Mech. Coll 204 

University of Va 506- 

De Leon, E., cotton crop 87 

Delegates, House of, bills, how acted on, 246 

Composition 241 

Spealcer, how chosen , 242 

Speaker, member of B'd of Impi... 243^ 



286 



WIio may become members 242 

Delaware & Karitan Canal 160, 232 

Canal to Bay 231 

State, grouped 3 

Delaplane, St. M.Br 253 

Delhi, temperature 55 

Denmark, immigrants 146 

Dentistry, Pied 103 

Val 106 

Denominations, religious 195et seq. 

Distribution 197 

Eanlv 196 

Department of Agriculture, U. S. Re- 
port 25, 59, 77 to 80 

Descent and alienage 247 

Detroit, Mich., manufactures 118 

Devonian, Ap» 20, 21, 22 

Formation 20, 21, 22 

Period 22 

Valley counties 27 

Va. equivalents 21, 22 

Dewberries, wild 91 

Dimmock, St. C. & 254 

Dimensions, Va 3 

Dinwiddie countj^ gronj)ed 5, 13 

Indians 272 

Manufacturing in 98, 100 

ISTegroes .-. 267, 269 

Population of Petersburg in 191 

Population.. 262, 264, 167, 267, 272 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Direction of Winds, Staunton 62 

Other Va. stations 63 

Districts, Congressional 247 

Customs, Va. and trade 142 

Magisterial (or Townsliip) 245 

Magisterial, divided into Road 245 

School 200, 245 

Vessels, Richmond , 238 

Distribution of temperature 53 

Dismar Swamp Canal trade 231 

Forests 88 

Dispatcli, Richmond 89, 97, 125, 133, 221 

Dispatch, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 

Disputanta, St. A., M. & 218, 251 

Diseases, Va 112 

Distilhng 97, 99 

App 109 

B. E 104 

Richmond 116 

Val 106 

Distances, J. R. & K. Canal from West, 161 

Dock, Richmond 89, 233 

Domestic cotton trade, U. S 163 

Dominion of Canada, trade 124 

Dora Coal Mines, Augusta Co 42 

Dorset, Eng., formations 24, 25 

Douglas, Supt 258 

Dover, J. R. & K 259 

Mils, J. R. & K 2.59 

Drake's Brancli, St. P. A. L 255 

Drainage S. W. Va 19 

Val 16 

Drewry's Bluff, St. R. &P 226 

Drugs, exported 126 

Imported 137 

Dryland, first Va 23 

Dry Fork, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Dublin, St. A., M. & 219, 252 

Dubuque, (lo.), seasons 59 



Ducks, varieties, Va, 74 

Duelling, disfranchises 193, 247 

Dunlaj)'s Creek 18. 

Dundee, St. Va. Mid. and P. A. L 253, 256 

Dyerle's, St. A., M. & O 219, 251 

Dyestone iron ore.... 43 

Dyeing, Mid 99 

Rich 116 

Earthenware, imported 134, 137 

Eastern Lunatic Asyliuii 189 

Markets 71 

Eastern Sliore, castor beans 86 

Climate 50-64 

Counties 11 

Isotlierm 54 

Peninsula 5 

East Falls Church, St. W. & O 257 

Eastport, Me., temperature 55 

Eastville isotlierm 54 

East wind 62,63 

Edmburg, Scot., rainfall 59 

Temperature 55 

Edinburg, St. V 228, 257 

Education, advanced 203 

Board 199 

Fund, Peabody 201 

Head, Va system 205, 207 

Higlier 205 

Provision, Va 199-217 

Public f ree scliool 199 

Results, Va 200, 202, 216 

Egvpt, cotton 171, 172 

Elba, St. R., F. & P 256 

Elections, Va., 241-244, 247 

Vote cast 180 

Elevations 12-16, 251-260 

Elizabeth City county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population 191, 262, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

Temperature 52 

Whites 264 

Elizabeth Furnace iron ore 43 

St. C. & 223, 254 

Elizabetli river, canals to 231 

Harbor 155, 158, 238 

Elk Creek u'on ore 35 

.Creek Mills, J. R. & K 259 

Hill, J. R. & K 259 

Ellerslie, J. R. & K 259 

Elmer, W. F 257 

Elmiugton, Class, and Mil. School 21© 

St. Va. Md 221, 252 

Embezzlement, disfranchises 247 

Emory and Henry College 209, 212, 215 

St. A., M. & 219, 252 

Encrinal marbles 42 

Endless Mts 8 

England, area and population 7, 8 

Carboniferous limestone 28 

Church, Va 196 

Climate 61 

College attendance 217 

Common Law 248 

Cotton consumption 172 

Dimensions 3 

Formations 23, 24, 25 

Hops 86 

Immigrants 146, 178, 225 

Infants, stu'viving. 190 



287 



IS, ngland — Contimied. 

Sulphurets used 

Wheat per acre 

Wm. & Maiy College. 
Eiiff. and Minina' Jour 



39 

77 

211 

39 

Engineers, educated .'....204, 206, 207 

Immigrant 147 

U. S. Chief, report 155, 237 

U. S., Cent. Water-line 233 

Engine makers, immigrant..... 147 

Enteric diseases, Va 112 

Eocene 22-24 

Eozoic 13, 20-22, 25 

Epidote 26, 31, 34, 37 

Episcopal ITigh School 210 

Episcopal, P. E., cliurch 195-198 

Chaplain, U. of Va 207 

William & Mary Coll 211, 215 

Estate, aliens may hold real 247 

Infants 242 

Essex county grouped .,. 5, 11 

Manufactures 93 

Negroes 266, 269 

Population ..262, 264, 266, 269 

Slaves 269 

Whites 264 

Europe, cotton consumption 172 

Isotherms 53 

Evangelical Alliance 195 

Evergreen, St. A., M. & O 251 

Evington, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Exchange, Cotton, I^. & P 165, 166 

Merchants & M., Norfolk 82, 165 

Executive, Va., Governor 242 

Lt. Governor may become 243 

School system 199 

Exemption, homestead 246 

Property 246 

Expenditures, public 246 

Exports 121-152 

Cotton 164-170 

Extremes, temperature 50-52 

Faber's Mills, St. Va. Mid 221 

Eacilities, manufacturing, Va 109 

Pair Oaks, St. K., Y. Pt. & C 227, 258 

Eau-fax county, Chinese 271 

Epis. High School 210 

Game laws 249 

Grouped 5, 13 

Manufactures ...98, 100, 101 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 262, 264, 267, 269, 271 

Slaves 269 

Temperature 55 

Triassic 13 

Whites 264 

Eairfax, St. Va. Mid 221 

Fairfield, V 228 

Fall Creek, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Falling river iron ore 35 

Falls Church, St. W. & 227, 257 

Fredericksburg 326 

James river 94, 233 

Va. cities at 191 

Fancy Hill Academy 210 

Goods exported 127 

Fares, railroad 224-227 

Farmers, immigrant 146 

Farms, number and size 66 

Value, stock..., 75 

Earmville, brownstoue 26 



Coal 37 

Population 192 

K'd proposed 229 

St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Father citizen, child 246 

Fauquier county grouped 5, 14 

Gold 35 

High schools 210 

Ma'rble 34, 37 

Manufactures 102, 103 

Negroes 267, 269 

Population 262, 264, 267, 269 

Slaves 269 

Triassic 13 

Va. Mid 221 

Warrenton 192 

Whites 264 

February, cliildren born 190 

Rainfall 58 

Season , 61 

Temperatui'es 50, 51 

Federal District — see District of Columbia. 

Fees, legal, prior claim 246 

Felony disfranchises 180, 247 

Felspar 25 

Females, age 181-186 

Attending school 202 

Blind 187, 208 

Colored — see Negroes. 

Colleges 211, 219 

Deaf-mute 188, 208 

Died, age 188 

Immigrant 145 

Insane 189 

Negro — see Negroes. 

Nativity '. 179 

Proportion to males , 186, 187 

School age 179, 180, 201, 202 

Fence law 249 

Fertilizers, manufactiu-e, Mid 99, 101 

Pied 102, 103 

Rich 97 

Ferries, Alexandria 237 

Fernandina, cotton exported 169 

Fern Spring, St. C. & 254 

Figs raised 81 

Findlay's Mt 12 

Fire-arms, manufacture, B. R 104 

Mid 99 

Tr 94, 97 

Val 106, 107 

Exported 128 

Fish, exported 128 

Imported 138 

Trade, by canal 231 

Va . 73 

Fish Haul, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 

Fisheries, shad 99 

Tr 94, 96 

Fisk& Hatch 157-160 

Fiume, tobacco to 84 

Flax crop = _ 87 

Cultivation , 85-87 

Exported 121, 130 

Manufactures imported 135, 138 

Seed raised 85 

Flint 25 

Floods 58, 60 

Florida, cotton exported 169 

Frost 61 



288 



Mour and meal manufacture, App 109 

B. R 104 

Mid 99, 100 

Pied 102, 103 

Rich 97, 115 

Tr 94, 96 

Val 106, 107 

riouv and meal, exported 125, 126, 133 

Inspection 248 

Mowering time 59 

Floyd county, copper 39 

Grouped 5, 15 

Manufactures 104 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 264, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 264 

Fluvanna county, grouped 5, 13 

Gold 35 

Manufactures 98, 101 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 264, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 264 

Flux, limestone 41 

Food, abundant 110, 113 

Birds 74 

Cattle 73 

Foreign-born 177-179, 193 

Forest (or Forest ville), St. V 228, 257 

St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Forest, distribution 88,90 

Fruits and nuts 91 

Products 88 

Forks, Slienandoah 16, 17 

Formations, App 20, 21, 27, 28 

B. R 20, 21, 26 

Classified 22 

Equivalents 22 

Geological 20-29 

Mid 20, 21, 25 

New York , 22 

Order 20, 21 

Pa 22 

Pied.! ..20, 21, 26 

Tr 20, 21, 23 

Val : 20, 21, 27, 28 

Va 20-29 

Va. Reports 21,22 

Va. map 21 

Form of government 240 

Fort Monroe 4, 59, 238 

Runyon, St. W. & A 256 

Sneliing, temperatm-e 55 

Spring, St. C. & 254 

Fossil ho n ore 28 

Foundries, Rich 115 

Four MUe Run, St. W. & A 256 

Fowl, shooting, law 249 

Wild 74 

Fox Mt. h-on ore 40 

France, exports to 125 

Formations 24, 25 

Horses 74 

Immigrants 146 

Natives, Ya 178 

Proportion of infants 190 

Sheep and wool 69 

Wheat per acre 78 

Franconia, St. B. & P 225, 256 

Franklhi gold mine 34 



W. Va 22S 

Franklin county grouped 5,15 

Magnetite and lead 39 

Manufactures 102, 103 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 264, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Stages to 219 

Whites 264 

Fredericksburg, Academy 210 

Location 12, 13, 225 

Manufactures 100, lOL 

Navigation 155, 237 

Population 191 

Railroads 223, 225, 230, 2.56 

St. R., F. &P 225,256- 

Steamers 237 

Water-power 226, 237 

Frederick county, grouped 6, 17 

Manufactures 105, 107 

Negroes 267,270- 

Population 262, 264, 267, 270 

Shenandoah Val. Acad'y-> 210 

Slaves 270 

Whites 264 

Winchester 191 

Frederick's Hall, St. C. & 253- 

Freedom of press 241 

Free public schools 199-217 

Students, colleges 204, 205 

Students, University 207,208 

Freight rates 113, 114, 218-239- 

Friends, or Quakers, Va 195, 198 

Frogs, croaking time ; 61 

Front Royal. St. M 15, 221, 229, 253 

Frosts, Va. and elsewhere 59-61, 112 

Fruits, country for 8L 

Exported 136 

Imported 137, 141 

Va 80- 

Fuel, cheap 47, 111, 113 

Fund, Peabody Education , 201 

Furnaces, J. R. & K 234, 235 

Furniture, manufacture, App 109- 

Mid m 

Pied 102, 103 

Rich 117 

Tr 94, 96, 97 

Val 106, 107 

Furniture, imported 125, 130^ 

School liouse 203 

Gainesville, St. M 221, 253 

Gait's Mills, J. R. & K 259 

Quarry, J. R. & K 260 

Galveston, Tex., coifee-port 159 

Cotton trade 169, 170 

Game 74,249 

Gaps, mountain, elevation 15 

Gardens, herb and seed 86- 

Marketand home 81 

Natural, App 22 

Seeds exported 130 

Garrett, analysis 40 

Garysburg, St. P 258 

Gary's. St. S. &R 227,258 

Gas manufacture. Mid 99 

Rich 97, llfr 

Tr 94 

Val 106 

Gaston Br. R'd 230 

Junction, St. P. & W 226 



289 



Geese, wild 74 

Genoa, cotton to 16S 

Genth, analyses , 37,38 

General Assembly, Va, elects officers, 242, 244 

Legislative body 241 

Powers 198, 242, 245 

Senators, U. S., elected by 247 

General Government, U.S., J. K.&K., 219, 232 

Lands donated 204, 205 

Maps 112 

Navigable rivers, improves 231 

Powers limited 240 

Geology, App 20, 21, 28 

B. B 20, 21, 26 

Dana's Manual 37 

Mid 20, 21, 25 

New Jersey 49 

New York 22 

Pennsylvania 22 

Pied 20, 21, 26 

Systems 22 

Tr 20, 21 

Tennessee 43 

Va., Prof. Rogers 20-29 

Geological formations classified 20-22 

Equivalents 22 

Survey, Canada 39 

Names 20-22 

Geographer, Maury 154 

Geography, Guyot's Physical 56 

Va 3-19 

Georgetown 10, 155 

Georgia, cotton crop 169 

Cotton trade , 168, 169 

Eozoic 13 

Isotherms 54 

Merchant-marine 151 

Railroad to. 222 

German Reformed Church 195-198 

High scliool 210 

Germany, college attendance 217 

Immigration 146 

Insane from 189 

Natives 178 

. Trade 124 

Ghio, Supt 258 

Gibb, analysis 35 

Giles county, grouped 6, 18 

Indians 272 

Manufactures 108, 109 

Negroes :. 267, 270 

Population 262, 264, 267, 270, 272 

Railroad proposed ■. 229 

Slaves , , 270 

Whites 264 

Gillmore, Gen., coal, J. R. & K 233 

Ginseng, App 91 

Gironde, Fr., Tertiary 24 

Gish's, St. A.,M. & 219, 251 

Gladesville 46 

Glade Spring, St. A., M. & 219, 230, 252 

Glasgow, Scot., cotton to 168 

Formation on 29 

Glass, exported 126 

Imported 137, 140 

Sand 33, 46 

Works 116 

Globes, public schools 203 

Gloucester county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 267, 270 

37 



Population .....262, 264, 267, 270 

Slaves 2'''0 

Whites 2 54 

Gloucester peninsula 5, il 

Point, landing , 227 

Rainfall 57 

Gloves, imported 137 

Manf'd, Val 106, 107 

Gneiss 23, 25, 34, 46 

Goats, Angora 70 

Va 70 

Golden Gate, Cal 154 

Gold belt, Va 34, 223, 225 

Mines 33-35, 46 

Mining 99, 103 

Va. yield 35 

Goldsboro', N. C 226 

Goochland county grouped 5, 18 

Mica 34 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262,264, 267, 270 

Slaves • 270 

Triassic 13,26 

Whites 264 

Goode's, St. A., M& O 219, 251 

Goods, imported 138 

Goodson-Bristol, St. A., M. & O 219, 252 

Gooseberries 81 

Goose creek 9,14 

Gordonsville, railroad proposed 226, 230, 237 

St. C. &0 4, 156, 223, 253 ■ 

St. Va. Mid '. 221, 252 

Goshen, St. C. & 223, 254 

Gosport navy yard 231 

Gottenburg, cotton to =.. 168 

Government, Va 240-249 

Governor, Va., the Executive 242 

Member of Boards 199, 243, 247 

Graded schools 199, 200, 203 

Grand Divisions, Va 4, 5 

Larceny convicts 193 

Grandy & Sons..... 164, 165 

Granite, B. R 39, 46 

Building 33 

Mid 34 

Quarries 225 

Rocks 20, 21, 23, 25, 33 

St. P. A. L 234, 255 

Grass, App 33, 69, 72, 85 

Blue Ridge 32, 33 

Hoppers, Neb 59 

Pied.-. 32, 85 

Seeds 85 

Tr 32,85 

Val 32, 33, 85, 220 

Va 67, 81-84 

Zones 54 

Grayson county, copper 39 

Grouped 5, 15 

Iron ore 40 

Manufactures 104, 105 

Mountains 15 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Grazing land 224 

Great App. coalfield 45, 46, 49 

App. Valley 228, 229 

Carboniferous 20, 21 

South, by King 158 



290 



Great Britain, blind from... 188 

Cattle 72 

Insane from 189 

Natives, Va 178 

Population and area 10 

Sheep and wool 69 

Swine 71 

Working animals 74 

Great Kanawlia river 46 

Coalfield 224 

Great Valley of Va 4, 8, 15, 17, 18, 54 

Ag. and M. CoU 204 

A. M. & 218, 219 

Climate 52, 54 

Minerals 41 

Soils 32 

V. M. 1 203 

V. R-d 228 

See Valley. 

Green JBay, St. C. & O 223, 253 

St. P. A. L 224, 255 

Greenbrier river 4, .57 

J. E. & K. down 232 

Greene county, grouped 5, 15 

Manufactures 102, 103 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population.... 262, 265, 267, 270 

SlEwes 270 

Wliites 265 

Green Mts 12 

Greensboro', N. C 255 

Green Springs, St. C. & 223, 253 

Greenstone 26, 32, 33, 39 

Greensville county, cotton 86 

Grouped 5, 13 

Manufactm-es 98,100 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Greenville, V 228 

Greenway, J. R. & K 259 

Greenwich, Eng., long, from 3 

Greenwood, St. C. & 323, 254 

Gregory ship, cotton cargo 167 

Grifiitli's Knobs, on section 4 

St. C.& O 254 

Grocery line, C. & O 224 

Trade through Va 139 

Grocers, immigrant 147 

Grove, K. B. ship, cotton cargo 167 

Grouping of counties..... 5-19 

Grubb's, St. A. M. & 252 

Guano, imported 137, 140 

Guest's River 9, 45 

Guiana, British, cotton from 171 

Trade 124 

Guilford, St. W. & 227, 257 

Guiney's (or Guinea's), St. R.,F. & P.. 225, 256 

Gum Arabic, imported, 134, 137 

Guns, imported 137 

Sold 117 

Gunsmiths, R'd 116 

Guyandotte (or Guyandot), St. C. & O. 254 

Guyot, Prof., America ..'. 49 

Climate 56 

Elevations 14, 15 

Grouping Va 3 

Pliysical Geography 56 

Quoted 7 

Rainfall tables 58 



Gulf of Mexico, climate 49 

Cotton belt.... 162, 163 

Distances via 161 

Gulf-States, merchant-marine 151 

Gulf-stream 10 

Gypsum, analysis 44 

App '. 28, 33, 44 

Imported 125, 133, 134, 137, 141 

Salt with 45 

Tr. clays 24 

Habeas corpus 243 

Hagerstown, Md 229 

Hair, mf's, imported 138 

Halfway, St. R. &P 226, 256 

Halifax county, gold belt 34 

Grouped 5, 13 

Manufactures 98, 101 

Negroes ' 267, 270 

Plumbago 35 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Wlntes 265 

Halifax, N. S., tobacco to 84 

Hall's, St. A. M. & 252 

Halltown, St. V 257 

Halsey's, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

Hamilton, formation 22, 28 

St. W. .t O 227, 257 

Hampden Sidney college 212, 213, 215, 219 

Triassic near 26 

Hampton, harbor and location 159, 162, 239 

Rainfall 57 

Season notes 59-61 

Steamer 238 

Temperature 50, 52, 53, 55 

Hampton Norm. & Agr. Institute..205, 209, 239 

Hampton Roads, coftee port 159 

Depth 155-160, 236, 238 

Distances from 160 

Harbor for Atlantic 159, 238 

Maury on 154, 160 

Hampsliire, Eng., Tertiary 24,25 

Hands employed, mf'g 92-95 

Handsome, St. S. & R 258 

Hanover Academy 210 

Junction 4, 223, 225, 253, 256 

C. H., St. C. & 223, 253 

Hanover county, grouped 5, 13 

Manufactiu'es 93, 96 

Mica. 34 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262,265, 267, 270 

R. M. College 212 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Happy Creek, St. M 221, 253 

Hardware, imported 137 

Manufacturing, Tr 94 

River 15 

Hardwicksville, J. R. & K 259 

Harper's Ferry, W. Va., elevation 16, 257 

St. B. & O. & V 228, 257 

Magazine 87 

Harbors, Va 154, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164, 223 

Immigrant 145 

Harrisburg, N. C 255 

Harrisonburg, population 192 

St. V. Rd 228, 257 

Harriss-Gastrell, Iron making, U. S... M3, 119 
Hart's Bottom, J. R. «fc K 260 



291 



Harvest, fain 58 

Time 59, 60, 61 

Hats, manufacture, Mid. 99 

Pied , 103 

Tr 94, 116 

Val 106, 107 

Havener, Supt 257 

Havana, Cuba, temperatm'e 55 

Havre, (Fr.) cotton to 166-168 

Tobacco to 84 

Haws, wild 91 

Hawk's Nest, St. C. & O ." 254 

Haying time , 59, 60, 85 

Hay crop, Va. & Div 78, 84, 85 

Hayraarlvet, St. M 253 

Hazel-nuts, wild 91 

Health, climate for 64 

Heat, various places 61 

Heiglits, measui'ements, Guyot's 14, 15 

Healing- Springs, stages to 223 

Helsingfors, cotton to 168 

Helderberg, formation 22 

Hemp, export 126 

Import , 141 

Inspection • 248 

Product, Va. & Div 80, 87 

Hematites, see Iron ores. 

Henry, Prof 49, 56, 58 

Henry county, grouped 5, 15 

Manufactures 102, 103 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Wliites 265 

Henry, Cape 10 

Henrico county, grouped 5, 11 

Indians 272 

Manufactures 93, 94, 96, 97 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270, 272 

Kichmond 191 

Slaves 270 

Trias 26 

Whites 265 

Herndon, St. W. & O 227, 257 

Herring 73,249 

Hewlett's, St. C. & 223, 253 

Hicksford, St. P. R 226 

Isohyetal 67 

Isotherm ' 54 

Hickory, thnber 90 

Nuts 91 

High Bridge, St. A. M. & 219, 251 

HighPoinl;, N. C 255 

Schools, free 199,216 

Schools, private and corporate 210, 216 

Highways, ocean 139 

Higher instruction, Va 199, 205, 209, 210, 

213, 216 

Highland county, grouped 6, 18 

Manufactures 108, 109 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Railroad through 228 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Hilgard, Prof, centre, population, U. S. 153 

Hillsboro' (O-o), temperatiu'e 60 

Hinton, St. C. &0 223, 254 

Hitchcock, Prof. Geological Map, U. S. 23 

Hoangho, valley, temperature 53 



Hobart-Town, temperatm*e 55 

Hoge, Dr., address 195 

Hogs, Va. & Div 71, 75, 76 

See Swine. 

Hogfish , 73 

Hollins Institute 211, 228 

Holly, trees 90 

Holston, counties 6, 17 

Plaster and salt 44 

Sources 18 

Valley, profile 16 

Holland, area and population 7, 12 

Natives, Va 178 

Trade 124, 125 

Holtsburg, N. C 215 

Holton, Kan., heat 61 

Home consumption, cotton, U. S 170 

Gardens 81 

Manufactures 92 

Homestead, exemption 246 

Honey, Va. & Div 70 

Honorary degrees 206 

Hoop-skirts, exported 126 

Poles 90, 130 

Hops, Va. & Div 86 

Horse-powers, iron and steel, mf'g 119 

Railroads 229 

Horses, Va. and elsewhere 74, 75, 76 

Exported 121 

Hornblende gneiss. Mid 25 

Slates 21,23 

Hospital, Va. Medical Coll 213- 

Hotchkiss, Jed., Va 4 

Richmond coalfield 36 

Hot Springs, stages to 223 

Houses, school 200, 201, 203 

House of Delegates, Va 241, 209 

Powers, &c 242 

Who eligible to 242 

Howardsville, J. R. & K 259 

Howe, Hist. Collections, Va 122 

Hudson, formation 22 

Furnace iron.... 38 

River valley 27 

Hull, Prof., coalfields Gt. Britain 36 

Richmond coalfield 36 

Human, food supply 73, 74 

Life, periods 183 

Hunter's Mill (or Hunter's), St. W.&O. 227, 257 
Hunt, Prof. T. S., copper ores and 

soil, B. R 39, 40 

Huntington, St. C. & 222, 223, 230, 254 

Hunting, regulations 249 

Hungary, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 

Huronian, formation 22 

Hurricane, St. C. &Q 254 

Ice, J. R. & K 232 

Norfolk 164 

Va. and elsewhere 59 

Idiots 180, 188, 24T 

Illinois, climate 59, 61, 64 

Hay 85 

Land, cleared and value 66 

Population, ages 184, 186 

Wheat and corn ci'ops 77 

Implements, farming, value 65 

Improved land 65 

Imports 132-136, 140, 141 

Immigrants 145, 146 

Contracts with 246 



292 



Immigration, Board 65, 247 

Va 145 

Young, Com'r on. 146 

Income taxed 245 

Incorporation laws 242 

Indies, cotton from 171, 172 

Natives, W., Va 178 

Indians, Va 175, 179, 192, 272 

Indiana, climate 59, 64 

Hay 85 

Insane, Va 189 

India-i'ubber goods exported 129 

Imported 137 

Indian corn, exported 121, 126 

Land, Mid 32 

Matming time 58 

Otiio valley 153 

Planting 59 

Product, Va. and Div 66 

Yield and value.... 77 

Indian Rock Dam, J. E. & K 260 

Industries, mf'g, Va 92 

Richmond 115 

Infants, surviving 190 

Inland waters • 8 

Insane and asylums 189 

Institute, Colver 213, 215 

Hampton N. & Agr , 205, 209, 239 

Hollins 211, 228 

Piedmont Female 211 

Polvteclmic 213, 215 

Southside 211 

Southern Female 211 

Stonewall Jackson 211 

Va. Female 211 

Va. Militaiy 203, 204, 209,228, 248 

Weslej^an Female 211 

Instruction, see Schools. 

Internal imiarovements 218-239 

Revenue 221 

Iron and Steel Ass 'n Am 113 

Cheap production 47, 113, 114, 119, 232 

Cold Spring Fm-nace 38 

Cost, making 113, 114, 119, 232, 234 

Foundries, Fi-edericksMrg 101 

Furnaces, J. R. & K 235 

Harriss-Gastrell on 114, 119 

Imported 125, 134, 13^6, 140 

Long-dale Co 223 

Manufacture, App 101 

Manufacture, Mid 99 

Manufacture, Pied 103, 113 

Manufacture, Richmond 94, 96, 97, 115 

Manufacture, Val 106, 108, 113 

Manufactures exported 126 

Peroxide, Trias soils 31 

Sulphm-et, Mid", red-lands 31 

Strength, samples 38, 39 

Tr. gravel and clay 24 

Thomas Co 38 

Vessels, Va. and U. S 149 

Working immigrants 147 

Iron ores, App. belt 28, 43, 223 

Analyses 34-43 

Albemarle co 38 

Amherst co. 37, 38 

Blue Ridge 27, 40, 41, 223 

Bessemer steel 38 

Britton 43 

Booth & Garrett 40, 41 

Barbour 38 



Buffalo Ridge 37 

C. & O 223 

Culpeper co 38 

Cumberland Gap 43 

Charcoal for smelting 90, 91 

Dyestone 43 

Elizabeth Fm-nace 43 

Fossil 28, 43 

Fox Mt 40,41 

F. & G 22& 

Gold belt 25, 35 

Hematite 27-43, 223 

Heinrich 43 

Iron Ridge, Wis 114 

J. R.&Iv 23^ 

Lake Superior and N. Y 38 

Magnetite 34-40, 223 

Manganiferous 38 

Mallet 40, 234 

Mid 31-38, 222, 223 

Nelson CO 37, 3S 

Orange co 38 

Pied 26, 37, 38, 220-223 

P. A-L 225 

R., F.&P 225 

Rogers 35, 36, 43 

Specular 34-40, 223 

S. W. Mt..... 37 

Surry co 34 

St. John, Smith &' Mallet 234 

Titanic 37, 39 

Va 33-47, 218-239- 

Va.Mid 38 

Vallev 27, 40, 41, 220, 223, 229, 232 

W. & O 227 

Irving, assaj's, gold 35 

Islands, Va 12 

Isle of Wiglit county, climate 50, 51 

Cloudiness 64 

Grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96^ 

Negroes 267, 270 

Peanuts 81 

Population 262,265, 267, 270 

Rainfall 57 

Seasons 59- 

Slaves 270 

Whites 2G5 

Winds 63 

Isle of Wight, E ng. , Tertiary 25 

Isles, British 10 

Isohyetals 57 

Isotherms 53, 56 

Issaquena, J. R. & K 259 

Italy, isotherms 53 

Natives, Va 178- 

Trade 124, 125 

Ivor, St. A , M. & O 218, 251 

Ivory cutting 11& 

Ivy, St. C. & 223, 251 

Jackson's river 9, 111 

St. C. & 223, 254 

James City county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites ,. 265 

Williamsburg 191 

James, King 24S 



293 



James river, App 18 

Boundary 11, 13 

Branches 5, 9, 15 

Basin, Appomattox 5 

Blue Kidge 15 

C. & O. St 223, 253 

Coamel'd 36 

Cotton 86 

Counties 5 

Depth Ill, 155 

Elevations 259, 260 

Falls 94 

Iron ores 36, 37 

Lynchburg 98, 111 

Navigation 157, 158, 238 

Piedmont 14 

Kichmond 191, 224, 226, 238 

Tertiary 23 

Triassic 26 

Val 6, 16, 17 

Water-power Ill 

James River and Kanawha Canal, (J. 

E. & K) 232, 259 

A. M. & O 219 

Buchanan 228 

Barges to markets 232 

Branch, North river 232, 260 

C. & 223, 232 

Distances, via 161, 259, 260 

Elevations 259, 260 

Iron making on.. 234 

Iron ores 36, 37, 113, 234 

Pres. Carrington 233, 259 

Valley R-d 228 

Va, Mid 221 

Water-power Ill, 233 

January, births 190 

Rainfall 58 

Season 61 

TemiDerature 50, 51, 54 

Japan 10,53 

Jarratt's, St. P 226, 258 

Jarrovv, Eng 35 

Jefferson, thos 62, 121, 205, 208 

Ferry Road, J. R. & K '. 259 

Jeffersonville, coal 45 

Jennings' Ordinary St. R. & D 224, 255 

Jerusalem, temperature 55 

Jetersville, St. P. A-L 224, 255 

Jewelry, exported 126 

Imported 137 

Manufacture 95, 99, 116 

Jewish Church 195, 198 

John's creek 18 

Johnsontown, rainfall 57,58 

Seasons 59 

Temperature 50-55 

Joiners, hnmigrant 147 

Joshua Falls Dam, J. E. & K 260 

Jude's Ferry Road, J. R. & K 259 

Judith Dam, J. R, & K , 260 

Judges, circuit and county court 244 

Court of Appeals 243 

Judicial Department, Va 240-244 

Juljr, births 190 

Rainfall 58 

Season 60, 61 

Temperature 50-55 

Junction, St. W. & O 257 

June, births , 190 

_ Census 53,175 



Rainfall 58 

Season 59 

Shn d and herring fishing 249 

Temperature 50, 51 

Juniper logs 231 

Jurassic formation 20-25 

Jury, trial by 241 

Justices of the Peace 244, 248 

Jute raising 86 

Kanawha City (Salton), St. C. & O... . 254 

Falls, St. C. & O 254 

Kanawha river coalfield 46, 224, 233 

Counties , 18 

New 15, 219, 220 

Val 16, 17 

W. & O 227 

Water-power 112 

Kansas, climate 56, 59, 60, 61 

Kaolin 25, 34, 41, 46 

Kapp on immigrants 146 

Kelley's Island, O-o, season 59 

Kent, Eng 24, 86 

Kentucky, boundary 3 

Cotton 162 

Distances 161 

Idiots in Va 188 

Land, value 66 

Latitude 10 

Limestone country 27 

Population, ages 184 

RaiU-oad to. 220 

Salt-wells 44 

Kernstown, St. V 228, 257 

Keswick, St. C. & 221, 223, 254 

KeysviUe, St. P. A-L 225, 229, 255 

Kilby, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 

King George county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactiu-es 93, 96 

Negroes , 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Rainfall 57, 58 

Seasons 59 

Slaves 270 

Tempei-ature 50-53 

Whites 265 

King and Queen county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactm-es '. 93 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

King William county, grouped 5, 11 

Indians 272 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes.... 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270, 272 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

King, Edward '. 158,208 

King's CoUege 219 

Kittaning, Pa., coal 45 

Kittatinny Mt 15, 17 

Kittoctin ci'eek and Mt 9, 12 

Labor, abundant 110 

Immigrant 147 

Immigrant, contracts 246 

Manufacturing, value 92 

Laborers, female 182 

Lafayette, St. A., M. & O 219 

Lakes, distances via 161 

Lake Superior iron ores 34, 235 



294 



Lancaster county grouped 5, 11 

Manufactui'es 93 

ISTegroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

Tanning 96 

Whites 265 

Lands, acreage, value, &c 65 

Aliens may hold 247 

A., M. &0 220 

Hop 86 

Perfumery crop 86 

Taxation value 245 

Va. Mid 222 

Value 65, 66 

Larceny convicts 193 

Lard, exported 128, 133 

Inspection 248 

Eetining 116 

Latakiah tohacco, Tr — 84 

Latitude. 3, 10, 12, 14, 48 

Laurention period 22 

Law, Common, Eng 248 

Graduates, U. of Va 207 

Judges, learned in 244 

Schools 206, 212, 214 

Laws,Va 240-249 

Constitutional 246 

Election 247 

Game and fish 249 

General 246 

Homestead and stay 241 

Inspectif n 248 

Lavs^rence, Kans., heat 61 

Lawyer's Road, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Lead, manufactures and mining 106, 107 

Pied 39 

Val 41, 106, 107, 220 

Leaf tobacco, exported 84, 125, 130, 133 

Learning, institutions of 199-217 

Leather, manufacture, App 109 

B. R.... 104 

Mid 99 

Pied 103 

Rich 117 

Tr 95, 96, 116 

Val 106 

Leather, bark for tanning 89, 90 

Exp(jriod 128 

Imported 138 

Leavenworth Fcm. Sem 211 

Lebanon Valley, Pa 27 

Lee county, coal 45 

Grouped 6, 18 

Indians 272 

Iron ores 44 

Manufactiures 108 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 2^2, 265, 267, 270, 272 

Slaves 270 

S. V. through 229 

Salt 44 

Whites 265 

Leesburg Academy • 210 

Population 192 

St. W. & 227, 257 

Legislative power, Va 240-242 

Leon, E. de, cotton 87 

Lesley, Prof., coal 45, 46 

Plaster and salt 44 

Lettuce 81 



Levant period 22: 

Level, sea & Va 4S 

Lexington Academy 210 

Branch J. R. & K 232. 234, 260 

C. & O 223 

Elevation 52,260 

Population 192 

Rainfall 57, 58 

Season 59 

St. V. R-d 219, 228 

Temperatures 50-55 

Washington & Lee University 213, 223 

Va. Milttary Institute 203, 223 

Lexington, St. P. A-L 255 

Liberty, population 192 

St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Licenses, taxed 245 

Lickinghole Aqueduct, J. R. & K 259 

Lieutenant-Governor 243' 

Lighters, through A. & C 231 

Lime, burning 95, 106, 116, 235^ 

Epidote 31 

Exported 12& 

Felspar 30 

Iron ores 37, 40, 4a 

J. R. & K 235 

New Red sandstone 31 

Pied, soils 31 

Salt brine 45 

Tr 33 

Limestone, App 19, 28, 32, 42, 4& 

Cost for flux lia 

Carboniferous, Eng 28 

Flux 41, 113 

J. R. & K 232, 235 

Mid 34, 4& 

New York, &c 27 

Pied..., 26, 31, 46 

Primary 21 

Soils 19, 32, 42, 46 

Tr 24, 4& 

Val 27, 32, 41, 46 

Lincoln, Eng., Eocene 23,25 

Linden, St. M 221, 255 

Lindsay's, St. C. & 221, 223, 251, 254 

Linseed oil. mf'd, B. R 104 

Liquor distilling, App 109 

Mid 99 

Pied lOa 

-Tr 95, 99 

Val 106 

Liquor, election days 245- 

Imported 134, 137 

License 245 

Lisbon, St. A., M. & 219 

Little river 9 

Stony creek 18 

Liverpool Eng., cotton to 168, 171 

Eocene 25 

Mersey, depth 158 

Norfolk, steamers to 220, 238 

Sumac, analysis 89 

Tobacco to 84 

Live stock 75, 76, 119, 248 

Loam , 29, 30, 32. 

Lobsters 75 

Loch Lomond, J. R. & K 259 

Locks, J. R. & K., distances and ele- 
vations 259 

Manufacture 116 

Locomotives mf'd 99 



295 



Locust Dale Academy 210 

Trees 90 

Treenails exported 133 

Logs, exported 130 

School-houses 203 

London, Eng., clay 24 

Cotton to 168 

Ledger 168 

Eainfall 59 

Thames 158 

Tobacco to 84 

Temperature 55 

Long Branch, St. B. & P 225, 256 

Longdate, St. C. & 223, 230, 254 

Lookmg glass manufacture 116 

Loudoun county, cheese factories 67 

Grouped 5, 14 

Leesburg 192 

Manufactures 102 

Negroes! 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Slaves 270 

W. & O 227 

Whites , 265 

Louisa county, C. & O 223 

Copper 35 

Gold ; 35 

Grouped 5, 13 

Manufactures 98, 101 

Negroes 267, 270 

Population 262, 265, 267, 270 

Soil 31 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Louisa C. H., St. C. & 4, 223, 253 

Fork of Sandy 19 

Louisiajia, cotton 162, 169 

Tonnage 151 

Louisville, Ky., distances - 161 

Loup Creek, St. C. & O 254 

Lovingston, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Low country, the Va 12, 29, 231 

Water, Va. channels 236 

Lower carboniferous 22 

Coal measiu-es 224 

Coal group 21, 46 

Silurian 22, 23, 27, 28 

Shale and sandstone group 21 

Lower Tertiary country 12, 20, 24 

England's 24^ 25 

Equivalents ... 21 

Formation 20-25 

Map, Va 21 

Section of 21, 24 

U.S. map 23 

Lowmoor Junction, St. C.& 223, 230, 254 

Lowry's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

lucado, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Ldcy Selina Furnace 223 

Lugs, tobacco, price 84 

Lumber, exported ,.... 130, 133 

Imported ^ 139 

Measuring ' 248 

Product 89, 90 

Lumber manufacture App 109 

B. R 104 

Mid 99 

Pied „ 103 

Tr 89, 95, 231 

Val 106 

Lunatics', asylums „ 189 



Number, &c 189, 247 

Lunenburg county grouped , 5, 13 

Manufactures.... 98, 100 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population ,..262, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Luray, St. S. V 229 

Lutherans, Church statistics 195-198 

College 196, 213, 215 

Female seminary 211 

Val 197, 198 

Lynch's, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Lynchburg, elevation 52, 251, 252,260 

Iron ores near 234, 235 

J. R. & K 219,232, 325, 260 

James R 98, 111 

Manufacture? 110, 235 

Piedmont city 52 

Population 192 

Railway centre 235 

Season notes 60 

St. A., M. &0 219, 251 

St. Va. Mid 220, 225, 253 

Temperatures 50-55 

Tobacco market.... 235 

Machinery, exported 128 

Imported 137 

Manufactured 95, 100, 106, 119 

Machinists, immigrant 147 

McDonald, Col. Jas 224 

Macfarlane, Coal Regions, Am 37 

Mclvor, St. Va. Mid 252 

Mackerel, imported 136 

Spanish 73 

Madison county, grouped 5, 15 

Locust Dale Academy 210 

Manufactures 102, 103 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 262, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Soapstone 37 

Wliites 265 

Madrid, temperature 55 

Magazine, Harper's 87 

Hum's 115 

Scribner's 4, 153. 159, 203, 206, 212, 214 

Magnesia 31, 37, 40, 43, 45 

Magnesian limestone 27,41 

Magnetite 35, 38, 46, 222, 225, 232, 234, 235 

Analyses, Pied 37 

Blue Ridge 40 

Franklin and Patrick 38 

New York 38 

Magothy-bay beans 29 

Mahone, Pres. A., M. & 239 

Maiden's Adventure Dam, J. R. & K.. 250 

Spring Fork 18 

Maine 3, 59 

Maize — see Indian Corn. 

Maizena, exported 126 

Majority, Gen. Assembly 245 

Malaga, cotton to 168 

Males, arms-bearing 179, 180, 245 

Attending school 201, 202 

Ages 181-183 

Black, see Negroes. 

Blind 187, 208 

Capitation tax 245 

Citizen 179,180 

Death a^es 186. 



296 



Males — Continued. 

Employed :.... 182 

Insane 188, 189 

Idiots 188 

Immigrant 145, 147 

Manufactm'mg 92 

Mute 188 

ZSTativity 179 

Proportion 180, 186 

School age 179, ISO, 201, 202 

Va. and U. S 179, 180 

Wliite and blaclv 186 

Mallard ducks 74 

Mallet, Prof 40, 234, 23o 

Malt liquors imported 234, 235 

Mammals, age of 22 

Mail, age of 22 

Manassas. iSt. Va. Mid 221, 230, 252, 253 

Brownstone 26, 34, 222 

Gap (Linden) B. R 253 

Br. (M.) R'd 221, 228, 239, 253 

Manaldn, J. R. & K. 259 

Town Ferry 259 

Manchester, population 191 

St. E. & D 224 

St. R. & P 226, 255, 256 

Mandamus 243, 249 

Manganese 33, 37, 46, 222, 232 

Blue Ridge 41 

Iron ores 38, 40, 43 

Nelson county -39 

Val 106 

Mangolds 32 

Manila, temperature 55 

Manufacturing 92-120 

App 108 

B. R 104 

Cities and towns 191 

Cotton, Eng 163 

Cotton 87 

Flax 87 

Fredericksburg 101, 226 

Iron 113, 119 

J. R. & K 233 

Mid 99 

Pied 102 

Rich 96, 97, 115 

Tr 92 

Tobacco 191-192 

Manufactures, exported 126, 130 

Imported 136 

Manures, calcareous, Ruffln 29 

Cottonseed 87 

Map, cotton 162 

Geological, Prof. Rogers 21 

River systems U. S 162 

Temperature 53 

Woodland 88 

Maple sugar and molasses 82 

Marble 33, 42, 227 

Brecciated 26, 34 

Works. Mid 100 

Works, Tr 95, 116 

Works, Val 106 

March, births 190 

Gardening 81 

Rainfall.. 58 

Shad and herring fishing 249 

Smith, Capt 61 

Temperatures 50 

Weather 59, 64 



Margarettsville, St. S. &R 226, 258 

Mariners, immigrant 147 

Marion, St. A., M. & O 219, 252 

Market gardens 80, 81 

Near Va 77, 110 

Markliam, St. M 221, 253 

Marl, blue 24, 33 

Greensand 24, 30, 33 

Lands 32 

Region, Tr 8, 24, 46 

Valley. 41 

Wliite and yellow 33 

Marslies, river 32 

Salt, Tr 8, 12, 29, 85 

Martin's Gazetteer, Va 122 

St. A., M. & O 219, 252 

Martins, coming 59 

Maryland 3, 10, 13, 14, 54 

Ages population 184 

Blind, mutes and idiots, Va 188 

C. &0. Canal 235 

Insane, Va 189 

Natives, Va 177, 178 

Tonnage 151 

Mason's Mill, C. & O 254 

Tunnel, C. & O.... 223, 254 

Masons, immigrant 147 

Massachusetts, area and population.... 7 

Ages, people 184 

Blind, Va 188 

College attendance 217 

Isotherm , 54 

March 59 

Surviving infants 190 

Massanutton Mts 17, 27 

Mast, wild 71 

Masts, exported 121 

Matches, exported 128 

Materials, raw, cost 119 

Mathews county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 262, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Steamers to 157, 238 

Whites 265 

Mathias Point 23 

Matinal period 22 

Mattapony (or Mattaponi) river. ..9, 11, 156, 157 

Navigation 237 

Valley 225, 227 

Mattoax, St. R. & D 224, 255 

Mattress making 119, 208 

Maurertown, St. V 228, 257 

Maury, Com. M. F 3, 154, 160 

Maxima, temperatures 49 

Max Meadows, St. A., M. & 40, 219, 252 

May, births 190 

Rainfall and weather 58 

Temperatures 50 

Texas 61 

Mayor, towns and cities 245 

Meadow Creek, Si. C. & 254 

St. R., Y. R. & C 258 

Meadows 12, 85 

Meal 136, 248 

Means, climate, Va 48, 64 

Cleveland 61 

Heat and cold 56 

January and July 54 

Season 53 



297 



Temperature 50 

Measures, coal, App 45, 46, 224 

Standards , 248 

Meats, exported, 328 

Mechanics' college 204 

Immigrant = 147 

Lien 246 

Medium's River, St. C. & O 223, 254 

Mecklenburg county, grouped 5, 13 

Manufactures 98 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 262, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Medical plants 87, 91 

Schools 206, 207, 213, 215 

Stores exported 133 

Medicines, making, Tr 95 

Mediterranean, cotton 171 

Products 224 

Sea 10 

U. S. Cent. States 237 

Meherrin, cotton country 226, 227 

River and basin 5, 9, 13 

St. P. A-L 224, 255 

Melbourne, temperature 55 

Melons 81 

Melrose, St. Va. Mid 221 

Melton's, St. C. & 223, 253 

Members, Congress 247, 248 

General Assembly 241, 242, 245 

Memphis, Tenn., A., M. & 218 

Distances 157, 161 

Weather 59 

Men, judges 244 

Merchant, immigrants, 147 

Marine 150 

Merchants' Exchange, Noi'Mk 82, 89 

Merchandising, Rich 119 

Meridian period 21,22 

Mersey, Liverpool, dej)th 158 

Mesozoic 21, 22, 25 

Metals, composition, imi^orted 137 

Metamorphic rocks 22 

Meteorology 48-64 

Methodist^Episcopal Church 195-197 

Chaplain, Univ. Va 207 

Colleges 196, 211, 212 

German 198 

Rank 196 

Mexico, cotton to Gt. Bi- 171 

Trade 124 

Mica 34 

Slates 21, 25 

Michaux's Ferrj^ J. R. & K 259 

Michigan, climate 56,64 

Iron manufactui'e 144 

Potatoes 79 

Rocks 28 

Middle country 24 

Ground, Newport's News 236 

Latitude, Va 48 

Secondary 22, 25, 26 

States, Atlantic . 3 

States, products 67, 69, 71, 80 

Tertiary 12, 20, 21, 23 

Middlemen, cotton trade 163 

Middlesex county, grouped 5,11 

Manufactures, no 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 270 

Peninsula 11 



Population .....262, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites • 265 

Middlesex co., Eng., Eocene 24 

Middleton Mills, J. R. & K 259 

Middletown, St. V 228, 257 

Middling upland cotton, prices 170 

Mddle— or Midland— Grand Div.,Va... 4, 12 

Adaptations, soil 32 

Age, geological 23 

Agricultural minerals..... 37 

Angora goats 70 

Areas and acreage 6, 7, 65, 175, 176 

A., M. & O. across 218, 219 

Baptists 197 

Barley 79 

Beans 78 

Bees and wax 70 

Blacks 175 

Buckwheat 76 

Butter 66 

Canal across 232 

Cattle 72, 73, 76 

Cereals per head 177 

Characteristics 8 

Cheese 66 

Chinese 175 

Christians 198 

Churches 197 

C. & O. across 222, 223 

Cities, partly 12, 191, 192 

Cities and towns, population ;.. 191, 192 

Cities and towns, manf'g 191, 192 

Civil divisions 13 

Climate 48 

Clover seed 85 

Coal basins 226 

Cotton 87 

Counties 5 

Cows, milch 66 

Deer 74 

Elevation 13 

Farms, No. and size 66 

Farm implements, value 65 

Flax 85 

Flaxseed 87 

Formations 20, 21 

Fruits 81 

Garden products 80 

Geology 20-26 

Gold belt 220, 225 

Grass seed 85 

Hampden Sidney Coll 212, 215 

Hay 85 

Heat zones 54 

Hemp 87 

Herbs, perfumery 86 

Holland, compared 7, 12 

Honey 70 

Hops 86 

Horses 74, 76 

Indians 175 

Indian corn , 76 

Iron belt 35, 223, 225, 234 

J. R. & K. across 232 

Land, condition, value , 65 

Latitude 12 

Live stock, value 75 

L^^nchburg, partly 191, 192 

Magnetites 35 

Manufactures 92, 98, 99, 191, 192 



298 



Middle (or Midland) Grand Div. Va — Continued. 

Meadows 85 

Meteorology 52 

Minerals.. 34-46 

Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 

Mountains 12 

Mules 74, 76 

Nativity, people 177,178 

Northern Neck 11 

Oats 79 

Orchard products 80 

Ores , 34-46 

Oxen 72, 74, 76 

Peas 78 

Perfumery plants 86 

Pied, gneiss 26 

Planting country 191 

Population 67, 175, 176, 202 

Potatoes 78 

Proportion of "Va 176 

R. &D. across 224, 225 

The Peninsula, and 11 

Rainfall 57,58 

Railways 218-230 

Rivers 14 

R., F. & P., along 225 

Rocks 25 

Rye 76 

School statistics 202 

Sheep 69, 70 

Soils 30, 31 

Storms 64 

Sweet- potatoes 78 

Swine 71, 76 

Temperatures .* 50-53 

Timber 90 

Tobacco 83 

Tobacco land 220, 224, 225 

Triassic and Jurassic 13,23 

Upper country, the 12 

Value, land. • 65 

Live stock 75 

Waters 8. 9 

Water power 112 

Wheat 76 

Whites 175 

W. C, Va. Mid. & G. S 219, 220 

Winds 63 

Wine 85 

Woodlands 65, 88 

Wool 69 

Midland R-d, see Va. Midland. 

St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Midlothian coal 36 

Miles, Eng. statute used 238 

Milford, St. K., F. &P 26, 225, 256 

Military Institute, see Va. Mil. Inst. 

Population 179, 245 

Militia 179, 245 

Milk, cheese factories 67 

Millboro', St. C. & 254 

Miller, Mr 165 

Millinery 95, 100, 106, 117 

Mill Mountain 4 

Wrighting 106, 117 

Milnes, Hon. Wm., iron ore... 40 

Milwaukee, Wis., climate.. 59, 60 

Tonnage 142-144 

Minerals 33^7, 227, 229 

Mineral waters, manufactured 100 

Minnesota, climate 50, 56, 58, 64 



Crops 77 

Miners, immigrant 147 

Mning, coal 94,96 

Engineers 207, 214 

Iron ore 114 

Journal. 39 

Mint Spring, V 228 

U. S. gold, Va 35 

Miocene .". 22, 23 

Misdemeanors, jurisdiction 244 

Mission churches 195 

Mississippi, climate 56, 60, 61 

Cotton 162, 163, 169 

Mutes, Va 18S 

Seaport 158 

Tonnage 151 

Mississippi river, central water line to. 232 

C. & O. to 222 

Divide 17" 

Iron ores to valley 235 

Tertiary valley 24 

Valley trade 154 

Waters 8, & 

Missouri, climate , 50, 56, 58, 64 

Cost, labor, iron-making 114 

Cotton 162 

Crops 78- 

Death ages 18(> 

Hay 8» 

Idiots, Va 18S 

Insane, Va 189 

Railway to 228 

Surviving infants 191 

Mobile, cotton trade 168-170 

Railways to 170, 218 

Mobjack bay 11, 237 

Moccason creek 9, IS 

Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 

Imported 134, 13(> 

Mollusks, age of 22 

Montana, winter 61 

Monte Maria Academy 211 

Monterey 25> 

Montgomery, Ala., isotherm 54 

White Sulphur Springs 219, 251 

Montgomery's, St. A., M. & O 252 

Montgomery count}' coal 28, 41 

Coal-mining 107 

Christiansburg 219> 

Grouped 6, 17 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 262, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 27a 

Whites 265 

Months, birth, Va ■ 19{> 

College sessions 20^ 

Scliool, &c 200, 201, 21(J 

Tuition 200, 210, 21ft 

Monticello, winds 62 

Montreal, Canada, temperature 55 

St. Va. Mid 221 

Moravian Church 195 

Moreas, Va 10 

Morehead, St. P. A-L 255 

Moore & Co 226, 227 

Moorefteld, W. Va 177, 227 

Mortgage, purchase money 24(> 

Moscow, temperature 55 

Mossingford, St. P. A-L 255 

Mothers, foreign-born 177 



299 



Mother country, Eng 11 

Mount Airy 16 

Crawford, St. V 228, 257 

Jackson, St. V 228, 257 

Marshall B.R 15 

Pleasant, St. A. & F 225, 256 

Sidney, St. V 228, 257 

Vernon 26 

Mountain View Seminary 211, 219 

Mountains, Alleghany 17 

Blue Ridge 14, 15 

Coast Range J2, 14 

Elevation 14, 48 

For fruit 81 

Iron ores 43,44 

Kitatinny 15, 43 

Little North.. 43 

Soils, App 33 

Southwest 26, 31 

Mouth, Buffalo Creek, J. R. & K 260 

North River, J. R. & K 260 

Ohio, distances from 161 

South river, J. R. & K 260 

Mulattoes, blind 187 

Intermarrjr 179 

Insane 189 

Male and female 179, 187 

Mutes and idiots 188 

Murder, convicts for 193 

Murfi-eesboro', N. C 238 

Murfee's, St. S. &R 226 

Musical instruments, exported 128 

Manufactured 95 

Muskrat skins exported 121 

Mussels, shells decomposed 29 

Mustard imported 136 

Mutes, deaf 188, 208 

Myers, Supt 256 

Nails, manufacture 95, 115, 120 

Names, Pa. & Va. geological surveys.. 22 

Nansemond county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 262', 265, 268, 270 

S. &R 226,227 

Slaves 270 

"Whites 265 

Nansemond river 11, 218, 227, 238 

Naples, rainfall 59 

Narrow Passage, St. V 257 

Narva, cotton to 168 

Nashville, Tenn., distances 157 

Natchez, Miss., temperature 55 

Nation, American, Va. part of 240 

Natives, Va 177, 191, 192, 193 

Nativity, population 177 

Natural areas, Va 6 

Divisions 10, 98 

Grasses 84 

Navigation, canal 231, 238 

Chesapeake bay 236 

Facilities 10, 231, 236 

James river 238 

Mattapony 238 

Mobjack bay 237 

Pamunkey 238 

Pianketank 237 

Potomac 236 

Rappahannock 237 

Returns 142, 148 

Rivers improved 231 



Tidal waters 236; 

Naval stores exported 128^ 

N. C 227 

Navy yard, Gosport 231 

Neabsco, St. B. & P 256 

Nebraska, ice 61 

Grasshoppers 59- 

Negroes, ages 184, 185 

Attending school 180 

Blind 187 

Black 179 

Cent. L. Asylum 189 

Citizen age ' 17{> 

Cities and towns .' 191, 192 

Colver Institute 213, 215- 

Divisions, Va 175 

Females 179, 184-18(> 

Hampton N. & A. Inst 205- 

Insane and asylum 189 

Males 179, 184-18& 

Manufacturing tobacco 191 

Military age 179 

Mulattoes 179 

Mutes and idiots 188- 

Nativity 178, 179- 

Paupers and criminals 19$ 

Penitentiary convicts 19S 

Proportion of people 179, 186> 

Schools, separate 202, 213- 

School statistics 201, 202, 210 

School age 179, 180, 201 

Va 175- 

Nelson county, grouped 5.15. 

lion ore 37-39, 222 

Lead, silver, manganese.. 39= 

Manufactures 102 

Negroes 268, 270- 

Norwood College 210 

Population 263, 265, 268, 270* 

Red lands 222 

Slaves 270^ 

Va. Mid. across 221, 222 

Whites 265. 

Netherlands, trade 124 

Nevassa Islands, trade 125 

Newbern, St. A., M. & O 219' 

New Canton, iron ore .' 35, 3i5 

J. R. & K 259 

New-Castle-on-Tyne, coals.... 36,37 

New Creek, Md 54 

New England, butter and cheese 67 

Cotton mf'g centre 16S 

Eozoic 13 

Hay 85 

Sheep and wool 63' 

Soils 39 

Swine •.. 71 

Wheat and corn 80 

New's Ferry, St. P. A-L 255 

New Forest, Eng., Tertiary... 24 

New Glasgow, St. Va. Mid 221, 252: 

New Hampshire, ages, population 184. 

New Market, J. R. & K 259' 

St. V 228, 257 

New Jersey ^ 

Geology and temperature 4& 

Harvest 60^ 

Iron making, labor, cost 114 

Idiot in Va 188 

Soils 30, 31 

New Jerusalem Church 195 



300 



Kew Kent county, grouped 5,11 

Indians 272 

Manufactiu-es 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 263, 265, 268, 270, 272 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

New Orleans, coffee trade 159 

Cotton trade 159, 167-170 

Distances to 157 

Railway to 218 

Newport, R. I., harbor 156 

Newports News -channel 155, 160, 236, 239 

On section 4 

New red standstone 13, 22, 23, 25, 31 

New River (Kanawha) coal 41, 46, 234 

Coke 113, 234 

Counties 6, 9, 15, 17 

Falls, St. C. & O 254 

J. R. &K 232 

Railway down 219,220 

St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Valley crosses 16 

Water-power 112 

Newsom's, St. S. &R 226, 258 

New York Central R-d, distances via.. 157 

New York — city — canal ways to 232 

Coffee trade 159 

Com'r Emioration 146 

Cotton tracfe 166-170 

Distances to 157, 160, 161 

Depth of channel 160 

Entrances and clearances 142, 143 

Imports for Va 121 

Market for Va 81 

Manufactures 118 

Steamers 163, 166, 218, 238 

Tonnage 151 

Tribune 39 

New York— State 3, 10 

Climate 54, 56, 59, 60, 64 

College attendance 217 

Geology 22, 27 

Hay 85 

HoiDS 86 

Iron ores 38 

• Iron-making, labor, cost Ill 

Natives, Va 177, 178, 188, 189 

Population, ages 184 

. Shad season 73 

Niagara group 22 

Noel's, St. C. & 223, 253 

Nokesville, St. Va. Mid 252 

Normal & Agr. Inst., Hampton 199, 205, 

209, 239 

Schools 213, 215 

Norfolk county, grouped 5, 11 

Indians 272 

• Manufactures 93, 96, 97 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 121, 263, 265, 268, 270, 272 

Shad fishing 96 

Slaves 270 

Whites , 265 

Winds 63 

Norfolk — city — Academy 210 

Arrivals and departures, steamers. 123 

Advantages, commercial 191 

A., M. & O. terminus S^O, 251 

Canals to ..162, L.il, 238 

Coastwise trade 144 



Clearances 142, 143 

Cotton trade 161-172 

Depth harbor and channel 155, 236. 238 

Direct trade 132, 133' 139 

Distances to 161, 251, 258 

Entrances 142, 143 

Great W-n R-d 229 

Grocery trade 139 

Harbor 123, 158, 191, 238 

Immigration 145 

King, Edward, on 158 

"Landmark" 151, 165 

Lumber ti'ade 89 

Manufactming centre 94, 97 

Maury, on 154 

Merchant-marine 151, 238 

Population 191 

Railways 162, 229, 230, 251, 258 

Rainfall 57 

S. & R. terminus 226, 230 

Situation 162, 191 

Steamer lines 163, 166, 238 

Tonnage 142 

Ti-ucking 81 

Vessels to 157 

"Virginian" 167 

West India trade 122, 139 

Norfolk & Petersburg Div. A., M. & O. 218 

Norfolk peninsula, canals 231 

Counties 5, 11 

Market garden lands 220 

Soils 29 

North, the, weather 59 

Winds 62 

North Anna river 13,57 

Northampton county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 263, 265, 268, 270 

Rainfall 57 

Shad fishing 96 

Slaves : 270 

Temperatures 50-53 

Whites 265 

North Carolina, boindary '. .. 12-1 5 

Canals 163,231, 238 

Coalfield 37 

Cotton 168, 169 

Cotton-zone 54, 163 

Counties 11 

"Cut," canal 231 

Eozoic 13 

Mountains 15 

New red sandstone 26 

People, ages 184 

Railways to 218, 226, 227, 230, 251 

Steamers to 238 

Unfortunates in Va 188, 189 

Woodlands 88 

Northern Neck 5, 11, 96, 155 

North Garden, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

North Landing river canal 231 

North Mountain boundary 17 

Coal 27, 28 

Iron ores 43 

Section 4 

St. C. & O 223 

North River canal 232, 234, 260 

Bridge J. R. & K 270 

Northside counties 5,13 



301 



Northumberland county, grouped 

Indians 

Manufactures 

Negroes 

Population 263, 265, 268, 

Slaves 

Whites 

Noston's Va. grape 

Norway, natives 

Surviving infants 

Swine 

Norwood College 

J. Roc%K 

Notes, Jeiferson's Va 

Nottoway basin counties 

C. H., St. A., M. &0 

River 

St. S. & R .-. 

Valley 

Nottoway county, gxouped 

Manufactures 

Negroes 

Population 263, 265, 

Slaves 

Wiiites 

Nourse, B. F. cotton table 

Nova Scotia gypsum 

Immigrants 

Trade , 

November, births 

Elections 

Nutallburg, St. C. & O 

Nuts, imported 

Wild 

Oaks 

Bark exported 

Oats, crop 

Imported 

Occoquan river 

Occupations, immigrants 

Ocean highways 

October, close time ends 

Infaitts surviving 

Rainfall 

Season 

Sessions, college, begin 

Temperatures 

Odessa, temperature 

Oflences, punishment for 

Ohio — State — birth-month 

Blind 

College attendance 

Formations 

Iron-making labor, cost 

Isotherms 

Limestone 

Ohio river. A., M. & O. to 

Basin, productions 

■ C. & O. to 

Cotton in valley 

Distances from mouth 

J. R. &K 

Waters 

W. &0. to 

Oil, exported 

Imported 

Linseed made Val 

Okra 

Old Dominion Business College 

Cheese Factory 

Old red sandstone 



5, 11 

272 

93 

268, 270 

270, 272 

237 

265 

81 

178 

19t) 

71 

210 

259 

121 

5, 13 

219, 251 

9, 13 

258 

227 

5, 13 

98 

268, 270 

268, 270 

270 

265 

170 

141 

146 

124, 125 

190 

241, 242 

254 

134, 141 

91 

88 

125 

77, 79 

- 136 

9 

147 

236 

249 

190 

58 

60 

209, 215 

50 

55 

193, 249 

190 

188 

217 

28 

114 

54 

27 

219, 228 

153 

221, 223 

162 

161 

232 

8, 9, 15 

220 

128 

134, 137 

106 

81 

213, 215 

67 

22, 28 



Ontario, lake -. 10 

Opequon creek 9, 17 

Orange county, brownstone 25 

Gold 35 

Grouped 5, 15 

Iron ores .' 38, 222 

Manufactures 102 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 263, 265, 208, 270 

Red lauds 222 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Orange C. H., St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Orchards, products 80 

Ores 33-47, 113, 114 

Organizations, church 195-198 

Oi'iskany group 22: 

Ornaments, plaster 95 

Osborne's, terminus C. H. R-d 226, 230 

Ott, Col. John, cotton 167 

Otter creek 9 

Peaks of, height 15 

River, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Skins exported 121 

Ott-Truempler, cotton consumption... 172 

Overseers, of poor 244 

Of roads 24.t 

Oxen, Va. & Div 72, 74, 75 

Value 75,70 

Oyster Shell Landing, Pamunkey 157, 238 

Oysters exported 128 

Taking, regulated 249 

Taxed 245 

Trade 73, 96. 

Pacific States, dairying.. 67 

Ports 154 

Sheep 69 

Swine 71 

Pagan creek 158, 238 

Page county, grouped 5, 17 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 263, 265, 268, 270 

S. V. through 229 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Paint Creek, St. C. & O 254 

Exported 128 

Painting, house 95,106 

Portrait 118 

Paintings imported 125, 134, 138 

Paleozoic Time 22 

Palms, age of 22 

Pamplin's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Pamunkey Indians 179 

Navigation 156, 157, 237. 238 

Peninsula 5, 11 

River 9, 15 

Valley 225, 227 

Water-power ... 112; 

Panic year 97 

Panther Gap, St. C. & 123, 254 

Paper, exported 128 

Hanging 117 

Imported 137 

Manufacture ....• 106 

Mills 101 

Reeds for 231 

Richmond m'f 117 

Parentage, peoj^le 177 



302 



Paris, Fr., Eocene 25 

Eainfall 59 

Temperature 55 

Parkersburg, centre population 177 

Partridges •. 74, 249 

Patrick county, grouped 5, 15 

Magnetite 28 

Manufactures 102 

Negroes 2G8, 270 

Population 263, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Whites 265 

Pattinson, analysis 35 

Paupers, cost 193 

Pawpaw, St. C. & 254 

Peabody Education Fund 201 

Peaclies 59-61, 81 

Peaks of Otter, heigiit 15 

Peake's, St. C. & 223. 253 

Peanuts • 59, 81 

Pears 81 

Pea Ridge, St. S. &R 258 

Peat bottoms Tr 32, 33 

Peas, crop 78 

Exported 121 

Green 81 

Imported 136 

Planting 59,60 

Pedler Dam J. R. & K 260 

Peking, temperature 55 

Pelhain, St. P. A-L 255 

Peltry exported 121 

Pemberton, J. R. & K 259 

Penola, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 

Penitentiary 117, 193 

Peninsula, counties 5, 11 

Eastern Shore 238 

Gloucester 237 

Norfolk 220 

Soils 29 

"The" 5, 11, 222,238, 239 

Triassic... 29 

Pennsylvania R-d, distances via 157 

Pennsylvania, area and population 7 

Ages, people 184 

Central valley 27 

Coals 45 

College attendance 217 

Frost 60 

Harvest 60 

Haying 59 

Iron-maldng, cost 114 

Isotherms 54 

Names, geological 22 

Natives, Va 177, 178, 188, 189 

Woodland 66 

People, government 240, 249 

Perch 73 

Periods geological 22 

Permian 22 

Perfumery, imported 136 

Persimmons 91 

Persons, manufacturing 117 

Professional 119 

Peter's, St. C. & 223, 254 

Petit larceny convicts 193 

Petersburg 12,13, 158 

Coastwise trade 144 

Cotton exported 165 

Entrances and clearances 142, 143 

Imports and exports 132, 133, 140 



Merchant-marine 151 

Population 191 

St. A., M. & 218, 219, 251 

St. R. &P 226, 230, 256 

St. P -219, 226. 230, 258 

Petersburg R-d (P) 219, 226, 230, 258 

Pheasants 74, 249 

Philosophical Society Am 44 

Philadelphia 13 

Cotton trade 166, 168, 170 

Distances 157, 160 

Imports for Va 121 

Iron ores, Va. to ;... 113, 114 

Manufactures 118 

Market "truck" 81 

Steamers 163, 238 

Vessels 158 

Water in channel 160 

Phosphate beds, S. C 33, 44 

Lime-making 117 

Phosphorus, iron ores 37-41 

Photography Val 106 

Pianketank river 11, 156, 237 

Piano manufacture 117 

Pickles exported 128 

Piedmont Grand Division, Va 4, 14 

Acre.ige 6, 65 

Analyses, ii'on ores 73 

Angora goats... 70 

Animal products 65 

Area square miles 6 

Articles mf'd ' 102 

A., M. & 218,219 

Barley 79 

Beans 78 

Beef cattle 71, 72 

Bees and beeswax 70 

Blacks 175, 192 

Buckwheat 76 

Butter 66 

Canal across 232 

Capital, mf'g 92 

Cattle 71-73, 75, 76 

Cereals per head 77 

Characteristics 8, 14 

Cheese 66, 67 

C. & O. across 222, 223 

Churches 197 

Cities and towns, population 192 

Compared to Wiirtemburg 7 

Copper 39 

Corn, Indian 76 

Counties, gi'ouped 6, 14 

Counties, manufactures 102 

Coves 14 

Cows, milch 66 

Cloudiness 64 

Clover seed 85 

Dairying 66, 67 

Denominations 197 

Dimensions 14 

Divisions, political 14 

Elevations 14 

Farms, number and size 66 

Farming implements, value 65 

Flax and seed 85, 87 

Formations, geological 20, 21 

Fruits 81 

Foreign-born population 178 

Gardens, market 80 

Grass and seed 85 



303 



Piedmont — Continued. 

Hands, mf'g ... 92 

Hay 85 

Hematite iron ores 37-39 

Hemp 87 

Hogs 76 

Honey 70 

Hops..., 86 

Horses 7J, 76 

Indians 175 

Iron ores 37-39, 220-223, 227 

Iron-making, cost 113 

J. R. & K. across 232 

Labor, mf'g 92 

Land, improved 65, 220-223, 227 

Lands, red 83 

Lands, wood and value 65 

Latitude and longitude ,... 14 

Lead ." 39 

Ljnichburg 192 

Magnetites 37-39 

Manassas R-d 221 

Manganese , 39 

Maple sugar and molasses 82 

Manufactures 92, 102 

Materials, mf'g cost 92 

Meadows 85 

Men 14, 15 

Minerals 37, 46 

Mules 74 

Nativity, population. 177, 178 

Oats 79 

■Orchards 80 

Oxen 72, 74 

Parentage, foreign 177, 178 

Population 6, 14, 175, 176 

Potatoes and peas 78 

Railway lines 220-230 

Hainfall 57, 58 

Bed-lands 31, 83, 222 

Eye 76 

Schools, public 202 

Sheep 69, 70, 76 

Slates 25 

Soils 31, 32, 83, 222 

Sorghum molasses 82 

Specular iron ores 37-39 

Square miles population to 176 

Swine 71, 72 

Temperatures 50-55 

Titanium 39 

Tobacco 83 

Trees, timber 90 

University, Va 205, 209 

Vegetable productions 76 

Va'. Mid 220-222, 225 

Vineyard land 83 

W. & O. across 220, 227 

Water-power 112 

Waters 14 

Wheat 76, 80 

Whites 175 

Winds 48, 63 

Wine 83 

Woodlands 88, 90 

Wool 69,70 

Piedmont St., meteorology 50-53, 55, 57, 58 

St. (Delaplane) M 221, 253 

Female Institute 211 

Air-line R-d (P. A-L.) 224, 251 

Pilots 248 



Pines 88, 90 

Pipes, clay, making. Mid 100 

Pit-coal exported 121 

Pitch exported 121, 125, 128 

Inspection 248 

Pittsburg, Pa., to Va. capes 159 

Distances 161 

Iron-making, cost 114 

Weather 61 

Pittsylvania county, asbestus 34 

Grouped 5, 13 

Iron ore 222 

Manufactures 98 

Negroes 268, 270 

Population 192, 221, 263, 265, 268, 270 

Slaves 270 

Timber 222 

Triassic 13 

Whites 265 

Plains, Atlantic 8, 12, 24 

Market gardens, Tr 32 

The, St. M 221, 253 

Plants, Age of 22 

Planting oysters 249 

Season 58, 61 

Plaster grinding 95, 100, 103, 106, 117 

Holston 28, 44, 106 

Imported 125 

Ornaments, making 95 

Sub-carboniferous 28 

Plateau, Blue Ridge 15 

Pleasant Hill, St. P 226, 258 

Valley, St. V 257 

Pliocene 23 

Plowing time 60, 61 

Plumbago, Mid 35 

Plumbing 95,117 

Plums 59,81 

Pocoson 12 

Point Pleasant, W. Va., distances 161 

Polytechnic Institute 213, 215, 228 

Pomological Soc, Am., awards 81 

Pond Gap, St. C. & 223, 254 

Ponent 21, 22 

Population 6, 175-194 

Able-bodied 112 

Ages 179, 181-186 

Actively employed 182 

App 6, 175 

Black, see Blacks. 

Blind 187 

Blue Ridge 6, 175 

Centres of U. S 176 

Chinese 175, 179 

Cities, U. S 118 

Cities, Va 118, 191, 192 

Citizen 179, 180 

Colored, see Negroes. 

Counties 261 

Countries 7, 10 

Criminal 193 

Deaf-mute 188 

Death age 186 

Eighty, over 187 

Female, see Females. 

Foreign-born 177 

Gain and loss 175 

Grocery trade, and 139 

Indians 175, 179 

Insane 189 

Male, see Males. 



304 



Population — Continued. 

Mid 6, 175 

Military 179, 180 

Mulatto, see Midattoes. 

Nativity 177-179 

NegTo, see Negroes. 

Parentage 177-179 

Pauper 193 

Pied 6,175 

Proportion at college 217 

School 179,180, 201, 202 

Sex 181-183 

Square mile 176 

Tr 6, 175 

Trading 121 

U. S 176, 180 

Va. Div 6,175 

Val 6, 175, 229 

Pork exported 121, 128 

Inspection 248 

Poor Valley Ridge iron ore 43 

Poor, Co. Supt.of 244 

Porter, imported 125 

Portland, Me., cotton trade 168 

Port Republic 16 

Royal, S. C 156, 170, 237 

Walthall, St. R. & P 256 

Ports-of-entry, Va 237, 238 

American cotton 161, 164 

Portsmouth, population 191 

St. S. & R 226, 230, 258 

See Norfolk. 

Portugal, trade 124 

Post-meridian period 22 

Post Tertiary 23 

Potash, in rocks 30, 31 

Potatoes 77-79, 231 

Garden 81 

Imported 180, 134, 136 

Planting , 59, 60 

Season, jST. J 49 

Potomac river basin 5 

Boundary 3, 10-12, 14, 16 

C. & O. canal 220, 235 

Elevation 15, 16 

Marble..... 26, 34 

Navigation 155, 236 

R.. F. & P. along 225 

Tertiary... 23, 24 

Triassie 26 

Va. Mid 220 

Water-power 112 

W. & 227 

Potomac creek 9 

Run, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 

Potsdam formation ....22, 27, 40 

Pottery manufacture 95, 100, 103, 106 

Potts' creek IS 

Pound fork and gap 19, 220 

Powell's river 18 

Bridge J. R. & K..-.. 259 

Powei, legislative, &c 240 

Water Ill 

Powhatan county, grouped 5,13 

Manufactures 98 

Negroes :.... 268, 271. 

Population 263, 265, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Triassic 13 

Whites 265 

Powhatan, St. P. A-L 224, 255 



Powhite, St. P. A-L 255^ 

Pre-meridian 22 

Presbyterian Church 195-198 

Colleges 211, 212, 215 

Theological Sem'y 212, 215 

Preservation of game 249 

Price of cotton 170 

Tobacco 221, 222 

Primal 21, 22 

Primary rocks 21, 22, 25, 26 

Schools 199, 210 

Primitive formation 22 

Prince Edward county, grouped 5, 13 

Farmville 192 

Kaolin 34 

Manufactures 98 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 192, 263, 265, 268, 271 

Slaves- 271 

Triassic 13 

Whites 265 

Prince George county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactm-es 93- 

J^egroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 265, 268, 271 

Saw mills 96 

Slaves 271 

Whites 265 

Prince William county, grouped 5,13 

Manufactures .' 98 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 265, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Triassic , 13 

Whites 265 

Princess Anne county, Chinese 271 

Grouped 5, 11 

Mauufactm-es 93- 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 265, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 265 

Principles, governmental 240-24G 

Printing material mf'd 97 

Pied 103 

Tr 95-97, 101, 117 

Val 106 

Pri.son and prisoners 193 

Private and corporate schools, 199, 201, 210, 215 

Probabilities, Signal Service 49 

Productions, animal .' 65 

Cotton, U. S 162, 170 

Forest 88 

Manufacture 92 

Mineral 33 

Vegetable 56, 76 

Profile across Virginia 4 

Along Valley 16 

Prohibition, and Court of Appeals 243 

Property, personal imported 135, 139 

Rights 240, 241 

Prosecutions, rights in 241 

Prospect, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Protestant Episcopal Church 195-198 

Colleges 211, 212, 215 

Theological Sem'y 212, 215 

Proto-carboniferous 41 

Providence, R. I., cotton trade 166, 17ft 

Stea-mers 163 

Provisions, exported 128, 130 

Imported 13S 



305 



Public instruction 199 

Prussia, wheat per acre 78 

Psj'chozoic Era 22 

Public Instruction, see Schools. 

Ledger, London, cofl'ee 159 

Works, Board 38, 243 

PulasM county, A., M. & O 219 

Coal 46 

Grouped 6, 17 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 265, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 265 

Pumps, manufacture 95 

Punishment 193 

Pupils (see Sc7iooU).. 200-217 

Purcellville, St. W. & 227, 257 

Purvis, St. S. &R 258 

Pyrites, copper 35 

Iron 26, 31 

Qualifications of voters 247 

Quantico, St. A. & F. &E., F. &P,.225, 230, 256 

Quartz, auriferous 21, 34 

In rocks 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 40 

Quarry Falls Dam, J. R. & K 260 

Quarries, granite and brownstone 33 

Quaternary formation 20-23 

Quebec, trade with 124 

Queenstown, cotton to 168 

Quercitron, exported 125, 133 

Sources of supply 90 

Query, St. P. A-L 255 

Quinces 81 

Quinnimont, W. Va., cost of making 

iron 113 

Furnace capacity 235 

K. E. freight 235 

St. C.& 6 254 

Races, numbers of each 175, 179 

Not mixed in schools 213 

Raccoon skins exported , 121 

Radishes shipped 81 

Rafts by canal 231 

Railroad distances 161, 251 

Systems for cotton 162 

Ties 90, 231 

Eailroads 218-230, 251 

A., M. & 218, 251 

B. & P 256 

C. & 222, 253 

Horse 229 

■ M, (Br. Va. Mid.) 221, 253 

P. A-L. (R. & D.) 224, 255 

P 226, 258 

Proposed 229 

R., F. &P 225, 256 

R. & P 226, 256 

R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 

S.& R 226, 258 

Va. Mid 220,252 

Val. (V.) 228, 257 

W. C, Va. Mid. & Gt. S 220, 252 

W.& O , 227, 257 

Rain chart. Prof. Henry's 56 

Rainfall, Atlantic slope 56 

Various places 59-61 

Va. & Dlv 57-58 

Raleigh, N. 13 

Ramie, cultivation 86 

Randolph, J. L 257 

39 



St. P. A-L 224 

Randolph-Macon college 212^ 215, 225 

Rank, Va. land 06 

Militia, citizen and school 180 

Rappahannock county, grouped 5, 14 

Manufactures 102 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 265, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 265 

Rappahannock river, boundaiy 11, 12 

Branches 9 

Counties 5, 14 

Falls and mf'g 98 

Fredericksburg 225 

Navigation 11, 155, 237 

St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Valley 225, 237 

Water-power 86, 112, 237 

Woodland 88 

Rapid Anne river 9, 14, 26 

St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Raspberries 81 

Rates, cotton transportation, 163 

Railway 220, 222. 224-227 

Tuition , 210 

Read Creek, J. R. & K 260 

Reams' St. P 226, 258 

Real estate, aliens may hold 247 

Rectortown, St M 221, 253 

Redhead duck 74 

Hill St. Va. Mid -221, 252 

Lands 222 

River cotton 162 

Shale iron ores 42 

. Shale, Triassic 31 

Reed creek 9 

Island creek 9 

Reeds for paper 231 

Refining sugar 97 

Reformed Church (Ger.) in U. S 195, 197 

In Shenandoah valley 197, 198 

Reformed Church (Dutch) in America. 195 

Reidsville, N. C, P. A-L 255 

Rein's Maud J. R. & K 259 

Relief, surface 48 

Religion, all free to choose.. 198, 242 

Religious advantages 195-198 

Colleges 211 

Denominations 195 

Tests forbidden 242 

Ren*^, no exemption from payment 246 

Reports, Agriculture, Dept. U. S...75, 77-80, 86 

British agricultitre 79 

Census U. S 175, 180, 196 

Chamber of Commerce, Rich 34, 84 

Coast Survey U. S 156 

Engineers, U. S 237 

Grandy& Sons 164, 165 

Immigration 146 

Iron & Steel Ass' n, Am 113 

Lesley's 44, 45 

Merchants & Mechanics Exchange. 89 

Navigation 148 

Public Instruction, Supt...l80, 199, 211, 216 

Penitentiary Supt 193 

Rogers', Geological, 20-47 

Salt works, N. Y., Supt 45 

Transportation, U. S. Senate 162, 263 

Resources, animal 65-76 

Mineral 33-47 



306 



Vegetable 76-91 

Kesults, commercial 121-152 

Educational 199-217 

Manufacturing 92-109 

Eevel, cotton to 168 

Revenue, Commissioner of 244 

Tfepiokls Bros.... 167 

Rhode Island 84, 156 

Rice, exported 130 

Rice's, St. A.. M. A 219, 251 

Richland, St. R., F. &P 225, 256 

Richmond and Danville Road, (R. 

& D.) 219, 224, 230 

Stations, distances, elevations 255 

Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac 

Road (R., F. & P.) 26, 225, 230 

Stations, distances, elevations 256 

Richmond & Petersburg Rd. (R. & P.) 226, 230 

Stations, elevations, distances 256 

Richmond, York River & Chesapeake 

Rd. (R., Y. R. & C.) 227, 230 

Stations, elevations, distances 258 

Richmond city, A., M. & 219 

Central L. Asylum 189 

Chamber of Commerce 34, 84, 89 

C. & 221, 222, 253 

Chickaliominy peninsula 11 

Coalfield 26, 36, 37, 224, 226 

Coastwise trade 142-144 

Coffee trade 135, 159 

College 212, 215 

Commercial city 191 

Commercial college 213 

Cotton trade 164, 165 

Du-ect trade 132, 133 

Dispatch 74, 125, 221 

Enquirer 167 

Exports 125, 132, 133 

Female college 211 

Flour and trade 125, 135 

Friends in 198 

Harbor 222 

High schools, male 210 

Horse raUroad 229 

Imports..... 134 

Iron workers' wages 114 

Iron ores near 234 

James river 238 

James R. & Kanawha canal... 219, 232, 259 

Location 4, 13 

Lumber trade 89 

Manufactures 93, 96, 97 

Manufacturing centre 94, 119 

Merchant-marine 151-2.38 

Manchester 

Monte Maria Academy 

IsTormal schools 



191 

211 

213 

Peninsula 5, 11 

Population, by race and nativity. . 191 

Rainfall 57, 59 

R., Fredericksburg and Potomac 

R. R 225, 256 

E. & Petersburg R, R 226, 256 

R. Y, R. & Chesapeake R. R..227, 237, 258 

R. & Danville R. R 224, 225, 255 

Railroad terminus 230 

Sailing vessels 238 

Steamer lines 227, 238 

Statistics, 1858 115 

Southern Fertilizing Co 167-171 

Southern Female Institute 211 



St. Joseph's Asylum 211 

Tobacco manufacture 191 

Trade, 1872 125 

Va. Medical College 213 

Water power Ill, 233 

Richmond College 212, 215 

Richmond county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Ricks & Milhado .-. 167 

Ridge lands, Tr 30 

Rights, Bill of 240 

General 240-249 

Right to fish and fowl 249 

Trial by jury 241 

Voting 180, 241 

Ringgold St. R. & D 224. 255 

Ripening of fruit 49, 59 

Rivanna river 9,14 

River bottoms and marshes 22 

Steamers 153 

Systems, U. S 162 

Systems, Va 8 

Rivers, distances via 161 

Gaps in mts 15 

Navigable 236-239 

Virginia 9 

Riverton (River), st. M 221, 253 

Roads, Va 218 

Roanoke college 209, 213, 215, 228 

Roanoke county. A., M. & O 219 

Grouped 6, 17 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 2ti3, 266, 268, 271 

Salem 192 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Roanoke river 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 88, 222, 224 

225, 229 

Roanoke Female College 211 

Island, steamers 238 

Navigation Co 236 

River Bridge st. P 258 

St. R. & D 224, 255 

Robins, comino- 61 

Robio'sst. R. & D 255 

Rock, fish 73 

Rockbridge county. Alum Spnngs 223 

Grouped 6, 17 

Indian's 272 

Lexington 192 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271, 272 

Slaves 271 

Valley R'd 228 

Va. Military Institute 203 

Washington & Lee University 213 

Whites 266 

Rock Castle, J. R. & K 2-59 

Rockettsst. R. & D 224 

Rockfield st. P. A— L 255 

Rockfish river 9 

St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Rockingham county, grouped 6, 17 

Harrisonburg 192 

Manufactm-es 105 



307 



Hockingham Comity — Continued. 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Kainfall 57 

Slaves 271 

Valley R-d 228 

Whites 266 

Hockingham ware, made 41 

Eockland JViills st. V 228 

Eocks, Va 20-47 

Rocky Mts 81 

Rogers, Prof. H. D 22 

Jlogers, Prof. Wm. B., analyses, coal, 36, 42 

Analyses, iron ores 34, 35, 43 

App.' formations 28 

A pp. iron ores 42 

Augusta coal 28 

Blue Ridge formations 27 

Coal, North Mt 28 

Formations and equivalents. 20-22 

Franklin and Patrick u-on ores.... 39 

Geology of Va 20-47 

Geological Map of Va 20-22 

Orayson co. iron ores 40 

Oypsum and salt 28 

Mid. formations 25 

Montgomery and Botetourt coal... 28 

Names used, Va. and Pa. reports, 21, 22 

Piedmont formations 26 

Piedmont iron ores 37 

Section, Tertiary 24 

Valley formations 27 

Valley iron ores 40 

Ftomancoke, St. R., Y. R. & C 258 

Roman Catholic Church 195, 198 

Colleges and schools 196, 211, 213, 215 

Rome, Italy > 23, 55 

Roncererte, St. C. & 254 

Rooting slate 34, 37 

Rope Ferry J. R. & K 260 

Rose Hill, Essex CO 63 

Rosin exported 125, 128, 133 

lioss Furnace 35,36 

Rotterdam, cotton to 168 

.Rouen, cotton to 168 

Rougemont, Albemarle co 63, 64 

Ruflfin, Edmund 29,30 

St. P. A— L 255 

Ruffner, Dr. W. H., Supt. Pub. Inst., 199 

RuralRetreat, St. A., M. & 219, 252 

Russell county, coalfield 44, 45 

Grouped 6,18 

Manufactures 108 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Russell's Fork of Sandy R 19 

Eussia Silurian 27 

Rutlierford's Mills, J. R. & K 259 

Rutherglen, St. R., F. & P 256 

Sabbatli, consecrated 195 

Sabbot Hill, J. R. & K ;... 259 

Saddlery and harness-making, 

95, 96, 100, 103, 106, 109, 117, 128 

Safford, Prof., Geology of Tenn 43, 44 

Sailing vessels, for cotton 163 

Va 150, 151 

Sailors U. S. may not vote 180, 247 

Sails, manufacture, Tr 95, 97, 117 



St. Albans, St. C. & O 254 

Asaph, St. B. &P 256 

John, Gen 234, 235, 2-53 

John's Academy- 211 

John's College 213, 215 

Joseph's Asylum 211 

Lawrence river 13, 56 

Mary's Academy 211 

Paul's Church school 211 

Paul, Minn., weather 55, 59 

Petersburg, temperature 55 

St. Louis, Mo., C. & O 222 

Distances from 157, 161 

Granite and slate to 235 

Railways proposed to 228 

Temperature 53,55 

Salt, brines, analyzed 45 

Imported 125, 136, 140, 141 

Inspection 248 

Manufacture , 106 

Va 33, 34, 45 

Salt Lake city, temperature 55 

Salton (Kanawha City), C. & O 254 

Saltville, railway proposed 220 

Salt and gypsum 44, 45, 106 

St. A., M. <5'0 219, 230, 252 

Salem, Roanoke co 192, 193, 228, 229 

St. A., M. & O. 219, 251 

St. M 253 

Junction, N. C 255 

Sales, taxed 245 

Salina formation, equivalents 22 

S.ilisburv, N. C 255 

Salsify.."... 81 

Sampson's Lock, J. R. & K 259 

Sand beds 33 

Tertiary 24 

Val 41 

Sandstone, App 28,42 

Group 21 

.L R. & K 232 

New Red 23, 25, 26, 36, 46 

Old Red (Devonian) 22, 28 

Potsdam 27 

Sanrly Hook and Va. capes 159 

Saudv river 9, 19 

Counties 6,19 

Woodland 8S 

San. Fancisco, commercially 154 

Cotton trade 168 

Latitude of Va 3 

'J'empei'ature 53, 55 

San Sebastian, cotton to 108 

Santauder, cotton to 168 

Sarsaparilla, gathered 89,91 

Sash doors and blinds, manufac'ng, 95, 97, 100 

103, 116 

Sassafras roots, trade in 88 

Savannah, Ga.. cottee port 159 

Cotton trade , 1G9, 170 

Sawed lumber trade 88, 89 

Saw mills 95, 96, 116 

Saws, manufactiu-e 95, 115 

Saxony, area, population 7 

Compared to App 8 

Scale fish 73 

Scalent and equivalents 2:i 

Scandinavians to U. S 146 

Scantling exported 121 

Scary. St. C. & O 254 

Scholarships, College 207 



308 



Schools 199-217 

Advanced 199, 203, 209, 211, 215 

Boai-d of Education 199 

Boards of trustees 200, 201 

Colleges 209-215 

Corporate 199-216 

Cost per annum , 200 

County and city superintendents, 200, 201 

Districts 200,201 

Female 210-216 

Graded 200, 203 

High 210, 216 

Higher 199, 205, 210, 213, 215 

Houses 200, 203 

Intermediate 199, 202 

Number 200, 216 

Number colored and ^Yhite 201, 202 

Peabody Fund, aids 201 

Population 179, 180, 201, 202, 216 

Population, sex and race, 179, ISO, 201, 202 
Population enrolled and in at- 
tendance 200 

Primary 199-216 

Private 199-216 

Pupils 179, 180, 199, 200, 216 

Pupils enrolled, by race 200, 201 

Pupils m attendance, by race, 180, 200, 201 

Sears, Dr. B., on 201 

Session, mouths 200, 201 

Studies 202 

Superintendents 199, 200, 201, 216 

Tax 200 

Teachers 200, 201, 202, 216 

Technical 213,215,216 

Tuition, cost 200, 201, 216 

Va., Public free 216, et sea. 

Schooners on canals 231 

Science Congress, Am 39 

Scotch origin, Val 196, 197 

Scotland, area and population 7 

College attendance 217 

Formations 8 

Immigration from 146 

Natives in Va 178 

Trade with 124, 125 

Scott couniy, coal 44,45 

. Grouped..... 6,18 

■ Manufactures 108 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

S. V. E-d through 229 

Whites '. 266 

Scott, St. C.& O 2.54 

Scottsburg, St. P. A-L 224, 255 

Scottsville, J. R. & K 2.59 

Scribner's Magazine 159, 206, 208 

Cuts from 4, 203, 206, 212, 214 

Scupj^ernong grapes and mne 83 

Seaboard & Eoanoke R-d (S. & R.)..... 226, 230 

158, 218 

Cotton trade 163, 166 

Described 226 

Stations and distances 258 

Seaboard, St. S. &R 226, 258 

Seacoast winds 62 

Seamen U. S. may not vote 180 

Seamstresses, immigrant 147 

Sears, Dr. B 201 

Seeds, cotton 87 

Exported 130 



Garden raising 8S 

Imported 136 

Pi'oduced 85 

Seconday, formation 21,22 

Middle 21, 22, 25 

Upper 21, 22 

Secretary of Commonwealth 243 

Sections, Va., ai-eas 7 

Across Va 4 

Along Val 16 

Sects, norie favored , 198 

Seizure, property exempt from 246 

Semi-anthracite coal 41, 46 

Senate Committee U. S. Transporta- 
tion 160, 162, 163 

Virginia 241-243 

September, birth-month 190 

Fiscal year ends 122 

Rainfall 58 

Sessions colleges begin 209, 215- 

Temperature 51 

Weather 60, 61 

Serai 21, 22 

Sessions, College 209, 215 

School 201 

Seven Mile Ford, St. A., M. & O 219, 2.52 

Sewall's Point channel.... c 155, 236 

Sewell, St. C. &0 254 

Sexes, employed 182 

In schools 179, 180 

Of immigrants 145 

Population 179-18^ 

See Males and Females. 

Shad, exported 121 

Fisheries 94, 96^ 

Fishing 73, 249 

Trade 231 

Shadwell, St. C. & 221, 223, 254 

Shale and sandstone groups 21 

Shale 27,28 

Red, iron ores 42, 43 

Shanghai, temperature 55 

Shapening mills 115 

Shaw, Supt 256: 

Shawsville, St. A., M. & O 219 

Shell fish 73 

Lime, burning 33,116 

Marl 3.-? 

Shenandoah count}", grouped 6, IT 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

V. R-d 228 

Whites 266 

Shenandoah river 16, 17 

Shenandoah Valley Academy 210 

Churches 197 

Counties 16, 17 

Isotherms 54 

Profile 16 

Scotch and Germans 197 

Shenandoah Valley Railroad (S. V.)... 221, 229 
Valley & Ohio R-d (S. V. & O.)... 228 

Sheep, Va.&Div 69 

Value 75, 76 

Sheepshead, fish 73 

Shepherdstown S. V 229 

Slieriff 244, 248 

Sherry, imported 12» 

Shingles, trade 89, 90, 121, 130, 231 



309 



Ship building 95, 100, 151, 152 

Canals aucT trade .......163, 164, 231 

Channels, Va 237 

Wrecks, cared for 248 

Wrights, immigrant 147 

Shipment, advantages, Norfolk 163 

Shippers, cotton 163 

Shipping destroyed 122 

Exported 121 

Oyster trade 73 

Shoemakers, immigrant 147 

■Shoes, manufactm-e 94-97, 115, 208 

Shoolvs, manufacture 95,107 

Trade 121, 130, 133 

Shooting, laws controlling 249 

Shrubs, perfumery 86 

Siegen, tanning , 89 

Signal Service, U. S 49, 56, 63, 64 

Silk-making , 76 

Silver, in rocks 35, 46 

Plating 106, 115 

Silurian formation 20-23 

Lower 21, 23, 27, 28 

Upper 27, 28 

Sinclair, Sir John 32 

Sinking creek 9, IS 

Fund, State 245 

Sittings, Ciiurcli, Va. & Div 195, 197 

Slate quarrying 100 

Eiver 9 

Kiver mts 13 

Slating 116 

Slates, Appalachian 28 

Belts 25 

Blue 34 

Building 34, 37, 46 

Hornblende, »&c 23 

Piedmont 26, 37 

Valley 27 

Slaves, by counties (1790-1860) 269-271 

Slavery 241 

Sloops on cr.nals 231 

Smith, Capt. John 10, 30, 61, 153 

Prof., J. E. & K. iron ores 234, 235 

T. K., clieese factory 68 

Smithfield, Isle of Wight co 63, 64, 158, 238 

Smith's Mt , 12 

Smitiisonian Inst'n .49, 53, 56, 59 

Smyth county. A., M. & 219 

Barytes 41 

Grouped 6, 17 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Snakeroot, gathered 89,91 

Snapbeans, marlveted 81 

Snickersville, St. W. & 227, 257 

Snow fall 59 et seq. 

Soap and candle making 97, 100, 106, 117 

Trade 130, 138 

Society of Arts. London 36 

Soda ash manufacture 40 

BottUng 116 

Imported 134, 136 

Soils, Va. & Div 29-33 

Soldiers, cannot vote 180, 247 

Sora.. 74 

Sorghum molasses 82 

Sources, cotton supply 171, 172 



Sources of James river, counties 6 

South Anna, St. C. & O 223, 253 

Branch 9, 18 

Fork, James .^. 17 

Fork, Shenandoah 17 

Latitude temperatm-es 55 

Quadrant winds 62, 63 

Kiver, mouth of J. R. & K 260 

"The Great" 158, 208 

University 206 

Southampton counry, grouped 5, 11 

Indians 272 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 2G3, 266, 268, 271, 272 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

South Carolina, cotton crop 162 

Cotton trade 168-170 

Isotherms 54 

Merchant-marine 151 

Natives in Va 178, 189 

Phosphates ;.... 39 

Southern Female Institute 211 

Fertihzing Co 167-171 

States, cotton trade, &q 169 

Southside Peninsula 5, 11 

A., M. & 218, 219 

Counti's 5, 13 

Institute 211 

Eaiufall 57 

Temperature 50-52 

Southwest Mts 26, 62, 412 

Va. coal and gypsum 28 

Spain, roclis of.,.." 27 

Sheep 69 

Sulphm-ets 39 

Trade 124 

Spanish mackerel 73 

Speaker, House of Delegates 242, 243 

Specular iron ores 34, 37, 39, 40, 46 

Speech, freedom of 241, 242 

SperryyUle 228 

Spices imported 134 

Spinners, cotton 168 

Immigrant 147 

Sph-its exported 130 

Imported 134, 136 

Spokes, hubs and felloes, making 100, 106 

Spots, fish 73 

Spotsylvania county, gold 35 

Grouped 5, 13 

Manufactures 98 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 191, 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Spout Spring, St. A., M. & O 219, 251 

Spring rainfalls 57, 58 

Temperatures, Va. & Div 50, 53 

Tides 236 

Springfield, St. Va. Mid , 252 

Spring Hill, St. C. & 254 

Springs, steel, manufacture 95 

Square miles, coal lands '. 28, 45 

Countries 7, 12 

Population to 6, 7, 176 

Tributary to railroads 220, etc. 

Va. & Div 6, 12 

Squashes, marketed 81 



310 



Stafford county, gronped 5, 13 

Manufactures 98 

Nee-roes 268, 271 

Population 268, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Triassic 13 

Whites 266 

Stages, lines 219, 223, 227, 228 

Stair building 95 

Stairway, Va. sections 4 

Staples' Mill, J. E. & K 260 

Starch exported 130 

State Journal 84 

Stations, railroad and canal..,. 218-239, 251-260 

Statistics, coal, Taylor's 36 

U. S. — see Bureau of. 

Statistical Atlas, U. S., churches 195 

Diseases 112 

Geology 23 

Hay 85 

Isobars 83 

Ohio Valley products 153 

Population 176 

Kain 56 

Eivers and cotton 162 

Storms 64 

Temperatures 49, 53 

Woodland 88 

Statute miles used 238 

Staunton, city, academy 210 

C. & 221, 223, 254 

Cloudiness 63 

Courtof Appeals 244 

D. D. & B. Institution 188, 208 

Female colleges 189, 192, 211 

Female Seminary 211 

Iron-making, cost 113 

Location 4 

Population 192 

Rainfall.., 55-58 

Eailroad proposed 229 

S. V 229, 2.57 

Temperatures 50-55 

V 228, 230, 257 

W.L. Asylum 189, 192 

Winds 63 

Staves, exported .121, 130, 133 

Manufacture 95, 107 

Trade 89, 231 

Wood for 90 

Stay law prohibited 246 

SLeam, coal 234 

Engines manufactured 95, 96 

' Engines employed mf'g 119 

Ferries 237 

Power on canals 231 

Vessels built 152 

Vessels in coastwise trade 142 

Vessels tonnage, &c 123, 149-151 

Steamers, lines of. ...163, 220, 225-227, 231, 238 

Steel goods exported , 128 

Goods imported 140 

Steele's, St. C. &0 254 

Steinwehr, Gen 153, 162 

Stephenson's, St. V 228, 257 

Steps of country, Va 12, 14 

Stever's, St. S. & R 257 

Stock, live, inspected 248 

Eaising country 220, 224, 227 

Sales 119 

Value 75,76 



Stocks, hoAV taxed 245- 

Stonewall Jackson Institute 211, 219 

Creek u'on ore 35 

Stoneware, manufacture 117 

Stony creek 9, 18 

Creek, St. P 258 

Storms, chart of U. S 64 

Stout imported 12-5 

Stoves, manufacture 115 

Strasbnrg, St. M. and V 221, 228, 253, 257 

Junction, St. V 221, 230, 253, 257 

Strawberries 81, 91 

Straw goods imported 136 

Students, college 201-215 

State 204-212; 

Va. colleges 209, 215-217 

Various States, at college 217 

Sturgeon 73,121 

Sub-carboniferous coal 28 

Formation 21, 27, 28- 

Sub-divisions, geological, Va. map 21 

Suffolk, Eng., Tertiary 25 

Nansemond river 158, 238 

St. A., M. & O 251 

St. S. & E 258- 

Sugar beets, France 82 

Exported ISa 

Imported 135 

Maple, made 82 

Sully, Ag't 25& 

Sidphate'of lime (gypsum), Holston... 44 

In salt 45 

Sulphur, BlueEidge 39= 

Sulijhurets, copper 39 

Eng. ti'ade in 39 

Iron 35 

Iron ores 40 etc. 

Eichmond coal 36 

Tolersville copper ore 35 

Sumac analj'sis and trade.... 89 

Grinding 99-101 

Summary, Va. climate 64 

Forest 90^ 

Hotchkiss', Preface and 247 

Mineral 46 

Political 173 

Soils 32 

Summer, Atlantic coast 56- 

Eaiufall 57, 58 

Smith, Capt. John, on Va 61 

Temperatures 49-53^ 

Summit elevations 16, 18 

St. E., F. & P 256 

St. E., Y. E. &C 227, 258 

Superintendent Penitentiary 193 

Poor, county 244 

Public instruction 199, 243 

Superior, Lake, u-on ore -38, 235 

Supervisors, County 244 

Supreme Court of Appeals 243, 244 

Law, Va 198, 240 

Surface, Va. & Div 8 

Surgent, period 22 

Surry county, grouped 5,11 

Manufactures 93, 96- 

Negroes 268, 271 

Peaches 61 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Temperature 50-52" 

Whites 266: 



311 



Survey, Manry's Physical 154 

U. S. Coast 15, 156 

Surviving infants, statistics 190 

Sussex county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

ISTegroes 268,271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Sutherland's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Sutherlin's (Mill), St, P. A-L 224, 255 

Swamp country , 12 

Swans 74 

Swedenborgians 195 

Sweden, immigrants from 146, 178 

Sweet Chalybeate Springs 223 

Hall, St. E., Y. R. &C 227, 258 

Potatoes, crop 78 

Springs 223 

Sweets produced 82 

Swine (liogs) 71, 75, 76 

Switzerland 7, 178 

Sycamore, St. Va. Mid 221 

Trees 90 

Sydney, Aust., rainfall 59 

Temperature 55 

Syenite, Va 21, 25, 27, 34 

Synagogues^ Jewish 195, 198 

Syiacuse, IST. Y., salt 45 

Systems, geological 22 

Railroads for cotton 162 

Taconic system 22 

Tailors, immigrant 147 

Taine, aim of society 194 

Tallow exported 130 

Tanning, bark for 89 

Richmond , 117 

See Leather. 

Tappahannock, coastwise trade 142 

Customs-district 156 

Direct trade 132 

Location 237 

Merchant-marine 151 

Tar exported 121 

Inspection 248 

Taught, branches, public school 202 

Tax, cai)itation 200, 245 

Exemption 256 

Laws 245 

Scliool , 200, 245 

Tobacco U. S 84 

Taylor, Auditor, live stock 76 

J. K., cheese making 68 

E. C, coal statistics 36 

W. H., Col., cotton 165, 166 

Taylorsville, St. R., F, & P 225, 256 

Tazewell count}'', coal 45 

Grouped 6, 18 

Manufactures. ,. 108 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 366, 268, 271 

Salt 44 

S. V. Railroad 229 

Slaves 271 

Whites ,, 266 

Tea, imported 136, 140 

Teachers, institutes 201 

Private schools 201, 210, 216 

Public schools 200, 202, 216 

University students 205 

V. M. L cadets 204, 210 



Teaching, University plan 205 

Technical schools 205-208, 211-213 

Telegraph Road, St. B. & P 256 

Temperature 49 

Various places 59-61 

Va. & Div 50-56 

Temple's, St. R. & P 256 

Tennessee, A., M. & O. to 219 

Boundary 3, 15 

Cotton 162, 163 

Geology, Safford 43,44 

Line, Bristol 16, 219 

Natives in Va 178, 188, 189 

Population, ages 184 

S. V. to E 229 

Temperatures 56, 59 

Valley counties 17, 18 

Valley of East 27 

Waters 9, 18, 19 

Tertiary, Atlantic i)lain 8 

Formation 21, 22 

Lower 12, 20, 21, 24 

Marls 24, 33, 225 

Middle 12, 20, 21, 23, 24 

Post.... 23 

Tidewater... 20, 21 

Upper 11, 20, 21, 23 

Texas cotton 162, 168-170 

Population, ages 184 

Weather .'. 61 

Thames, depth, London 158 

Thaxton's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

The Capes of Va 10, 11, 161 

Peninsula 5, 11, 222, 238, 239 

Theological seminaries 196, 213 

Thomas Iron Co.'s iron , 38 

Thomasville, P. A-L 255 

Thompson's Landing, J. R. &, K 260 

Thorndvke, St. C. & O 254 

Tiioroughfare, St. M 221,253 

Thornton, St. W. & 227, 257 

Tidal canals 231 

Rivers 10, 231 

Shore 236 

Ways for transportation 236 

Tide, channels, Va 236 

Elevations above 238, 251-260 

Richmond 238 

Tidewater, terminus J. R. & K 259 

Tidewater, Grand Div. Va 4, et seq. 

Acreage 6, 10, 65, 66 

Adaptations 8S 

Area 6,10, 1^* 

A., M. & O , 218 

Barley 79 

Baptists in • 197 

Beans 78 

Beef cr-ttle 71 

Bees and beeswax 70 

Belgium, compared 7, 10 

Birds 74 

Blacks 175 

Board of Visitors, University 207 

Bottoms 29 

Buckwheat 76, 77 

Canals 231 

Castor beans 86 

Cattle, value 76 

Centres, manufacturing 94 

Cereals per capita 79 

Characteristics 10 



312 



TicleAvater, Grand Dlv. Va — Continued. 

Christian Churcli 198 

Church statistics 197 

Cities and towns, population 191 

Clover seed 85 

Cloudiness 64 

Colleges 211, 212, 215 

Contour 12 

Convenience to markets 81 

Corn, Indian 76, 77 

Cotton crop and seeds 87 

Counties, grouped.... 5 

Cows, milch 66 

Dairy products 68 

Deer 74 

Dimensions 10 

Elevations 12, 251-260 

Farms, number and size 66 

Farming implements, value 65 

Female colleges 211 

Fish, scale and shell 73 

Fishing 73, 249 

Fisheries 94,96 

Flax and seed 85, 87 

Food, animals for 73 

Foreign population 177, 178, 191 

Forests 65, 90 

Forest fruits and nuts 91 

Formations, geological 20, 21, 23. 

French vineyards, compared S3 

Fruits 81, 91 

Garden seeds, growing 86 

Gardens, market 80, 81 

Geology 20, 21, 23 

Grass, seed and hay 85 

Hampton N. & Agr. Inst 205, 209, 215 

Hay 85 

Hemp 87 

Herbs, perfumery 86 

Plerrlng 73, 249 

Honey 70 

Hops 86 

Horses 74, 76 

Husbandry, mixed 87 

Improved land 65 

Isotherms 54 

James K. & K. Canal 232 

Jute 86 

Land, last formed 23 

Land, truck 220 

Land, improved and value 65 

Latitude and location 10 

Live stock 75, 76 

Lumber 89 

Manufacturing 92-96 

Manufacturing centres 94, 97, 191 

Marls 24. 33 

Markets ,. 79, 81 

Meadows 85 

Minerals 33, 46 

Molasses, maple and sorghum 82 

Mules.. 74 

Native population 177, 178 

Nativity, population 177, 178, 191 

Navigation 231 

Negroes 191 

Normal schools. 212, 215 

N. &Gt. W.R-d 229 

Oatfc 79 

Orchard products 80 

Oxen, working 72, 74 



Oj^sters and trade . 

Peanuts 

Peat 

Peninsulas 

Pei'f umer J!" herbs . . , 
Plain 



73 

81 

33 

10 

86 

12 

Population 6, 10, 175-178, 191, 202 

Potatoes 78, 79 

Primary formation 25 

Profile 4 

P. Episcopal Church 198 

Pulse 78 

Quaternary 20, 21 

Raihoads 218, 225-230, 251-259 

Rainfall 57,58 

Ramie 86 

Randolph M. Coll 212, 215 

Richmond — see Riclmiond. 

Richmond College 212, 215 

R., F. &P 225 

R., Y. R. &C 227 

Ridge lands 30 

Rye 76,77 

Salt marshes 29, 85 

Scale and shell fisli " 73 

School statistics 202 

Seaboard & Roanoke R-d 226 

Seasons, temperature, &c 50-52 

Shad 73 

Sheep 69 

Shelly soils 29 

Slaughtered animals, value 73 

Smith, Capt. Joini 30, 6t 

Soils 29, 32 

Sorghum molasses 82 

Stock cattle 71, 76 

Stock, live 74-76 

Storms.. 64 

Surface 8 

Swine 71, 76 

Temperatures 50-55 

Tertiary 20, 21, 23 

Tidal ways 231, 236 

Timber land 220 

Tobacco 83 

Triassic 25 

Truck land 220 

Trucking 81 

Tubers 78 

Va. Medical College 212, 215 

Waters 8, 10 

Weather 59 et seq. 

Wheat 76, 77 

Whites 175 

William & Mary College 211, 215 

Winds 62 

Wine 81, 83 

Woodland 65, 88 

Wool 69 

Working animals 72, 74 

Timber resources 88, 231 

Timberville, St. V 257 

Time, geological eras 22 

Times, London 78,83 

Tin imported 137 

Manufactures of 100, 103, 104, 107, 115 

Tinners, immigrant 147 

Titanium 37, 234 

Title to land, aliens 247 

Tobacco, box making 99 

Brands 248 



313 



Tobacco — Continued. 

Danville trade 221, 222 

Exported 121, 130 

luspectloii 248 

Laud 220 

Lynchburg- m'f 191 

Manufacture 95, 100, 107, 115, 191, 221 

Mid. m'f 100 

Ohio basin 153 

Petersburg m'f 191 

Pied, m'f 191 

Price, Danville 221, 222 

Product, Va. & Div 83, 84 

Richmond m'f & trade. ...115, 125, 133, 191 

Tax U. S 84, 221 

Trade 125, 133, 221 

Tr. manufacture 95, 191 

Val. manufacture 107 

Zone 54 

Toledo, 0-0, and Va. capes 189 

Toleration, religious 241, 242 

Tolersville, copper pyrites 35 

St. C. & 223, 253 

Tomahawk, St. P. A-L 224, 255 

Tom's Brook, St. V 228, 257 

Tonnage, built 152 

Coastwise trade 142 

Entered and cleared 122, 123 

Merchant 150 

Ports, Va 148 etc. 

U. S 149 

Towns, government 245 

Population 191, 192 

Tnile, bark and sumac 89 

Cotton, Mid. and N, E. States 1(33 

Cotton, Norfolk 161-172 

Export 121, 124-133 

Norfolk 122,139, 161-172 

Population in 182 

Richmond 89, 125 

Trans-Appalachia, C. & O 222 

Coal 220 

Counties 19 

Transition rocks 21-23, 26 

Transportation facilities 218-239 

J. R. & K 232 

People engaged in 121, 182 

Routes to sea 160, 162, 163 

Tidal ways 236 

Water, canal, &c 231 

Treason, disfranchises 247 

Tredwell, Sec'y 165, 166 

Trenton, formation 22 

Trevilian's, St. C. & O 223 

Triassic areas 25 

Coalfields , 26, 36 

Formation 20-23, 25, 26, 36 

Tribune, N. Y 39 

Trieste, cotton to 168 

Toiiacco to 84 

Trucking 81, 238 

Trunks, manufacture Tr 95 

Trunk line railroad 163 

Trustees, school 200, 201 

Tuckahoe Aqueduct, J. R. & K 259 

J. R. & K 259 

Railroad Basin, J. R. & K 259 

Tucker's, St. A., M. & 251 

Tug Fork, Sandy river 9 

Tuition, college 204-215 

Free 199, 204-208, 215 

40 



Private schools 210, 216 

Public schools 200, 201, 216 

Tunstall's, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 

Turk's Island, salt 45 

Turkej' isotherm 53 

Turkeys, wild 74 

Turning, Rich 117 

Turpentine, export 121, 130 

Two-thirds vote, Gen. Assembly 242, 243 

Tye River, St. Va. Mid 221, 252 

Typhus fevers 112 

Uddevalla, cotton to 168 

Umbral formation 21, 22 

Umbrella manufacture. Rich 117 

Union Theological Seminary 213, 215 

United States 240 

United States 

Blind 188 

Bureau of statistics 87, 122, 165. 168 

Capital 220 

Census 175 

Centre of population 113, 176 

Churches, to population 196 

Citizens 180, 246 

Climate of eastern 56,59 

Coast Survey 15 

Coastwise trade 142 

Cotfee trade 135 

Commerce & Navigation Reports. 142 

Constitution, supreme law 249 

Cotton bales, weight, &c 170 

Cotton belt 162 

Cotton consuming centres 163 

Cotton consumption 167, 170 

Cotton crop 87, 167, 169 

Cotton export 167 to 172 

Cotton markets 169, 170 

Cotton, price 170 

Cotton trade 163, etc. 

Dairy products 67 

Departm't of Agriculture.59, 75, 77 to 80, 86 

Engineers, Chief of , Report 237 

Governmental relations to Va 240 

Governmental principles 240 

Harbors, great 154 

Honey product 70 

Idiots, institutions for 188 

Infants, surviving 190 

Iron manufacture 114 

Iron ores 38 

Indian corn 80 

Isotherms.- .. 53,54 

Manufacturing people 92 

Market gardens of E 81 

Mint 35 

Mortality tables 186 

Natives of in Va 177,188 

Persons in Army or Navy, and 

voting 247 

Pisciculture 73 

Population 8, 176, 187, 188 

Population over eighty, by sexes... 187 

Population, school ISO 

Population, centre of 113, 176 

Position of Va. in 3, 240 

Potatoes 79 

Rainfall, &c 59 

Salt imported 141 

Sheep and wool 69, 70 

Signal Service 49, 56, 63, 64 



314 



United State? — Continued. 

Statistical Atlas 25, 49, 53, 85, 88, 112. 

162, 176, 195 

Swine 71 

Temperature 55 

Tertrny 24 

Tobacco 83 

Transportation Routes to Sea, Sen. 

Com. Rep... 162, 163 

Wlieat, production 78,80 

University school 210 

University of Virginia 199, 205 

Board of visitors 207, 248 

Chaplains 207 

Departments and degrees 206 

Elective system 205 

Expenses 207 

Free tuition 207, 208 

Higher education 199, 205 

Jefferson organized 205, 208 

King. Edward, on 208 

Location 192, 205, 223 

Mallett, Prof 40 

Place in State Ed'l Syst 1S9, 205 

Preparatory schools for 210 

Schools, independent 205, 206 

St. C. &0 223 

Statistics 209 

Washington & Lee Univ., same 

plan .'. 213 

University, Washington & Lee 210, 213 

Upper Silurian 22, 27, 28 

Tertiary 21 

Urbanna 124, 237 

Uruguay, trade 124 

Valley Grand Division of Virginia 4 

Acreage... 6, 15, 65, 176 

Acres cleared land 65 

Acres woodland 65 

Areas 6, 15, 65, 176 

Adaptations 33, 220 

Anticlinal axis 27 

Appalachian border ,....17, 18, 27, 28 

A., M. &0. in 218, 219 

Augusta CO. coal 28 

Barley 79 

Beans 78 

Beef cattle 71 

Bees and beeswax 70 

Blue Ridge border 15, 27 

Botetourt co. coal 28 

Branches, river 9, 14 

Buckwheat 76 

Butter..., 66 

Cambrian formation 27 

Cattle, for food 73 

Cattle, stock , 71 

Cereals per capita 77 

Characteristics 8, 15 

Cheese 66 

C. & O. across 222, 224 

Christian Chm-ch 198 

Churches, &c 197, 198 

Cities and towns, population 192 

Clay 27, 41, 46, 220, 224 

Cleared land 65 

Cloudiness 63 

Coal 27, 28, 41 

Colleges 209, 215 

Corn 76 

Cost, u-on making 113 



Valley, Grand Div. of Va — Continued. 

Cotton 8(> 

Counties grouped 6, 17 

Counties, manufactures 105< 

Counties, mountain borders 27 

Dairying 68 



D., D. & B. Inst. 

Devonian 

Dimensions 

Dip of rocks 

Divisions 

Drainaofe 



.188, 208, 209 

27 

15. 

27 

6 

16 



Elevations 16, 52, 251-260 

Emory & Henry College 209, 212, 215 

Extension 27 

Farms, number and size 66 

Farming implements, value 65 

Flax and flaxseed 85, 8S 

Foreign population 177, 17S 

Formations, geological 20, 21 

Fruits 81 

Geology 20-47 

Germajis 197 

Grass 84, 85 

Hay 85 

Hemp 86 

Home manufactures 92 

Honey 71 

Hops 86 

Horses ; 74 

Hudson River group 27 

Indian corn 76 

Industries, mf'g 105 

Iron ores 27, 40, 41, 46, 220, 224 

Iron, cost of making 113 

Isotherms 54 

J. R. & K. canal 219, 232 

James R. valley .17 

Land, farming 229 

Land, value 65 

Latitude and longitude 15 

Lead 27, 41, 46 

Limestone 27, 40, 41 

Livestock 75, 7& 

Lower Siliu-ian 27 

Lutheran Church 198 

Manassas Branch R-d 221 

Manufactures, county 105 

Mantifacturing 92 

Maple sugar aitd molasses 82 

March....' 50, 51 

Market garden products 80 

Massachusetts, compared 7 

May, tern, --'iture, &c 50, 51 

Methodist^t^.xscopal Church 197, 198 

Minerals 27, 41, 46, 220, 224 

Molasses, maple and sorghim 82 

Months, temperattu-e , 50-55 

Montgomery co. coal 28 

Mules 74 

Native population 177, 192 

Negroes 175 

New River valley 17 

Oats 79 

Orchard products 81 

Oxen, working 72, 74 

Peas 78 

Phenomena, periodical 59-64 

Polytechnic Institute 213, 215 

Population 6, 15, 65, 176, 177, 192, 229 

Position of rocks 27 



3 Jo 



Valley, Grand Div. of Ya.— Continued. 

Potatoes 78 

Potsdam formation 27 

Presbyterians 197, 198 

Profile along Ip 

Public free schools 202 

Eank 7 

Railroads 230 

Rainfall 57, 58 

Elvers 9, 14 

Eoanoke College 213, 21o 

Rye .° 76 

Scliools, public 202 

Scotch..... 197,198 

Seasons 50, 51, o2 

Sections 'I, 16, 27 

Seeds - 85 

Semi-antliracite coal 41 

Shenandoah Valley r. 17, 54 

Shenandoah Val. Rd 229 

Sheep and wool 69 

Silk.. 76 

Silurian 27 

Slaughtered animals, value 73 

Soils" 32,33,220 

Sorghum molasses 82 

Square miles 6, 15, 65, 176 

Square miles, population to 6 

Strike of rocks 27 

Sub-carboniferous 27, 28 

Sugar, maple 82 

Sumac 89 

Swine 71 

Temperatures 53-55 

Tennessee Valley 17 

Tobacco 83 

Towns, population 192 

Turnpikes •. 218 

Umber 41,46 

Upper Silurian 27 

United Brethren Church 198 

Valley Railroad 228 

Va. Agr. & Mech. Coll 204, 209 

Va. Mil. Inst 203, 209 

Washington & Lee Univei-sity 213, 215 

Water-power 112 

Waters 8 

Western Lunatic Asylum 189 

Wheat 76, 80 

Winds 62 

Wine 82 

Woodland 65, 88 

Wool 69 

Zinc 41,46 

Valley Railroad (V.) 22., .3, 228, 230, 232 

Stations, distances, elevations 257 

Valley, James river 162 

Mississippi 162 

Values, real estate, Danville ' 221 

Variety Springs, St. C. & 223, 254 

Varnev's Falls Dam J. R. & K 260 

Vaucliise, St. V 228 

Vegetable oil exported 128 

Productions 76-91 

Veins, gold 25 

Magnetite 35, 37 

Venezuela trade 125 

Vergent and equivalents 22 

Vermont, blind in Va 188 

Central valley 27 

Verona, Sr. V 228, 257 



Verulam school 210 

Vespertine and equivalents 21, 22, 28- 

Vessels, cleared 123 

Entered 122 

Richmond 223 

Steam 123 

Vickers, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Vienna, Austria _ 24 

Vienna, Fairfax co., meteorology 50-58 

Rainfall 57, 58 

St. W. & 227,257 

Temperature 50-5a 

Vinegar exi)orted 130 

Virgin Mills, J. R. & K 25& 

Virginia Ag. & Mech, College 204, 20^^ 

Cut, canal 231 

Female Institute 211 

Hisrh school 210 

Midland Railroad (Va. Mid.)... .38, 219, 220, 

221-225, 228, 230, 232, 237, 252 

Military Institute (V. M. I.).. .192, 199, 203, 

209, 222, 22S 
Summaiy, see Table of Contents. 

Virginia, State 3 

Accommodations, church 196- 

Acreage _^ 

Advantages, commercial.... 153- 

Advantages, educational 199 

Advantages, religious 195 

Age, geological 2S 

■ Ages of population 181, 183,^184 

Animal products 65-76 

Appalachia Grand Div., see Appalacliia. 

Area 6, 176 

Auditor 76 

Bark 89 

Barley 79 

Beans 78- 

Beef cattle 71 

Bees and beeswax 70 

Beet-root sugar 82 

Bill of Rights 240 

Birth month, infants surviving 19a 

Blacks — see Negroes. 

Blind — see Blind. 

Blue Ridge Grand Div., see Blue Ridge. 

Blue Ridge Mts., see Blue Ridge Mts. 

Boundaries 3 

Branches, river 9 

Buckwheat 76' 

Butter 67 

Canals (see Canals) 231 

Capes (see Capes) 10,20 

Capital, mf'g (see Capital) 92, 93 

Castor beans 86 

Cattle 73 

Centre of population 170 

Cereals per capita 76, 80 

Channels... 236 

Cheese 67 

Church statistics 195-198 

Cities (see Cities) 191 

Citizens (see Citizens) 179, ISO 

Clearances 123 

Climate 48, 64 

Cloudiness 63 

Clover seed SS- 

Coastwise trade 142 

Coalfields 27, 28, 36, 45, 46, 4£^ 

Coftee trade, see Coffee. 
Colored population, see Negroes. 



316 



Virginia — Continued. 

Colleges, see Colleges. 

Commerce (see Commerce) 121-172 

Compared witli England 8 

Constitution 240 

Corn, Indian.. 76 

Corporate schools 210 

Cost, iron ore 113, 114 

Cost, labor 114 

Cost, materials 92, 93 

Cotton (see Cottoji) 53, 86, 87, 161-172 

Comities (see Counties) 5, 261-272 

Cows, milch 67 

Crops 76-91 

Crime 193 

Customs-districts 151 

Deaf-mutes 188 

Death ages 186 

Departments of government 24 

Description of State 3 

Dimensions 3 

Direct trade 132 

Divisions of State 4, 10 

Distances 251-260 

Domestic exports 122 

Education 199-217 

Entrances 122 

Entry, ports of 141 

Exports 121 

Eacilities, mf'g 109 

Earms 65, 66 

Earra stock, value 75 

Eemales, see Females. 

Fish 73 

Elax 85,86 

Eorest products 88,90 

Eoreign-boru, see Population. 

Foreign commerce 121 

Form of government 240 

Formations 20-29 

Fruits and nuts 91 

Fuel.... Ill 

Game 74 

Gardens 81, 86 

Geology 20, 47 

Geological map 20,21 

General laws 246 

Gold belt 34 

Grass 72,84, 85 

Grouped 3 

Government 240 

Hands, mf'g 92 

Harbors 155 

Hay 85 

Hemp 86 

Home mf's 92 

Honey 70 

Hops 86 

Horses 74 

Idiots 188 

Immigration 145 

Imports 133 

Indian corn 76 

Insane 189 

Internal improvements 218 

Iron mf's, see Iron mfs. 
Iron ores, see Iron ores. 

Iron vessels 150 

Isotherms 53, 54 

July, see July. 
June, see June. 



Virginia — Continued. 

Jute 86 

Lands (see Lands) 65 

Labor, see Labor. 
Limestone, see Limestone. 

Live stock (see Cattle) 75 

Location 3 

Lumber, see Lumber. 

Maize (see Indian corn) 80 

Males (see Males) 179 

Manufactures [see Manufactures).. 92 

Manufact'ng (see Manufacturing).. 110 

Maple sugar and molasses 82 

Market gardens 81 

Markets, tobacco (see Tobacco) 84 

Materials, cost 92 

Maury, M. F., see Maury. 

Merchant-marine 150 

Middle Grand Div., see Middle Va. 
Military population, see Militia. 

Minerals 33-47 

Molasses 82 

Morals 194 

Mules 74 

Natives (see Fojjulation) 177 

Nativity (see Population) 179 

Navigable waters 153 

Navigation (see Navigation) 9 

Oats 79 

Occupations 182 

Orchard products 81 

Oxen 72, 74 

Oysters (see Oysters) 73 

Pauperism 193 

Teas 78 

Peninsulas 10 

Penitentiary 193 

Perfumeiy plants 86 

Periodical phenomena 59 

Piedmont Grand Div., see Piedmont. 
Population [see Populaiio?i)... 17 5- 

194, 261-272 

Ports (see Ports) 132 

Potatoes 78 

Races, see Whites, Negroes, &c. 

Railroads (see Railroads) 218 

Rainfall (see Rainfall) 56 

Ramie 86 

Religious advantages 195-198 

Results, see Results. 

Rivers....! 9 

Rocks 20-47 

Rogers, geologist 20 

Rye 76 

Sailing-vessels 150 

Salt, imported 141 

Sassafras 89 

Schools (see Schools) 199 

Sea 10 

Sections • 4, 16 

Seeds 85 

Sexes (see Males Sf Females) 179 

Sheep (see Sheej)) 69 

Ship-building 151 

Soils (see Soils) = 29 

Sorghum molasses 82 

Spring 50-61 

Springs 9 

Steamers, see Steamers. 

Steam tonnage (see Tonnage) 149 

Steam vessels 123 



317 



Yirginia^ Continued. 

Students (see Students) 199 

Storms 64 

Sugar 82 

Sumac , 89 

Swine 71 

Systems, geological 20 

Taxes and Taxation 245 

Temperatures 50-55 

Tidal ways 236 

Tidewater Grand Div., see Tidewater. 
Timber, see Timber. 

Tobacco (see Tobacco) 83 

Towns, population, &c 191, 237 

Trade and transportation....' 121, 218 

Trees 89 

Trucking 277 

Vegetable productions 76 

Vessels entered and cleared 122 

Vessels, steam 123 

Water-power 9, 111 

Waters 8, 236 

Wheat 76, 80 

Whites (see Whites) 176 

Winds (see Winds) 62 

Wine 82 

Woodlands 88 

Wool 69 

Virginian, ISTorfolk 167 

Volumes, college libraries 209, 215 

Vote, Va., 1869 180 

Who may 247 

Wadesville, St. V 228, 257 

Wagons and carts, manufacture 95, 96, 100, 

103, 107, 109 

Wakefield, St. A., M. & O 218, 251 

Wales, Silurian 27 

Surviving infants 190 

Wallver's creek 9, 18 

Walker, Gen. R. L 255 

Wallace, analysis, coal 36 

Wallace's, St. A., M. & 252 

War, Confederate, and Va 175 

V. M. I. Cadets 204 

Ward's Springs, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Warehouses, Norfolk 163 

Warminster, J. R. & K 259 

Warm Springs Mt 4 

Warren, J. K ScK 259 

Warreuton, Branch R-d 230 

Junction, Sc, Va. IVIid 221, 252 

Population 192 

St. W. Br 221, 230 

Warren county. Front Royal 221 

Grouped 6, 17 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 268,271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Shen. Val. R-d 229 

Slaves • 271 

Whites 266 

Warwick county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96 

Negroes 268, 271 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

Wasp Rock Dam, .J. R. & K 260 

Washington, D. C, distances from 157, 160 

Market 81 

Port 237 



Railroads to 220, 225-227, 230, 256, 257" 

Rainfall 59 

Steamers 238 

Temperature 55, 86 

Woodland near 88 

Washington City, Va. Midland & Gt. 

So. R-d (see Va. Midland) 220, 252 

Washington City & St. Louis N. G. Rd. 228. 

Washington county, Emory & Henry 

College 210 

Goodson & Abingdon Academies.. 210 

Grouped 6, 17 

Indians 272 

Manufactures 105- 

Negroes 268, 271 

Plaster and salt 44 

Population 263, 266, 268, 271, 272 

Slaves 271 

Whites 26& 

Washington & Lee University 192, 213— 

215, 223, 228 

Washington, N. C, steamers 238 

Washington & Ohio R-d (W. & O.)....220, 225, 

227, 230, 237, 257 

Stations, distances, elevations 257 

AVashington Junction, St. B. & P 256 

Watch repairing 103, 107 

Water, carriage 163^ 

Channel ways, Va. depth 236 

Lick, St. M 253 

Power 109, 111, 119 

Works 117 

Waterloo, St. B. & P 253 

Watermelons 81 

Water?, Va., abundance 9' 

Appalachian 18 

Atlantic 8, 231 

Blue Ridge 8 

Chesapeake 9, 236 

Counties grouped by 5, ft 

Inland 8 

Midland 13 

Piedmont 14 

Tidal 231 

Tidewater 10 

Transportation by 231' 

Valley 15 

Waverly, St. A., M. & O 218, 251 

Wax, exported 130 

Product 70 

Wearing apparel exported 130 

AVeather defined 48 

Weight, Richmond coal 36 

Weights, standard 248 

VVeldon, N. C 218, 225, 226, 230, 258 

Well's Siding, St. A., M. & 251 

Wellville, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Wesley, Church of 196- 

Wesleyan Female Institute 211 

West Branch, Susquehanna, coal 46- 

Westham, J. R. & K 259 

West Indies, cotton from 171 

Norfolk trade with 122 

Trade with 124 

Westmoreland county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93, 96> 

Negroes 269, 271 

Population 263, 266, 269, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266. 



318 



West quadrant winds 62, 63 

"Western States, dairy products 67 

Sheep and wool 69 

Swine 71 

Wheat and corn 80 

West Virginia, boundary 4 

Coal 46, 223 

Hay 85 

Natives, Va 178, 188, 189 

Organized 17o 

Kainfall 57 

S. V. through 229 

W. & St. L. N. G. tlirough 228 

Weyer's Cave, St. V 257 

Wharves, Norfolk 163, 164 

Wheat exported 121, 126 

Flour exported 125, 126 

luiported 136 

Ohi(j Valley product.. 153 

Virginia pi-oduct 76, 77 

W^heelhig, W. Va 56, 159 

W^heelwrights 117, 147 

Whiskey imported 125 

W^iiite ash 88 

House, St. R., Y. R. & C 227, 258 

Oak 88,90 

Oak Mt 13 

Sulphur Springs 4, 17, 254 

Whites, ages 184-186 

Arms-bearing 180 

Attending school 180, 201 

Blind 187 

Cities and towns 191, 192 

Citizen age 179 

County population 264-266 

Females 184 

Insane 189 

Males 184 

"Military age 179 

Mutes and idiots 188 

Nativity 179 

Paupers and ei-iminals 193 ' 

Proportion of population 179 

Proportion of males and females.. 186 

Projjortion to negroes 186 

School age 179, 201, 202 

School teachers. &c 202 

S5x ; 179, 184-186 

Virginia 175, 264-266 

W^iittle's, St. Va. Mid 221, 253 

Whortleberries 91 

Wicldiaiii's, St. C. & O 223, 253 

Wild fowl killing 249 

William & Mary College 211, 212, 215 

Williamsburg, C. & O 238 

Location 4. 11 

Population 191 

Rainfall 57 

William & Mary College 211 

Winds 62 

Williamson's, St. C. & 254 

Willis' Mt. and river 9, 13 

Willow-ware m'f 95 

■Wilmington, N. C, cotton trade 170 

Wilson's, St. A., M. & 219, 251 

Wilt's Eng. tertiary 25 

Winchester, Court of Appeals 244 

Population 192 

Railway projected 227, 229 

St. V 228, 257 



Winchester & Potomac R-d 228 

& StrasburgR-d 228 

Winds.... 48, 62, 109 

Direction 62, 63 

Wine imported 134, 136, 140 

Scuppernong 83 

Winnebago, 111., weather 59 

Winter rainfall 57, 58 

Temperatures 50 

Wirt C. H., W. Va., winds 63 

Wisconsin, haying 60 

Iron ore, cost 114 

Milwaukee trade 143, 144 

Rocks 27 

Value, crops 77 

Weather 59,60 

Wise county coal 45, 46 

Grouped 6, 19 

Manufactures 108 

Negroes 269, 271 

Population 263, 266, 269, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites ; 266 

Wolf creek 9, 18 

Trap, St, P. A. L 255 

Wood exported 130 

Lands 88 

Manufactures imported 139 

Resources 90 

Wood Bridge, St. B. & P 225, 256 

Woodcock, close season 249 

Woodford, St. R., F. & P 225, 256 

Wood, Joseph 256 

Woodstock, centre of population 177 

Rainfall 57 

g^ Y" 228 257 

Wool carding....'.'.....'. l66"i'63, 'loi', 107', 109 

Goods, manufacture 95, 100, 103, 107 

Manufactures, imported 138 

Product Va. & Div 69 

Wrecks, Commissioner of, &c 248 

AViirtemburg, area and population 7 

Wythe county, grouped 6, 17 

Lead 41 

Max Meadows 40 

Manufactures 105 

Negroes 269, 271 

Population 263, 266, 269, 271 

Slaves 271 

Wliites 266 

Wytheville, Court of Appeals 244 

Elevation 52,252 

Population 192 

Rainfall 57 

St. A., M. & 219, 252 

Temperatures 50, 53, 55 

Weather 59 

Y., St. R., F. &P 256 

Yadkin river 9 

Yazoo Valley, cotton 162 

Yew Mt 12 

York county, grouped 5, 11 

Manufactures 93 

Negroes 269, 271 

Population 263, 266, 269, 271 

Slaves 271 

Whites 266 

York river 9 

Boundary 11 

Depth 155, 236 



319 



York river — Continued. 

Landings 227, 237 

K., Y. B. & C. R. to 227, 237 

Valley. • 227,238 

Tork Spit, water near loo, 236 



Youn^. Hon. Edward, quoted 146 

Zones, cotton. U. S 53, 54, 162 

Zuni, Isle of Wight co., rainfall o7, oh 

Seasons 59, et seq. 

Temperatures 51, 52 



ERRATA. 



Page 23 — iSTuitli line from bottom, for Miocence read Miocene. 

Page 33 — Sixth line from bottom, omit '■' Tertiary limes(o7ies are frequent and furnish a very- 
good building material." 

Page 37 — In table of analyses, in ISTo. 5, for 0.22 of titanic acid read 0.12. 

Page 40 — Fourteenth line from bottom, for Page read Rockingham. 

Page 84 — Eighth line from top, for Latukiah read Latakiah. 

Page 86 — Third line from bottom, for Greenesville read Greensville. 

Page 130 — The lbs. after Confectionery put after Tallow in next line. 

Page 140— For Quantity of Castings, 1872, put 3,550 for 3,350. 

Page 165— Put 100,615 in last blank of No. 3. 

Page 193 — Seventeenth line from bottom, for too read two, and put and after curses. 

Page 209 — First line from top, for Statistics in, put Statistics of. 

Page 221 — Twenty-first line from top, for Covington read Evington. 

Page 227 — ^Eighteenth line from bottom, for Fall's read Falls. 

Page 230 — For Alexandria and Potomac, read Alexandria and Fredericksburg. 

Page 230 — Put 1,623.5 for miles of completed railroad. See Appendix A, giving information to- 
January, 1876. 

Page 230— Last column of table, for 427 read 426,5, for 123 read 162.7, for 106 read 108, for 52; 
read 58.5, and for 207 read 205. Official changes. 

Page 232 — The General Assembly chartered a railroad from Buchanan to Clifton Forge. 

Page 233 — Ninth line from top, for Connelville read Counelsville. 

Page 237 — ^Eighteenth line from bottom, for Urbana read Urbanna. 

Page 237 — Second line from bottom, for Engineer's read Engineers. 

Page 238 — Twentieth line from bottom, insert comma after tracking. 

Page 248 — Erase 15th line from bottom, after owner. Law repealed 1876. 

Page 257 — Change page to 258, to agree with index. Page transposed. 

Page 258 — Change page to 257, to agree with index. Page transposed. 

Page 258 — After Wadesville put West Virginia. Put distance from Staunton to Washiugtoa 
180 miles. 

Page 257 — Thii'd line from bottom, for 58 read 55. 

Page 280 — Pat Maldng, below Bread, over Inspection. 

Page 301— After Slaves, under Northumberland, for 237 put 270. 



l) 



j7i5e 




VIRGINIA 



A 



GEOGR APH ICAL AND POLITICAL SU MM ARY, 



K.Mi;KA<;iN(i 



DE:?;(:^KIPT10N OF THE isTATE, ^ IT^ GEULUGY, SOILS, MXNEILVLS 

AXD CLIMATE ; ITS ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS; 

MANUFACTURING AND ^"COMMERCIAL FACILITIES; 

RELIOiOUS AND EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES ; 

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, AND FORM 

OF GOVERNMENT. 



I'REI'ABKD AND i'VBLlSUEU 



XD^R THE SUPERVISION OE THE BOARD OF IMAIIGRATION, 

, A?^D BY AUTHORITY OF LAAV; 




RICHMOND, VIRGINIA: - 

R. F, WxU.KER, SUPERiyrE]SrDENT OF Pf^RLIC PRTTN'Trya 

1876. 



LE D '1 



^ 



